Mediation, conflict resolution and critical theory

Review of International Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 647-662

  Jones, Deiniol Lloyd ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034362142     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0260210500006471     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Williams, R., KeyWords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: Fontana Press, 1988), p. 204.
2. I shall take as being broadly representative of this school of thought the following works, the list is by no means exhaustive: J. Burton, Conflict and Communication, (New York, 1969); J. Egeland, Impotent Superpowers, Potent Small States (Oslo, 1988); R.J. Fisher, The Third Party Consultant: A Method for the Study and Resolution of Conflict', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16 (1972), pp. 667-94; M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facilitative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context', Paradigms: the Kent Journal of International Relations, 9:2 (Winter 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation, (London, 1992).
3. I shall take as being broadly representative of this school of thought the following works, the list is by no means exhaustive: J. Burton, Conflict and Communication, (New York, 1969); J. Egeland, Impotent Superpowers, Potent Small States (Oslo, 1988); R.J. Fisher, The Third Party Consultant: A Method for the Study and Resolution of Conflict', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16 (1972), pp. 667-94; M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facilitative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context', Paradigms: the Kent Journal of International Relations, 9:2 (Winter 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation, (London, 1992).
4. I shall take as being broadly representative of this school of thought the following works, the list is by no means exhaustive: J. Burton, Conflict and Communication, (New York, 1969); J. Egeland, Impotent Superpowers, Potent Small States (Oslo, 1988); R.J. Fisher, The Third Party Consultant: A Method for the Study and Resolution of Conflict', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16 (1972), pp. 667-94; M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facilitative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context', Paradigms: the Kent Journal of International Relations, 9:2 (Winter 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation, (London, 1992).
5. I shall take as being broadly representative of this school of thought the following works, the list is by no means exhaustive: J. Burton, Conflict and Communication, (New York, 1969); J. Egeland, Impotent Superpowers, Potent Small States (Oslo, 1988); R.J. Fisher, The Third Party Consultant: A Method for the Study and Resolution of Conflict', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16 (1972), pp. 667-94; M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facilitative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context', Paradigms: the Kent Journal of International Relations, 9:2 (Winter 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation, (London, 1992).
6. I shall take as being broadly representative of this school of thought the following works, the list is by no means exhaustive: J. Burton, Conflict and Communication, (New York, 1969); J. Egeland, Impotent Superpowers, Potent Small States (Oslo, 1988); R.J. Fisher, The Third Party Consultant: A Method for the Study and Resolution of Conflict', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16 (1972), pp. 667-94; M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facilitative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context', Paradigms: the Kent Journal of International Relations, 9:2 (Winter 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation, (London, 1992).
7. I refer, in particular, to brief references to the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas in the following works: M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating'; V. Jabri, Discourses on Violence (Manchester, 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation (London, 1992).
8. I refer, in particular, to brief references to the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas in the following works: M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating'; V. Jabri, Discourses on Violence (Manchester, 1995); J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation (London, 1992).
9. N. Chomsky, Chronicles of Dissent: Interviews with David Barsiman (Stirling, 1992).
10. G. Orwell, 'Politics and the English Language', in The Penguin Essays of George Orwell (London, 1984), p. 352.
11. V. Jabri, Discourses on Violence.
12. E. Hobsbawn, The Age of Extremes (London, 1994), p. 559.
13. C. Moore. The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for resolving Conflict (London, 1996), p. 14.
14. See C. Mitchell, 'Conflict Research', in A.J.R. Groom, and L. Light (eds.), Contemporary International Relations: A Guide to Theory (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994) and M. Hoffman, 'Third Party Mediation and Conflict Resolution', in J. Baylis and N.J. Rengger (eds.), Dilemmas of World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
15. See C. Mitchell, 'Conflict Research', in A.J.R. Groom, and L. Light (eds.), Contemporary International Relations: A Guide to Theory (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994) and M. Hoffman, 'Third Party Mediation and Conflict Resolution', in J. Baylis and N.J. Rengger (eds.), Dilemmas of World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
16. See, for example, J. Burton, Conflict: Human Needs Theory (London, 1990).
17. S. White, The Recent Work of Jurgen Habermas: Reason, Justice and Modernity (Cambridge, 1988), p. 10.
18. Ibid., p. 15.
19. M. Neufeld, The Restructuring of International Relations Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 95.
20. H. Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago, 1958). Arendt writes, 'to act, in its most general sense, means to take an initiative, to begin [...] to set something in motion [...] With the creation of man, the principle of beginning came into world itself, which, of course, is only another way of saying that the principle of freedom was created when man was created but not before'. (Ibid., p. 177).
21. H. Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago, 1958). Arendt writes, 'to act, in its most general sense, means to take an initiative, to begin [...] to set something in motion [...] With the creation of man, the principle of beginning came into world itself, which, of course, is only another way of saying that the principle of freedom was created when man was created but not before'. (Ibid., p. 177).
22. Zartman and Touval, 'International Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics', pp. 21-45. As Michael Nicholson writes, 'there are a host of papers in the Journal of Conflict Resolution [...] where formal models are analysed, or quantified relationships studied, and where the whole ethos is one of firm positivism': M. Nicholson, 'The Continued Significance of Positivism', in Smith, Booth and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge, 1995), p. 128.
23. Zartman and Touval, 'International Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics', pp. 21-45. As Michael Nicholson writes, 'there are a host of papers in the Journal of Conflict Resolution [...] where formal models are analysed, or quantified relationships studied, and where the whole ethos is one of firm positivism': M. Nicholson, 'The Continued Significance of Positivism', in Smith, Booth and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge, 1995), p. 128.
24. K. Waltz. 'Laws and Theories', in R. Keohane (ed.) NeoRealism, p. 31.
25. Ibid., p. 36.
26. K. Waltz, 'Laws and Theories', in R. Keohane (ed.) NeoRealism p. 36/7.
27. K. Waltz, 'A Response to My Critics', in R. Keohane (ed.) NeoRealism, p. 336.
28. S. Touval and W.I. Zartman, 'Power Politics'.
29. See, for example, N. Chomsky, The Fateful Triangle (Boston, 1983).
30. K. Waltz, 'A Reply to My Critics', in R. Keohane (ed.), NeoRealism, p. 340.
31. Touval and Zartman write that the aim of a mediation process is to 'manage' and 'dampen' them by removing its violence manifestations and by arranging trade-offs among its immediate causes and issues'. Touval and Zartman, 'Power Politics', p. 44.
32. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facultative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context'; V. Jabri, Discourses on Violence; J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation.
33. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facultative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context'; V. Jabri, Discourses on Violence; J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation.
34. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating Success: Facultative Problem-Solving Workshops in an Interconnected Context'; V. Jabri, Discourses on Violence; J. Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation.
35. In particular, I refer to Habermas's conceptualization of universal moral reasoning as described in J. Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (Cambridge, 1990).
36. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating', p. 5.
37. H.G. Gadamer, Truth and Method (London, 1976), p. 273.
38. D. Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 313-4.
39. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating', p. 9.
40. Ibid.
41. J. Rothman, From Confrontation, p. 71.
42. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating'.
43. J. Rothman, From Confrontation, p. 64.
44. J. Habermas, On the Logic of the Social Sciences (Cambridge, 1988), p. 170.
45. J. Kuttab, 'The Pitfalls of Dialogue', Journal of Palestine Studies, XVII:2 (Winter 1988), pp. 84-108.
46. See 'The Limits to Cooperation', in E. Said, Peace and its Discontents (London, 1992).
47. While there are several different variants of this mode, in general it attributes episodes of collective violence to 'periodic eruptions of social-psychological tensions that boil up in human groups like lava under the earth's crust'. R. Aya, 'Theories of Revolution Reconsidered', Theory and Society, 8 (1979), p. 49. Basically, I reject this understanding of action for the reasons put forward by Salim Tamari. Tamari writes, with regard to the Palestinian intifada, that '[t]he word frustration obfuscates the relationship between Israel and the occupied territories. One, because it obscures the hierarchical form of control. Two, because it misconstrues the nature of the response, which is not a mindless eruption but a politically motivated act': S. Tamari, 'What the Uprising Means', Middle East Report, 153, 28 (May-June 1988).
48. While there are several different variants of this mode, in general it attributes episodes of collective violence to 'periodic eruptions of social-psychological tensions that boil up in human groups like lava under the earth's crust'. R. Aya, 'Theories of Revolution Reconsidered', Theory and Society, 8 (1979), p. 49. Basically, I reject this understanding of action for the reasons put forward by Salim Tamari. Tamari writes, with regard to the Palestinian intifada, that '[t]he word frustration obfuscates the relationship between Israel and the occupied territories. One, because it obscures the hierarchical form of control. Two, because it misconstrues the nature of the response, which is not a mindless eruption but a politically motivated act': S. Tamari, 'What the Uprising Means', Middle East Report, 153, 28 (May-June 1988).
49. F. Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (Basingstoke, 1994). See, J. Burton, World Society (Cambridge, 1972).
50. F. Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (Basingstoke, 1994). See, J. Burton, World Society (Cambridge, 1972).
51. J. Rothman, From Confrontation, p. 46.
52. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating', p. 1.
53. Ibid., p. 2.
54. J. Habermas, 'Systematically Distorted Communication', Inquiry, 13 (1970).
55. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating', p. 1.
56. H. C. Kelman, 'Applying a Human Needs Perspective to the Practice of Conflict Resolution: The Israeli-Palestine Case', in J. Burton, Human Needs, p. 285. The emphasis is mine.
57. L. Doyal and I. Gough, A Theory of Human Need (Basingstoke: 1991), p. 36.
58. S. White, The Recent Work of Jurgen Habermas, p. 70.
59. J. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Cambridge, 1986).
60. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating'. J. Rothman, From Confrontation, 1992. In addition, Hoffman is well-known for his more general writing on critical theory. M. Hoffman, 'Critical Theory and the Inter-Paradigm Debate', Millennium, 16:2 (Summer 1987), pp. 231-49.
61. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating'. J. Rothman, From Confrontation, 1992. In addition, Hoffman is well-known for his more general writing on critical theory. M. Hoffman, 'Critical Theory and the Inter-Paradigm Debate', Millennium, 16:2 (Summer 1987), pp. 231-49.
62. M. Hoffman, 'Defining and Evaluating'. J. Rothman, From Confrontation, 1992. In addition, Hoffman is well-known for his more general writing on critical theory. M. Hoffman, 'Critical Theory and the Inter-Paradigm Debate', Millennium, 16:2 (Summer 1987), pp. 231-49.
63. J. Habermas, 'Discourse Ethics', in Moral Consciousness.
64. J. Mendelson, 'The Habermas-Gadamer Debate', New German Critique, 18 (1979), pp. 44-73.
65. S. Benhabib, Critique, Norm and Utopia (New York, 1986), p. 321.
66. The final status negotiations between Israel and the PLO were supposed to reflect the provisions of UNSCR 242. However, it can be argued that UNSCR 242 is too weak to serve as an underlying set of principles guaranteeing the legitimacy of introducing an interim stage. Netanyahu, for example, has long made clear his belief that UNSCR 242 was respected with the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai under the Camp David Accords. See B. Netanyahu, A Place Among the Nations (New York, 1993), p. 290.
67. Interviews with Jan Egeland and Geir Pederson August 1996. Egeland and Pederson were officials in the Norwegian Foreign Ministry at the time of Oslo.
68. J. Habermas, 'Discourse Ethics', in Moral Consciousness, p. 65.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. See, for example, 'An Interview with Faisal Husseini' in The Journal of Palestine Studies, XX:4 (Summer 1991).
72. J. Habermas, 'Hannah Arendt's Communications Concept of Power', in S. Lukes (ed.), Power (New York, 1986).
73. As Stephen K. White remarks, 'it is not difficult to see a nineteenth century American father forbidding his adolescent daughter from studying to be a doctor on the grounds that it is not proper for woman, given their 'nature', to enter professions. That father could, in good conscience, will his proscription as a universal law'. S. White, The Recent Work of Jurgen Habermas, p. 82.
74. J. Habermas, Legitimation Crisis, p. 105.
75. J. Habermas, Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics (Cambridge, 1993), p. 3.