Liability, responsibility and blame: British ransom victims in the Mediterranean periphery, 1860-81

Australian Journal of Politics and History

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 336-356

  Blinkhorn, Martin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034349804     PISSN: 00049522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8497.00101     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. 1 The Guardian (London), 21 April 2000, p. 6. The original report on the Guardian article was based was published by the insurance group Hiscox, and can be viewed via its website: www.hiscox.co.uk.
2. 2 There exist several published memoirs of such episodes, many involving missionaries. The most colourful, not involving a missionary, is unquestionably "Tinko" Pawley, My Bandit Hosts (London: S. Paul & Co. Ltd., 1933). Pawley's memoir inspired an Evelyn Waugh short story, "Incident in Azania": see Evelyn Waugh (Ann Pasternak Slater ed.), Complete Short Stories and Selected Drawings (London: David Campbell, 1998), pp. 87-102, and Pasternak Slater's illustrated article "White Mischief" in The Guardian Weekend Supplement, 26 September 1998, pp. 10-17.
3. 2 There exist several published memoirs of such episodes, many involving missionaries. The most colourful, not involving a missionary, is unquestionably "Tinko" Pawley, My Bandit Hosts (London: S. Paul & Co. Ltd., 1933). Pawley's memoir inspired an Evelyn Waugh short story, "Incident in Azania": see Evelyn Waugh (Ann Pasternak Slater ed.), Complete Short Stories and Selected Drawings (London: David Campbell, 1998), pp. 87-102, and Pasternak Slater's illustrated article "White Mischief" in The Guardian Weekend Supplement, 26 September 1998, pp. 10-17.
4. 2 There exist several published memoirs of such episodes, many involving missionaries. The most colourful, not involving a missionary, is unquestionably "Tinko" Pawley, My Bandit Hosts (London: S. Paul & Co. Ltd., 1933). Pawley's memoir inspired an Evelyn Waugh short story, "Incident in Azania": see Evelyn Waugh (Ann Pasternak Slater ed.), Complete Short Stories and Selected Drawings (London: David Campbell, 1998), pp. 87-102, and Pasternak Slater's illustrated article "White Mischief" in The Guardian Weekend Supplement, 26 September 1998, pp. 10-17.
5. 3 A taste of the activities of Macedonian-Bulgarian bands and of Raisuli can be obtained from, respectively, Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the Mountain. The Macedonian Revolutionary Movement and the Kidnapping of Ellen Stone (New York and Boulder: Columbia University Press, 1980) and Walter Harris, Morocco That Was (London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1921, reprinted 1983), especially pp. 179-264 of the 1983 edition. On the American dimension to the kidnappings of the early 1900s, see Russell D. Buhite, Lives at Risk. Hostages and Victims in American Foreign Policy (Wilmington DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1995), pp. 57-86.
6. 3 A taste of the activities of Macedonian-Bulgarian bands and of Raisuli can be obtained from, respectively, Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the Mountain. The Macedonian Revolutionary Movement and the Kidnapping of Ellen Stone (New York and Boulder: Columbia University Press, 1980) and Walter Harris, Morocco That Was (London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1921, reprinted 1983), especially pp. 179-264 of the 1983 edition. On the American dimension to the kidnappings of the early 1900s, see Russell D. Buhite, Lives at Risk. Hostages and Victims in American Foreign Policy (Wilmington DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1995), pp. 57-86.
7. 3 A taste of the activities of Macedonian-Bulgarian bands and of Raisuli can be obtained from, respectively, Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the Mountain. The Macedonian Revolutionary Movement and the Kidnapping of Ellen Stone (New York and Boulder: Columbia University Press, 1980) and Walter Harris, Morocco That Was (London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1921, reprinted 1983), especially pp. 179-264 of the 1983 edition. On the American dimension to the kidnappings of the early 1900s, see Russell D. Buhite, Lives at Risk. Hostages and Victims in American Foreign Policy (Wilmington DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1995), pp. 57-86.
8. 4 "Return respecting British Subjects captured by Brigands, 1860-81" (5 July 1881), House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (1881), XCVIII, 243 (no. C.2990).
9. 5 P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] F[oreign]O[ffice]/881/4222. Correspondence respecting the Capture of Colonel Synge by Brigands in the District of Caraferia, Macedonia. 1880; PRO FO/881/4454. Correspondence respecting the Capture of Mr H. Suter by Brigands at Isvor in Turkey. 1881.
10. 6 PRO T[reasury]/1/12817/10883, "Consular Service Vote 1880-1",21 June 1880.
11. 7 On the double murder in question, that of a Mr and Mrs Hunt, see Crawford Tait Ramage (Edith Clay ed.), Ramage in South Italy. The Nooks and Byways of Italy: Wanderings in Search of its Ancient Remains and Modern Superstitions (Chicago: Longmans, 1987), pp. 5 and 203, and The Times (London), 24 and 28 January 1825. The Times, 3 August 1844, tells of a Mr Starkey's brief captivity at the hands of Spanish brigands near Gibraltar. One other possible case must be mentioned. At the age of seventy, the renowned playwright and librettist W.S. Gilbert claimed that in 1837, at the age of two, he had been kidnapped and held to ransom (for £25) by Neapolitan brigands. The claim has always been disputed and is now held by most informed commentators to have been (at best) an exaggeration. See Jane Stedman, W.S. Gilbert: A Classic Victorian and his Theatre (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2. Stedman in turn cites Leon E.A. Berman, "The Kidnapping of W.S. Gilbert", Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association (May 1985), pp. 133-48 regarding Gilbert's "memory" of what had probably been no more than a street "snatch" of the infant. I am indebted to my colleague Professor Jeffrey Richards for these references.
12. 7 On the double murder in question, that of a Mr and Mrs Hunt, see Crawford Tait Ramage (Edith Clay ed.), Ramage in South Italy. The Nooks and Byways of Italy: Wanderings in Search of its Ancient Remains and Modern Superstitions (Chicago: Longmans, 1987), pp. 5 and 203, and The Times (London), 24 and 28 January 1825. The Times, 3 August 1844, tells of a Mr Starkey's brief captivity at the hands of Spanish brigands near Gibraltar. One other possible case must be mentioned. At the age of seventy, the renowned playwright and librettist W.S. Gilbert claimed that in 1837, at the age of two, he had been kidnapped and held to ransom (for £25) by Neapolitan brigands. The claim has always been disputed and is now held by most informed commentators to have been (at best) an exaggeration. See Jane Stedman, W.S. Gilbert: A Classic Victorian and his Theatre (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2. Stedman in turn cites Leon E.A. Berman, "The Kidnapping of W.S. Gilbert", Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association (May 1985), pp. 133-48 regarding Gilbert's "memory" of what had probably been no more than a street "snatch" of the infant. I am indebted to my colleague Professor Jeffrey Richards for these references.
13. 7 On the double murder in question, that of a Mr and Mrs Hunt, see Crawford Tait Ramage (Edith Clay ed.), Ramage in South Italy. The Nooks and Byways of Italy: Wanderings in Search of its Ancient Remains and Modern Superstitions (Chicago: Longmans, 1987), pp. 5 and 203, and The Times (London), 24 and 28 January 1825. The Times, 3 August 1844, tells of a Mr Starkey's brief captivity at the hands of Spanish brigands near Gibraltar. One other possible case must be mentioned. At the age of seventy, the renowned playwright and librettist W.S. Gilbert claimed that in 1837, at the age of two, he had been kidnapped and held to ransom (for £25) by Neapolitan brigands. The claim has always been disputed and is now held by most informed commentators to have been (at best) an exaggeration. See Jane Stedman, W.S. Gilbert: A Classic Victorian and his Theatre (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2. Stedman in turn cites Leon E.A. Berman, "The Kidnapping of W.S. Gilbert", Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association (May 1985), pp. 133-48 regarding Gilbert's "memory" of what had probably been no more than a street "snatch" of the infant. I am indebted to my colleague Professor Jeffrey Richards for these references.
14. 7 On the double murder in question, that of a Mr and Mrs Hunt, see Crawford Tait Ramage (Edith Clay ed.), Ramage in South Italy. The Nooks and Byways of Italy: Wanderings in Search of its Ancient Remains and Modern Superstitions (Chicago: Longmans, 1987), pp. 5 and 203, and The Times (London), 24 and 28 January 1825. The Times, 3 August 1844, tells of a Mr Starkey's brief captivity at the hands of Spanish brigands near Gibraltar. One other possible case must be mentioned. At the age of seventy, the renowned playwright and librettist W.S. Gilbert claimed that in 1837, at the age of two, he had been kidnapped and held to ransom (for £25) by Neapolitan brigands. The claim has always been disputed and is now held by most informed commentators to have been (at best) an exaggeration. See Jane Stedman, W.S. Gilbert: A Classic Victorian and his Theatre (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2. Stedman in turn cites Leon E.A. Berman, "The Kidnapping of W.S. Gilbert", Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association (May 1985), pp. 133-48 regarding Gilbert's "memory" of what had probably been no more than a street "snatch" of the infant. I am indebted to my colleague Professor Jeffrey Richards for these references.
15. 7 On the double murder in question, that of a Mr and Mrs Hunt, see Crawford Tait Ramage (Edith Clay ed.), Ramage in South Italy. The Nooks and Byways of Italy: Wanderings in Search of its Ancient Remains and Modern Superstitions (Chicago: Longmans, 1987), pp. 5 and 203, and The Times (London), 24 and 28 January 1825. The Times, 3 August 1844, tells of a Mr Starkey's brief captivity at the hands of Spanish brigands near Gibraltar. One other possible case must be mentioned. At the age of seventy, the renowned playwright and librettist W.S. Gilbert claimed that in 1837, at the age of two, he had been kidnapped and held to ransom (for £25) by Neapolitan brigands. The claim has always been disputed and is now held by most informed commentators to have been (at best) an exaggeration. See Jane Stedman, W.S. Gilbert: A Classic Victorian and his Theatre (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2. Stedman in turn cites Leon E.A. Berman, "The Kidnapping of W.S. Gilbert", Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association (May 1985), pp. 133-48 regarding Gilbert's "memory" of what had probably been no more than a street "snatch" of the infant. I am indebted to my colleague Professor Jeffrey Richards for these references.
16. 8 C.R. Pennell, "Dealing with Pirates: British, French and Moroccans 1834-1856", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21, 1 (1994), pp. 54-83.
17. 9 The best treatment of this period in English remains Alistair Hennessy, The Federal Republic in Spain. Pi y Margall and the Federal Republican Movement, 1868-1874 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962)
18. 10 Such was certainly the impression gained by many foreign visitors. See, for example, the unpublished diary of a Spanish tour undertaken in 1864 by a future British Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman: BL Add.Ms. 41248D, especially p. 15. On the Civil Guard see Enrique Martínez Ruiz, Creación de la Guardia Civil (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1976), pp. 297-307, and Diego López Garrido, La Guardia Civil y los orígenes del Estado centralista (Madrid and Barcelona: Editorial Critica, 1982).
19. 10 Such was certainly the impression gained by many foreign visitors. See, for example, the unpublished diary of a Spanish tour undertaken in 1864 by a future British Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman: BL Add.Ms. 41248D, especially p. 15. On the Civil Guard see Enrique Martínez Ruiz, Creación de la Guardia Civil (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1976), pp. 297-307, and Diego López Garrido, La Guardia Civil y los orígenes del Estado centralista (Madrid and Barcelona: Editorial Critica, 1982).
20. 10 Such was certainly the impression gained by many foreign visitors. See, for example, the unpublished diary of a Spanish tour undertaken in 1864 by a future British Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman: BL Add.Ms. 41248D, especially p. 15. On the Civil Guard see Enrique Martínez Ruiz, Creación de la Guardia Civil (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1976), pp. 297-307, and Diego López Garrido, La Guardia Civil y los orígenes del Estado centralista (Madrid and Barcelona: Editorial Critica, 1982).
21. 11 John A. Davis, Conflict and Control. Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (London: Macmillan Education, 1988), pp. 66-90 and 159-86; John Dickie, Darkest Italy. The Nation and Stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1890-1900 (New York: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 25-52.
22. 11 John A. Davis, Conflict and Control. Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (London: Macmillan Education, 1988), pp. 66-90 and 159-86; John Dickie, Darkest Italy. The Nation and Stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1890-1900 (New York: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 25-52.
23. 12 John S. Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause. Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821-1912 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), pp. 39-104.
24. 13 The best English-language source for the relationship of these processes with banditry is Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
25. 14 W.J.C. Moens, English Travellers and Italian Brigands. A Narrative of Capture and Captivity (London: 1866), 2 volumes. On the actual capture, see volume 1, pp. 103 ff. The account of his captor, Manzo, appears in his interrogation, Archivio di Stato di Salerno [ASSal.], Tribunali Civile e Correzionale e Corte d'Assise di Salerno. Serie: Reati Politici e Brigantaggio [Trib.] B[usta] 57 F[ascicolo] 801, pp. 91-6. This file also contains the Carabinieri report of the episode, 16 May 1865.
26. 14 W.J.C. Moens, English Travellers and Italian Brigands. A Narrative of Capture and Captivity (London: 1866), 2 volumes. On the actual capture, see volume 1, pp. 103 ff. The account of his captor, Manzo, appears in his interrogation, Archivio di Stato di Salerno [ASSal.], Tribunali Civile e Correzionale e Corte d'Assise di Salerno. Serie: Reati Politici e Brigantaggio [Trib.] B[usta] 57 F[ascicolo] 801, pp. 91-6. This file also contains the Carabinieri report of the episode, 16 May 1865.
27. 15 The Times, 25 December 1865.
28. 16 Romilly Jenkins, The Dilessi Murders (London: Longmans 1961), provides the fullest account of this episode in English. See also Crosby Stevens, Ransom and Murder in Greece Lord Muncaster's Journal 1870 (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 1989). The unpublished documentation on the case held in the Public Record Office, some of it unused by Jenkins, is vast; much of it can be accessed via the published Parliamentary Papers.
29. 16 Romilly Jenkins, The Dilessi Murders (London: Longmans 1961), provides the fullest account of this episode in English. See also Crosby Stevens, Ransom and Murder in Greece Lord Muncaster's Journal 1870 (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 1989). The unpublished documentation on the case held in the Public Record Office, some of it unused by Jenkins, is vast; much of it can be accessed via the published Parliamentary Papers.
30. 17 The Rankin kidnapping (a brief affair) is covered in correspondence between the Foreign Office and the Madrid Legation: PRO FO/72/1264.
31. 18 The Times, 13 July 1874. Haselden's account in The Times is reproduced in H.J. Rose Untrodden Spain, and her Black Country (London: Samuel Tinsley, 1875), volume 2, pp. 86-92. Diplomatic and consular correspondence relating to the case is contained chiefly in PRO FO/72/1369 PRO FO/72/1382 and PRO FO/72/1387.
32. 18 The Times, 13 July 1874. Haselden's account in The Times is reproduced in H.J. Rose Untrodden Spain, and her Black Country (London: Samuel Tinsley, 1875), volume 2, pp. 86-92. Diplomatic and consular correspondence relating to the case is contained chiefly in PRO FO/72/1369 PRO FO/72/1382 and PRO FO/72/1387.
33. 18 The Times, 13 July 1874. Haselden's account in The Times is reproduced in H.J. Rose Untrodden Spain, and her Black Country (London: Samuel Tinsley, 1875), volume 2, pp. 86-92. Diplomatic and consular correspondence relating to the case is contained chiefly in PRO FO/72/1369 PRO FO/72/1382 and PRO FO/72/1387.
34. 19 Raleigh Trevelyan, Principi sotto il vulcano (Milan: Rizzoli Editore, 1977), pp. 216-18.
35. 20 "Correspondence respecting the Capture of Mr. H. Suter by Brigands at Istvor in Turkey", House of Commons Command Papers (1881 ), volume C.1015 (no. C.3031 ), Turkey, no.11 1881: Mrs Suter to Consul-General Blunt, Salonica, 10 April 1881 (inclosure 6 in no.8, Blunt to Lord Granville, 10 April 1881). For a list of Suter's consular relatives, see PRO FO/78/3613, Blunt to Foreign Office no.49 enclosure 2, 15 April 1881.
36. 21 "Minutes of the Proceedings of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Seizure, Detention and Ransom of John Bonell and John Antonio Bonell" PRO FO/72/1263 ff. 304-342, especially f.308.
37. 22 BL, Add.Ms. 39132. Layard Papers, volume CCII, ff 87-8, Layard to Lord Salisbury, 10 March 1880.
38. 23 The local authorities strongly suspected Moens's hotel keeper in Salerno of complicity in the kidnapping, and during a later phase of Manzo's career had him kept under close surveillance. ASSaI. Prefettura: Gabinetto Brigantaggio, B63 F684, Prefect of Salerno to Inspector of Police, 3 August 1873. In the "Marathon" case the role of the Marathon party's dragoman was to say the least suspect. Even if these two individuals were actually innocent, their cases illustrate a general acceptance that such things occurred.
39. 24 P.L. Martin Wills, A Captive of the Bulgarian Brigands. An Englishman's Terrible Experiences in Macedonia (London: Ede, Allom & Townsend, 1906); The Times, 13 July and 10 October 1905, 25 May 1906; PRO FO/294/33, Monastir Consulate to Constantinople Embassy. See below, footnote 47 and p. 356.
40. 24 P.L. Martin Wills, A Captive of the Bulgarian Brigands. An Englishman's Terrible Experiences in Macedonia (London: Ede, Allom & Townsend, 1906); The Times, 13 July and 10 October 1905, 25 May 1906; PRO FO/294/33, Monastir Consulate to Constantinople Embassy. See below, footnote 47 and p. 356.
41. 25 Harris, Morocco That Was, pp. 213-15. The Foreign Office files in the Public Record Office contain voluminous information on Maclean's kidnapping. See especially PRO FO/174/295/9 and PRO FO/174/295/14.
42. 26 This was in common with all those foreigners employed to organise the Ottoman gendarmerie. BL Add.Ms. 39155. Layard Papers, volume CCXXV, f.46, Layard to Salisbury, 21 February 1880.
43. 27 For a recent summary of the episode, see K. Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846-1886 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p. 164.
44. 28 Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 57.
45. 29 Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile (London: The Reprint Society, 1962), pp. 203-72, remains the best account of this insufficiently researched episode.
46. 30 See, for example, The Times editorial that greeted the successful resolution of the Bonell kidnapping m the Spain of 1870: The Times, 17 June 1870.
47. 31 Examples of this vocabulary in, for example, newspaper editorials and Foreign Office correspondence are quite simply so numerous as to make it difficult to know where to start in illustrating the point. For typical examples, however, see the correspondence on the Synge and Suter cases referred to in note 5 above.
48. 32 C.J. Bartlett, "After Palmerston: Britain and the Iberian Peninsula, 1865-76", English Historical Review, February 1994, pp. 74-88; Gordon Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh (London: Murray, 1963), pp. 317-47.
49. 32 C.J. Bartlett, "After Palmerston: Britain and the Iberian Peninsula, 1865-76", English Historical Review, February 1994, pp. 74-88; Gordon Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh (London: Murray, 1963), pp. 317-47.
50. 33 Anglo-Italian relations in this period lack a general account, though the work of my research student, Owain Wright, should eventually rectify this deficit.
51. 34 In The Dilessi Murders, pp. 99-117, Romilly Jenkins employs the concept of "ethnic truth" to explain the acutely sensitive Greek response to the hellenophobic outcry provoked by the three English deaths; as both he and Crosby Stevens in Ransom and Murder in Greece make plain, an ethnically-driven approach to truth worked in both directions. Another of my research students, Rodanthi Tzanelli, is in the process of shedding new and fascinating light on these matters.
52. 34 In The Dilessi Murders, pp. 99-117, Romilly Jenkins employs the concept of "ethnic truth" to explain the acutely sensitive Greek response to the hellenophobic outcry provoked by the three English deaths; as both he and Crosby Stevens in Ransom and Murder in Greece make plain, an ethnically-driven approach to truth worked in both directions. Another of my research students, Rodanthi Tzanelli, is in the process of shedding new and fascinating light on these matters.
53. 35 Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh, pp. 351-463.
54. 36 The Robert case, which will be the subject of a separate article, is covered in two substantial Foreign Office files: PRO FO/72/1488 and PRO FO/72/1489; for Layard's unpublished personal recollections, BL Add.Ms. 38933, Layard Papers, Volume III: "The Strory of My Mission to Spain" Venice, 1883, pp. 278-9 ff.
55. 37 Jenkins, The Dilessi Murders, pp. 64-74.
56. 38 The Times, 28 April 1870, 4 May 1870, 11 July 1874.
57. 39 For Anglo-Spanish dealings during the Bonell affair, see PRO FO/72/1262 and PRO FO/72/1263. Layard summed up the propriety of these dealings, with particularly warm words for the Spanish government, in BL Add.Ms.39121, Layard Papers, volume CXCI, Layard to Clarendon, 8 June 1870 and 9 June 1870.
58. 40 PRO FO/881/4222. Correspondence respecting the Capture of Colonel Synge by Brigands in the District of Caraferia, Macedonia. 1880; PRO FO/881/4454. Correspondence respecting the Capture of Mr. H. Suter by Brigands at Isvor in Turkey. 1881.
59. 41 BL Add.Ms. 38954. Layard Papers, volume XXIV, f.75. Edmund Hammond (permanent under-secretary at the Foreign Office) to Layard, 20 June 1870.
60. 42 PRO FO/881/4454, no.49, Granville to Blunt, 15 June 1881.
61. 43 Jenkins, Dilessi Murders, pp. 35-44.
62. 44 Nor was the Bonell affair Layard's first brush with brigands and kidnapping. As parliamentary under-secretary for foreign affairs in 1865 he had handled much of the "London end" of the Moens and Coore kidnappings. Much earlier, as the adventurous young man who discovered Nineveh, he had had more than one encounter with middle-eastern brigands. See Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh, pp. 55-80.
63. 45 Layard's correspondence contains numerous illustrations of his preoccupation: for example BL Add.Ms. 39121. Layard Papers, volume CXCI, Layard to Hammond, 2 July 1870.
64. 46 BL Add.Ms. 44173, Gladstone papers, volume LXXXVIII, f.73, Granville to Gladstone, 23 April 1881.
65. 47 The use of severed ears as "messages" was no myth, as other victims of the kidnappers of both Moens and the Bonells discovered: ASSal. Trib. B52, ff.729, 742; B55, F775. F. Hernández Girbal, Bandidos célebres españoles (en la Historia y en la Leyenda), Segunda y Última Serie (Madrid: Ediciones Lira, 1977), pp. 23-88. In 1905 the Englishman Philip Wills suffered this fate himself. PRO 294/33, V.C.296, no. 50, Consul Young (Monastir) to Constantinople Embassy, 5 October 1905, no. 50, ff. 101-3; the file also contains a medical certificate confirming the mutilation. According to Wills, the ear was later "satisfactorily" sewn back. Wills, A Captive of the Bulgarian Brigands, pp. 20-23.
66. 47 The use of severed ears as "messages" was no myth, as other victims of the kidnappers of both Moens and the Bonells discovered: ASSal. Trib. B52, ff.729, 742; B55, F775. F. Hernández Girbal, Bandidos célebres españoles (en la Historia y en la Leyenda), Segunda y Última Serie (Madrid: Ediciones Lira, 1977), pp. 23-88. In 1905 the Englishman Philip Wills suffered this fate himself. PRO 294/33, V.C.296, no. 50, Consul Young (Monastir) to Constantinople Embassy, 5 October 1905, no. 50, ff. 101-3; the file also contains a medical certificate confirming the mutilation. According to Wills, the ear was later "satisfactorily" sewn back. Wills, A Captive of the Bulgarian Brigands, pp. 20-23.
67. 48 The Times, 6 September 1865.
68. 49 Ibid., 20 and 25 December 1865.
69. 50 PRO FO/72/1387, Memorandum respecting capture by brigands of Mr Haselden, near Linares in Spain.
70. 51 PRO FO/45/297, Consul Dennis (Palermo) to Foreign Office, 24 November 1876; Gazzetta di Palermo, 27 November 1876; The Times, 27 November 1876; Nicolò Sangiorgio, Lercara Friddi. Itinerari storici e tradizionali (Roccapalumba, Palermo: Società di storia Patria "F. Rusolino Fazio", 1991), pp. 214-15.
71. 51 PRO FO/45/297, Consul Dennis (Palermo) to Foreign Office, 24 November 1876; Gazzetta di Palermo, 27 November 1876; The Times, 27 November 1876; Nicolò Sangiorgio, Lercara Friddi. Itinerari storici e tradizionali (Roccapalumba, Palermo: Società di storia Patria "F. Rusolino Fazio", 1991), pp. 214-15.
72. 51 PRO FO/45/297, Consul Dennis (Palermo) to Foreign Office, 24 November 1876; Gazzetta di Palermo, 27 November 1876; The Times, 27 November 1876; Nicolò Sangiorgio, Lercara Friddi. Itinerari storici e tradizionali (Roccapalumba, Palermo: Società di storia Patria "F. Rusolino Fazio", 1991), pp. 214-15.
73. 51 PRO FO/45/297, Consul Dennis (Palermo) to Foreign Office, 24 November 1876; Gazzetta di Palermo, 27 November 1876; The Times, 27 November 1876; Nicolò Sangiorgio, Lercara Friddi. Itinerari storici e tradizionali (Roccapalumba, Palermo: Società di storia Patria "F. Rusolino Fazio", 1991), pp. 214-15.
74. 52 "Minutes of the Proceedings of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Seizure, Detention and Ransom of John Bonell and John Antonio Bonell", PRO FO 72/1263, ff, pp. 304-342, especially pp. 309-10.
75. 53 On the question of Synge's means, see BL Add.Ms. 39155. Layard Papers, vol. CCXXV, f34, Blunt to Layard, 21 February 1880; PRO T/1/12817/13477, Lingen, minute of 23 July 1880; /15363, Pauncefoote to Treasury, 24 August 1880; 15862, Pauncefoote to Treasury, 3 September 1880; /15862, Statement of Service of Captain Henry Synge, late 52 Foot; and /18687, Synge to Granville, 7 October 1880.
76. 54 BL Add.Ms.39121. Layard Papers, volume CXCI, Layard to Clarendon, 24 May 1870. Ten years later, recalling this episode in his correspondence with Lord Salisbury regarding the Synge case, Layard claimed - falsely - to have "compelled" the Spanish government to take this step. BL Add.Ms. 39132. Layard Papers, volume CCII, ff.87-8, Layard to Salisbury, 10 March 1880.
77. 54 BL Add.Ms.39121. Layard Papers, volume CXCI, Layard to Clarendon, 24 May 1870. Ten years later, recalling this episode in his correspondence with Lord Salisbury regarding the Synge case, Layard claimed - falsely - to have "compelled" the Spanish government to take this step. BL Add.Ms. 39132. Layard Papers, volume CCII, ff.87-8, Layard to Salisbury, 10 March 1880.
78. 55 "Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Seizure, Detention and Ransom of John Bonell and John Antonio Bonell" (Gibraltar, 3 September 1870), PRO FO 72/1263 ff. 294-302; El Porvenir (Seville), 19 June 1870.
79. 55 "Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Seizure, Detention and Ransom of John Bonell and John Antonio Bonell" (Gibraltar, 3 September 1870), PRO FO 72/1263 ff. 294-302; El Porvenir (Seville), 19 June 1870.
80. 56 PRO FO/72/1338, f.109, Layard to Foreign Office, 19 March 1873; PRO FO/72/1338, ff. 374-6, Layard to Granville, 14 April 1873; Gibraltar Government Archive, Despatches from Gibraltar, 1871-1874, ff. 282-3, no.41, Governor Williams to Lord Kimberley, Colonial Secretary, 25 March 1873; f.295, no.54, Williams to Kimberley, 15 April 1873.
81. 57 PRO FO/72/1387, Lord Tenterden (permanent under-secretary at the Foreign Office) to William J. Webb, 12July 1874. Webb was the Haseldens' London solicitor.
82. 58 BL Add.Ms. 39132. Layard Papers, volume CCII, ff 87-88, Layard to Salisbury, 10 March 1880. Layard was quite explicit that he had "made" the Ottoman authorities accept liability.
83. 59 PRO T/12817/3902, Linger, to Foreign Office, 26 February 1880;PRO T/12817/6700, Pauncefoote (Foreign Office) to Treasury, 31 March 1880.
84. 60 PRO FO/78/3613, Granville to Treasury, 23 August 1881 and (attached) response of Law Officers, 21 September 1881; Lord Dufferin to Assim Pasha, no. 188, 10 October 1881.
85. 61 BL Add.Ms. 44544. Gladstone Papers, volume CCCCLIX, f. 163, Gladstone to Granville, 28 April 1881.
86. 62 Lloyd was a lawyer of relatively modest means employed by the Athens-Piraeus Railway company. Mrs Lloyd also received ex gratia payments totalling £3,000 from King George I of Greece and London's Greek community. Jenkins, Dilessi Murders, pp. 148-50.
87. 63 BL Add.Ms. 44544. Gladstone Papers, volume CCCCLIX, f.162, Gladstone to Granville, 24 April 1881.
88. 64 BL Add.Ms. 44544. Gladstone Papers, volume CCCCLIX, f.163, Gladstone to Granville, 28 April 1881. The origins of the idea are uncertain, but may lie during the Synge case with Layard. BL Add.Ms. 39132. Layard Papers, volume CCII, ff. 87-8, Layard to Salisbury (personal and private), 10 March 1880; PRO FO/78/3613, no. 681, Dufferin to Granville, 14 December1883.
89. 64 BL Add.Ms. 44544. Gladstone Papers, volume CCCCLIX, f.163, Gladstone to Granville, 28 April 1881. The origins of the idea are uncertain, but may lie during the Synge case with Layard. BL Add.Ms. 39132. Layard Papers, volume CCII, ff. 87-8, Layard to Salisbury (personal and private), 10 March 1880; PRO FO/78/3613, no. 681, Dufferin to Granville, 14 December1883.
90. 65 PRO T/1/12817/3902, Sir Ralph Lingen (permanent under-secretary at the Treasury) to Foreign Office, 26 February 1880; PRO FO/78/3613, Dufferin (Constantinople) circular to Consuls throughout the Ottoman Empire, no. 508, 24 June 1881. PRO FO/78/3613, draft to Treasury, 5 July 1881.
91. 66 The Times, 26 July 1881.
92. 67 The only significant near-exception was the kidnapping by Albanian brigands in 1884 of Gjerasim Qiriazi, a Greek-Albanian protestant employed by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Since missionary work was not official business, and since Qiriazi was not in an case a British subject, the British authorities took no interest in him. For a personal account of his experiences, see Gjerasim Qiriazi, Captured by Brigands (Wrexham: Albanian Evangelical Trust, n.d.).
93. 68 The main cases concerned, in addition to the exception about to be discussed were the kidnappings in Morocco, by the super-brigand Raisuli, of Walter Harris, correspondent of The Times (1903), Cromwell Oliver Varley, stepson of the also kidnapped American, Ion Perdicaris (1904); and Sir Harry "Caid" Maclean, military adviser to the Sultan of Morocco (1907-8); and in Macedonia, that of Philip Wills (1905). These, and all the cases mentioned here, will be discussed in the book, Kidnapped!, on which I am currently working.
94. 69 The kidnapping of Robert Abbott and the trial of (some of) his captors are covered in PRO FO/421/232 and PRO FO/195/2263, /2264 & /2265; see in particular the following consular reports: PRO FO/195/2264, ff.305-7, Consul Graves (Salonica) to Ambassador O'Conor (Constantinople), 25 March 1907; ibid., ff.411-16, Graves to O'Conor, 30 April 1907; ibid., ff.649-59, Graves to O'Conor, 10 December 1907. See also Sir Edward Grey's statement to the House of Commons as reported in Hansard, 2 May 1907, and reports in the Daily News (London), 23 and 26 March, 30 70 PRO FO/195/2263, f.304 [80 Sal.], O'Conor, minute accompanying copy (sent to Foreign Office 3 April 1907) of Graves to O'Conor, 25 March 1907
95. 71 PRO FO/195/2265, 52 Sal., O'Conor to Graves, 19 April 1907.
96. 72 See above footnote 47.