"Performing inter-nationalism" in Stuttgart in 1907: French and German socialist nationalism and the political culture of an international socialist congress

International Review of Social History

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 51-87

  Callahan, Kevin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034348463     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859000000031     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. 1. Maurice Agulhon, La République de Jules Ferry à François Mitterand 1880-1995 (Paris, 1997). pp. 21-55.
2. 2. Julius Braunthal, Geschichte der Internationale, 1 (Berlin-Bonn, 1974), pp. 204-206.
3. 3. There is, however, a substantial literature on socialist workers' culture on a national level: Vernon Lidtke, The Alternative Culture (Oxford, 1985); Albrecht Lehmann (ed.), Studien zur Arbeiterkultur (Münster, 1984); Patrick E. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864-1893 (Berkeley, CA, 1981);
4. 3. There is, however, a substantial literature on socialist workers' culture on a national level: Vernon Lidtke, The Alternative Culture (Oxford, 1985); Albrecht Lehmann (ed.), Studien zur Arbeiterkultur (Münster, 1984); Patrick E. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864-1893 (Berkeley, CA, 1981);
5. 3. There is, however, a substantial literature on socialist workers' culture on a national level: Vernon Lidtke, The Alternative Culture (Oxford, 1985); Albrecht Lehmann (ed.), Studien zur Arbeiterkultur (Münster, 1984); Patrick E. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864-1893 (Berkeley, CA, 1981);
6. and the dissertation by Keith Phelan Gorman, "Cults of the Dead: French Socialism and the Politics of Memory, 1914-1924" (University of Wisconsin, 1994).
7. 4. The standard works are James Joll, The Second International, 1889-1914, 2nd edn (London, 1974), G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, III, The Second International (London, 1956) and a less well-known but valuable study by M.M. Drachkovitch, Les Socialismes français et allemand et le problème de la guerre, 1870-1914 (Geneva, 1954).
8. 4. The standard works are James Joll, The Second International, 1889-1914, 2nd edn (London, 1974), G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, III, The Second International (London, 1956) and a less well-known but valuable study by M.M. Drachkovitch, Les Socialismes français et allemand et le problème de la guerre, 1870-1914 (Geneva, 1954).
9. 4. The standard works are James Joll, The Second International, 1889-1914, 2nd edn (London, 1974), G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, III, The Second International (London, 1956) and a less well-known but valuable study by M.M. Drachkovitch, Les Socialismes français et allemand et le problème de la guerre, 1870-1914 (Geneva, 1954).
10. 5. Georges Haupt, La Deuxième Internationale, 1889-1914. Étude critique des sources. Essai bibliographique (Paris, 1964), pp. 62-65.
11. 6. Frits van Holthoon and Marcel van der Linden (eds.), Internationalism in the Labour Movement, 1830-1940, 2 vols (Leiden, 1988), Marcel van der Linden and Jürgen Rojahn (eds.), The Formation of Labour Movements, 1870-1914, 2 vols, (Leiden, 1990).
12. 6. Frits van Holthoon and Marcel van der Linden (eds.), Internationalism in the Labour Movement, 1830-1940, 2 vols (Leiden, 1988), Marcel van der Linden and Jürgen Rojahn (eds.), The Formation of Labour Movements, 1870-1914, 2 vols, (Leiden, 1990).
13. 7. Markus Bürgi, Die Anfänge der Zweiten Internationale (Frankfurt/Main, 1996), pp. 580-588.
14. 8. Marie-Louise Goergen, "Les Relations entre socialistes allemands et français a l'époque de la Deuxième Internationale (1889-1914)" (Doctoral thesis, Saint-Denis, Paris, 1998).
15. 9. There was a qualitative shift in the consciousness of European socialists with respect to the issue of nationalism and internationalism from 1904 to 1907. The French newspaper La Vie socialiste conducted an international inquiry into the topic in 1905, not to mention several articles in socialist journals and Otto Bauer's classic Nationalitätenfrage und Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1907). For earlier examples of when socialists faced the issue of nationalism and internationalism, see Andrew Bonnell "Between Internationalism, Nationalism and Particulars: German Social Democrats and the War of 1870-1871", Australian Journal of Politics and History, 38 (1992), pp. 375-385, as well as Dieter Groh and Peter Brandt, "Vaterlandslose gesellen", Sozialdemokratie und Nation, 1860-1990 (Munich, 1990).
16. 9. There was a qualitative shift in the consciousness of European socialists with respect to the issue of nationalism and internationalism from 1904 to 1907. The French newspaper La Vie socialiste conducted an international inquiry into the topic in 1905, not to mention several articles in socialist journals and Otto Bauer's classic Nationalitätenfrage und Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1907). For earlier examples of when socialists faced the issue of nationalism and internationalism, see Andrew Bonnell "Between Internationalism, Nationalism and Particulars: German Social Democrats and the War of 1870-1871", Australian Journal of Politics and History, 38 (1992), pp. 375-385, as well as Dieter Groh and Peter Brandt, "Vaterlandslose gesellen", Sozialdemokratie und Nation, 1860-1990 (Munich, 1990).
17. 9. There was a qualitative shift in the consciousness of European socialists with respect to the issue of nationalism and internationalism from 1904 to 1907. The French newspaper La Vie socialiste conducted an international inquiry into the topic in 1905, not to mention several articles in socialist journals and Otto Bauer's classic Nationalitätenfrage und Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1907). For earlier examples of when socialists faced the issue of nationalism and internationalism, see Andrew Bonnell "Between Internationalism, Nationalism and Particulars: German Social Democrats and the War of 1870-1871", Australian Journal of Politics and History, 38 (1992), pp. 375-385, as well as Dieter Groh and Peter Brandt, "Vaterlandslose gesellen", Sozialdemokratie und Nation, 1860-1990 (Munich, 1990).
18. 10. Refer to all of the standard works listed earlier, as well as to Gary Steenson, "Not one man.! Not one penny!", German Social-Democracy, 1863-1914 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1981).
19. 11. See, above all, Jolyon Howorth's brilliant article "French Workers and German Workers: The Impossibility of Internationalism, 1900-1914". European Quarterly Review, 15 (1985), pp. 71-97. The best treatment of this revisionist approach is to be found in the collection of essays in Marcel van der Linden and Gottfried Mergner (eds), Kriegsbegeisterung und mentale Kriegsvorbereitung (Berlin, 1991), and Wolfgang Kruse, Krieg und nationale Integration (Essen, 1993).
20. 11. See, above all, Jolyon Howorth's brilliant article "French Workers and German Workers: The Impossibility of Internationalism, 1900-1914". European Quarterly Review, 15 (1985), pp. 71-97. The best treatment of this revisionist approach is to be found in the collection of essays in Marcel van der Linden and Gottfried Mergner (eds), Kriegsbegeisterung und mentale Kriegsvorbereitung (Berlin, 1991), and Wolfgang Kruse, Krieg und nationale Integration (Essen, 1993).
21. 11. See, above all, Jolyon Howorth's brilliant article "French Workers and German Workers: The Impossibility of Internationalism, 1900-1914". European Quarterly Review, 15 (1985), pp. 71-97. The best treatment of this revisionist approach is to be found in the collection of essays in Marcel van der Linden and Gottfried Mergner (eds), Kriegsbegeisterung und mentale Kriegsvorbereitung (Berlin, 1991), and Wolfgang Kruse, Krieg und nationale Integration (Essen, 1993).
22. 12. John J. Kulczycki, The Foreign Worker and the German Labor Movement: Xenophobia and Solidarity in the Coal Fields of the Ruhr, 1871-1914 (Providence, RI, 1994), pp. 1-2.
23. 13. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, The Collapse of the Second International (The Socialist Labour Press, Glasgow, n.d.), translated by Alexander Sirnis.
24. 14. Werner Jung's August Bebel. Deutscher Patriot und internationaler Sozialist (Pfaffenweiler, 1986) illustrates beyond a doubt the "inter-nationalism" of Bebel.
25. 15. Vernon Lidtke, The Alternative Culture (Oxford, 1985), p. 81.
26. 16. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983).
27. 17. Jürgen Habermas, Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit, 15th edn (Darmstadt, 1984), pp. 17-25.
28. 18. For more about the Lassalle cult, see Andrew G. Bonnell, "The Lassalle Cult in German Social Democracy", Australian Journal of Politics and History, 35 (1989). pp. 50-60, and Gottfried Korff, "Rote Fahnen und tableaux vivants", in Lehmann, Studien zur Arbeiterkultur, pp. 103-141, 118-123.
29. 18. For more about the Lassalle cult, see Andrew G. Bonnell, "The Lassalle Cult in German Social Democracy", Australian Journal of Politics and History, 35 (1989). pp. 50-60, and Gottfried Korff, "Rote Fahnen und tableaux vivants", in Lehmann, Studien zur Arbeiterkultur, pp. 103-141, 118-123.
30. 19. Beatrix W. Bouvier, "Die Marseillaise in der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung vor 1914", in van Holthoon and van der Linden, Internationalism in the Labour Movement, pp. 137-162, 154.
31. 20. Udo Achten (ed.), Zum Lichte empor. Mai-Festzeitungen der Sozialdemokratie 1891-1914 (Berlin, 1980), p. 29.
32. 21. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907.
33. 22. French socialists with a background in the Broussist, Allemanist, or Blanquist tradition may have been offended by the Lassalle, or even the Marx bust, although this is difficult to prove. At the 1893 international socialist congress at Zurich, V. Jaclard expressed his disapproval that there was no Blanqui bust next to the Marx painting. V. Jaclard, "Le Congrès socialiste international de Zurich", La Revue socialiste, September 1893, pp. 294-311, 297-299.
34. 23. Achten, Zum Lichte empor, p. 70.
35. 24. Ibid., p. 79. I am also referring to the interpretation of this picture by the editor on page 16.
36. 25. Ibid., p. 16.
37. 26. Ibid., Georg Gradnauer, "Mai-Licht", p. 128.
38. 27. Ibid., Kurt Eisner, "Weltpatriotismus", pp. 129-132.
39. 28. Ibid.
40. 29. Franz Mehring, Schiller. Ein Lebensbild für deutsche Arbeiter (Leipzig, 1905).
41. 30. Programm zum Gedächtnis von Friedrich Schiller am 100. Todestag (Leipzig, 1905), located in the pamphlet (Flugblatt) collection of the Archiv der Sozialdemokratie in Bonn. Also see Dr Max Alberty, Schiller. Gedächtnis Rede gehalten bei der Schiller-Gedächtnisfeier der Arbeiterschaft Müchens im Müncher Kindl-Keller am 8. Mai 1905 von Dr Max Alberty (München, 1905).
42. 30. Programm zum Gedächtnis von Friedrich Schiller am 100. Todestag (Leipzig, 1905), located in the pamphlet (Flugblatt) collection of the Archiv der Sozialdemokratie in Bonn. Also see Dr Max Alberty, Schiller. Gedächtnis Rede gehalten bei der Schiller-Gedächtnisfeier der Arbeiterschaft Müchens im Müncher Kindl-Keller am 8. Mai 1905 von Dr Max Alberty (München, 1905).
43. 31. Engelbert Pernerstorfer, Friedrich Schiller. Gedenkrede zur 100. Wiederkehr des Todestages Schillers (Vienna, 1905), p. 3.
44. 32. Ibid., p. 19.
45. 33. Ibid., pp. 20-21.
46. 34. Michelle Perrot, "The First of May 1890 in France: The Birth of a Working-Class Ritual" in Pat Thane, Geoffrey Crossick, and Roderick Floud (eds), The Power of the Past (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 143-173, 159.
47. 35. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907. Also see the interesting painting La Libéatrice (1904) by the socialist Théophile Alexandre Steinlen which appears to depict a revolutionary Marianne; Agulhon, La République de Jules Ferry à François Mitterand, pp. 116-117, and the photos in Rémy Cazals "Marques républicaines dans le syndicalisme mazamétain" in Maurice Agulhon (ed.), Cultures et folklore républicaines. Actes du colloque "Les Marques républicaines dans la culture populaire en France" (Paris, 1995), pp. 97-109, 98-101.
48. 35. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907. Also see the interesting painting La Libéatrice (1904) by the socialist Théophile Alexandre Steinlen which appears to depict a revolutionary Marianne; Agulhon, La République de Jules Ferry à François Mitterand, pp. 116-117, and the photos in Rémy Cazals "Marques républicaines dans le syndicalisme mazamétain" in Maurice Agulhon (ed.), Cultures et folklore républicaines. Actes du colloque "Les Marques républicaines dans la culture populaire en France" (Paris, 1995), pp. 97-109, 98-101.
49. 35. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907. Also see the interesting painting La Libéatrice (1904) by the socialist Théophile Alexandre Steinlen which appears to depict a revolutionary Marianne; Agulhon, La République de Jules Ferry à François Mitterand, pp. 116-117, and the photos in Rémy Cazals "Marques républicaines dans le syndicalisme mazamétain" in Maurice Agulhon (ed.), Cultures et folklore républicaines. Actes du colloque "Les Marques républicaines dans la culture populaire en France" (Paris, 1995), pp. 97-109, 98-101.
50. 36. Refer to the reports in L'Humanité for the years 1905-1907 as well as Maurice Dommanget, Histoire du premier mai (Paris, 1972), pp. 215-245. For an exellent comparative perspective of May Day in European countries, refer to Gita Deneckere, Marie-Louise Goergen, Inge Marssolek, Danielle Tartakowsky and Chris Wrigley, "Premiers mai" in Jean-Louis Robert, Friedhelm Boll, and Antoine Prost (eds), L'Invention des syndicalismes (Paris, 1994), pp. 199-217.
51. 36. Refer to the reports in L'Humanité for the years 1905-1907 as well as Maurice Dommanget, Histoire du premier mai (Paris, 1972), pp. 215-245. For an exellent comparative perspective of May Day in European countries, refer to Gita Deneckere, Marie-Louise Goergen, Inge Marssolek, Danielle Tartakowsky and Chris Wrigley, "Premiers mai" in Jean-Louis Robert, Friedhelm Boll, and Antoine Prost (eds), L'Invention des syndicalismes (Paris, 1994), pp. 199-217.
52. 37. L'Humanité, 1 May 1905: "1889-1905" by Albert Thomas.
53. 38. L'Humanité, 1 May 1905: "Le Premier mai" by Gabriel Bertrand.
54. 39. L'Humanité, 1 May 1907.
55. 40. Ibid., La Chanson du premier mai.
56. 41. Refer to Robert Brécy's valuable article "Les Chansons du premier Mai" Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 28 (1981), pp. 393-432, 402, for more examples of songs with patriotic contents from earlier May Day celebrations.
57. 42. L'Humanité, 1 May 1907: LA Marseillaise de la paix.
58. 43. For an example of this in 1899, see Agulhon, La République de Jules Ferry à Franç Mitterand, p. 108.
59. 44. See Lidtke's erudite discussion of the relationship of the social-cultural milieu of social democracy with other parts of German society.
60. 45. L'Humanité, 14 July 1905.
61. 46. L'Humanité, 16 July 1905.
62. 47. L'Humanité, 15 July 1905: "Le Monument de Blanqui" by Gustave Geffroy.
63. 48. L'Humanité, 13-14 July 1906, and 13-14 July 1907.
64. 49. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907; "Zweierlei Internationalismus", Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongreß zu Stuttgart, 18. bis 24. August 1907, Protokoll (Berlin, 1907), p. 16. Bebel was alluding to the international peace conference of the European governments at the Hague.
65. 49. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907; "Zweierlei Internationalismus", Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongreß zu Stuttgart, 18. bis 24. August 1907, Protokoll (Berlin, 1907), p. 16. Bebel was alluding to the international peace conference of the European governments at the Hague.
66. 50. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907: speech by Victor Adler delivered at the "mass meeting".
67. 51. Einladung zum Internationalen Sozialistischen Kongress; zu Stuttgart, Second International Collection, 425, International Institute of Social History (IISG), Amsterdam. Also see documents in the Camille Huysmans Archive, Antwerp, 1645 and 1606/26.
68. 52. EG-R515 (Arbeiter- und Sozialisten-kongress, 1. Januar 1907-15. November 1910) in Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PA-AA), Bonn. The German chancellor expressed his disapproval of allowing an international socialist congress to take place in Germany, informing the Württemberg authorities of ways to prevent the convening of the congress by tactics of intimidation. When it was clear that the Württemberg authorities could not prohibit the congress outright for fear of having to face public pressure in the Württemberg Landtag, von Bülow decided not to pressure the government in Württemberg because of the bad image this would create in Germany and abroad.
69. 53. Wegweiser durch Stuttgart und Umgebung. Den Teilnehmern am Internationalen Sozialistischen Kongress in Stuttgart zugeeignet (Stuttgart, 1907).
70. 54. Ibid., pp. 25-40.
71. 55. Refer to Klaus Tenfelde's article, "Adventus. Zur historischen Ikonologie des Festzugs", Historische Zeitschift, 235 (1982), pp. 45-85, for an insightful portrayal of the meaning of receptions and processions.
72. 56. Vorwärts, 21 August 1907; Schwäbische Tagwacht, 21 August 1907.
73. 56. Vorwärts, 21 August 1907; Schwäbische Tagwacht, 21 August 1907.
74. 57. Schwäbische Tagwacht, 15 August 1907. This local SPD newspaper describes in detail the meticulous organization that went into the "mass meeting".
75. 58. Le Temps, 20 August 1907.
76. 59. Vorwärts, 21 August 1907.
77. 60. The first time a "mass meeting" was held for an international socialist congress was in 1893 for the Zurich congress. Two of the next three congress continued this custom, at London in 1896 and Amsterdam in 1904.
78. 61. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907.
79. 62. Stuttgart, Protokoll, p. 12. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907.
80. 63. Vorwärts, August 22, 1907.
81. 64. See the opening speech of Vandervelde to the congress, Stuttgart, Protokoll, pp. 16-18, as well the speeches of various socialists at the Cannstatt meeting, Vorwärts, 10 August 1907.
82. 65. Konzert zu Ehren der Delegierten des Internationalen Sozialistischen Kongresses, Second International Collection, 450, IISG, Amsterdam, and Schwäbische Tagwacht, 19 August 1907.
83. 66. Schwäbische Tagwacht, 22 August 1907.
84. 67. Schwäbische Tagwacht, 21 August 1907.
85. 68. The debate on colonialism was also very contentious. For more about this, refer to Roger Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire Socialist Imperialism in Germany 1897-1914 (London, 1984).
86. 69. Congrès international ouvrier socialiste tenu à Bruxelles du 16 au 23 Août 1891 (Brussels, 1893), pp. 64-73. Protokoll des internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiterkongresses in der Tonhalle Zürich vom 6. bis 12. August 1893 (Zurich, 1894), pp. 20-30.
87. 69. Congrès international ouvrier socialiste tenu à Bruxelles du 16 au 23 Août 1891 (Brussels, 1893), pp. 64-73. Protokoll des internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiterkongresses in der Tonhalle Zürich vom 6. bis 12. August 1893 (Zurich, 1894), pp. 20-30.
88. 70. Nieuwenhuis's characterization of the SPD at Paris, Brussels, and Zurich, and his memoir parallels interestingly Hervé's image of the SPD. F. Domela Nieuwenhuis, Van Christen tot Anarchist. Gedenkschriften van F. Domela Nieuwenhuis (Amsterdam, n.d.), pp. 270-319.
89. 71. Cinquième congres socialiste international tenu à Paris du 23 au 27 Septembre 1900. Compte rendu analytique officiel (Paris, 1901), pp. 96-100. Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongreß zu Amsterdam 1904 (Berlin, 1904), pp. 24-31.
90. 71. Cinquième congres socialiste international tenu à Paris du 23 au 27 Septembre 1900. Compte rendu analytique officiel (Paris, 1901), pp. 96-100. Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongreß zu Amsterdam 1904 (Berlin, 1904), pp. 24-31.
91. 72. For more about Hervé's view on internationalism, refer to "Antipatriotism. Address of Gustave Hervé at the Close of his Trial for Anti-Militarist Activity, before the Jury of La Seine, December 1905", in Mark Weitz (ed.), European Socialism and the Problems of War and Militarism (New York, 1971), pp. 1-29.
92. 73. Stuttgart, Protokoll, p. 81.
93. 74. Ibid., p. 82.
94. 75. Ibid., p. 84.
95. 76. Ibid.
96. 77. Ibid., pp. 84-85.
97. 78. Ibid., pp. 87-88.
98. 79. Ibid., pp. 88-89.
99. 80. Ibid., p. 93.
100. 81. Ibid., p. 92.
101. 82. Ibid., p. 99.
102. 83. Ibid., pp. 100-101.
103. Also see the interesting section in Goergen's dissertation "Les relations entre socialistes allemands et français" (University of Paris 8, 1998), titled "République ou monarchie?", pp. 513-518.
104. 84. L'Humanité, 20 August 1907: editorial by Gustave Rouanet.
105. 85. L'Humanité, 25 August 1907 : editorial by Jean Jaurès.
106. 86. L'Humanité, 25 August 1907 : editorial by Jean Allemane.
107. 87. Stuttgart, Protokoll, 1907, p. 70.
108. 88. Ibid.
109. 89. What exactly transpired is difficult to say. According to the official proceedings, Hervé stood on the table and expressed his support of the resolution; Stuttgart, Protokoll, p. 70. Other newspapers, however, paint a different, and probably more accurate, picture. One newspaper, as described above, claims that Hervé and his compatriots jumped on the table to interrupt Singer by singing the Internationale; Kölnische Zeitung, 26 August 1907. Another newspaper reported that as the resolution was voted on, a part of the French delegation began to sing "Vive la république, down with the cannons!"; Frankfurter Zeitung, 24 August 1907.
110. 90. Stuttgart, Protokoll, p. 75.
111. 91. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907: "Militarisme et patriotisme" by Paul Lafargue. See also Jolyon Howorth, "The Left in France and Germany, Internationalism and War: A Dialogue of the Deaf 1900-1914", pp. 81-100, and John Schwarzmantel, "Nationalism and the French Working-Class Movement 1905-1914", pp. 65-80, 71; both in Eric Cahm and Vladimir Claude Fišera (eds), Socialism and Nationalism in Contemporary Europe, 1848-1945, 2 (Nottingham, 1979).
112. 91. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907: "Militarisme et patriotisme" by Paul Lafargue. See also Jolyon Howorth, "The Left in France and Germany, Internationalism and War: A Dialogue of the Deaf 1900-1914", pp. 81-100, and John Schwarzmantel, "Nationalism and the French Working-Class Movement 1905-1914", pp. 65-80, 71; both in Eric Cahm and Vladimir Claude Fišera (eds), Socialism and Nationalism in Contemporary Europe, 1848-1945, 2 (Nottingham, 1979).
113. 91. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907: "Militarisme et patriotisme" by Paul Lafargue. See also Jolyon Howorth, "The Left in France and Germany, Internationalism and War: A Dialogue of the Deaf 1900-1914", pp. 81-100, and John Schwarzmantel, "Nationalism and the French Working-Class Movement 1905-1914", pp. 65-80, 71; both in Eric Cahm and Vladimir Claude Fišera (eds), Socialism and Nationalism in Contemporary Europe, 1848-1945, 2 (Nottingham, 1979).
114. 91. L'Humanité, 12 August 1907: "Militarisme et patriotisme" by Paul Lafargue. See also Jolyon Howorth, "The Left in France and Germany, Internationalism and War: A Dialogue of the Deaf 1900-1914", pp. 81-100, and John Schwarzmantel, "Nationalism and the French Working-Class Movement 1905-1914", pp. 65-80, 71; both in Eric Cahm and Vladimir Claude Fišera (eds), Socialism and Nationalism in Contemporary Europe, 1848-1945, 2 (Nottingham, 1979).
115. 92. L'Humanité, 17 August 1907: "Le Congres de Nancy et la presse bourgeoise".
116. 93. L'Humanité, 18 through 26 August 1907.
117. 94. L'Humanité, 20 August 1907: editorial by Gustave Rouanet.
118. 95. Le Temps, 20 August 1907.
119. 96. Le Gaulois, 22 August 1907: editorial, "Ce qui se passe. La leçon allemande".
120. 97. Le Temps, 25 and 26 August, 1907: editorial, "Nos Socialistes français - mais surtout anti-français, ont la presse qu'ils méritent".
121. 98. L'Humanité, 9 September 1907.
122. 99. Ibid.
123. 100. Ibid.
124. 101. L'Humanité, 29 August 1907: illustration titled, "Comment nos camarades d'Allemagne sont patriotes".
125. 102. Der Wahre Jacob, 550 (1907).
126. 103. Der Wahre Jacob, 550, 551, and 552 (1907).
127. 104. Schwäbische Tagwacht, 17 August 1907.
128. 105. Schwäbische Tagwacht, 17 August 1907: article by August Bebel, "Sind national und international Gegensätze?".
129. 106. Ibid.
130. 107. Vorwärts, 18 August 1907: "Zum Stuttgarter Völkerparlament".
131. 108. German socialists perceived the movement of socialism in competition with other forms of internationalism such as an international aristocracy and the Catholic Church; Vorwärts, 20 August 1907, titled "Zweierlei, Internationalismus", and "Rote Internationale".
132. 109. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907.
133. 110. Vorwärts, 18 August 1907: August Bebel, "Internationale" and Max Grunwald, "Ein Jubiläum der Internationale".
134. 111. Vorwärts, 18 August 1907: Max Grunwald, "Ein Jubiläum der Internationale".
135. 112. Ibid.
136. 113. Vorwärts, 18 August 1907: Otto Bauer, Nationalitätenfrage und Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1907). The tone of the book review was neutral.
137. 113. Vorwärts, 18 August 1907: Otto Bauer, Nationalitätenfrage und Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1907). The tone of the book review was neutral.
138. 114. Kölnische Zeitung, 16 August 1907.
139. This newspaper was probably referring to Michel's article "Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im international Verband", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 25 (1907).
140. 115. Kölnische Zeitung, 16 August 1907.
141. 116. Kölnische Zeitung, 20 August 1907: article, "Sozialdemokratische Gewerkschaften und christliche Arbeiterbewegung".
142. 117. Kölnische Zeitung, 27 August 1907: "Internationaler Völkerparlament".
143. 118. Neue preussische Zeitung, 20 August 1907.
144. 119. Ibid.
145. 120. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907: reprinted article from Deutsche Tageszeitung.
146. 121. Vorwärts, 20 August 1907: editorial, "Zweierlei Internationalismus".
147. 122. Ibid.
148. 123. Frankfurter Zeitung, 19 August 1907.
149. 124. Frankfurter Zeitung, 21 August 1907.
150. 125. Frankfurter Zeitung, 26 August 1907.
151. 126. Previous international socialist congresses included music, either played at the mass meeting as in 1893 at Zurich, or, what appears to have been an impromptu performance in London in 1896, when the organ played the Marseillaise in order to pass the time as a result of the French delegation's tardiness. The organizers of the Amsterdam congress, in correspondence with Victor Serwy, had expressed their intention of creating a tourist guide booklet for the foreign delegates, but i have come across no evidence that this was ever made; Henriette Roland Holst to Victor Serwy, 4 October 1902. Camille Huysmans Archive, 1611/36, Antwerp. Sonderheft betr. Kongress zu Stuttgart, Second International Collection, 446, IISH.