Representations of nature on the Mongolian steppe: An investigation of scientific knowledge construction

American Anthropologist

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 503-519

  Williams, Dee Mack ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034347514     PISSN: 00027294     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/aa.2000.102.3.503     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Ba Gen, and Chifeng shi caoyuan gongzuo zhan (Chifeng Grassland Work Station) 1993 Jiating Xuqun Xiaocao Kulun Jianshe Qianyi (Overview of Householder Herd and Grassland Construction Policy). Neimenggu Caoyie 2: 19-22.
2. Becker, Jasper 1996 Hungry Ghosts. London: John Murray Ltd.
3. Berglund, Eeva 1998 Knowing Nature, Knowing Science: An Ethnography of Environmental Activism. Cambridge: White Horse Press.
4. Bird, Elizabeth 1987 The Social Construction of Nature: Theoretical Approaches to the History of Environmental Problems. Environmental Review 11(4):255-264.
5. Bohm, David, and F. David Peat 1987 Science, Order, and Creativity. New York: Bantam Books.
6. Bruun, Ole, and Ole Odgaard, eds. 1996 Mongolia in Transition. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press Ltd.
7. Chang Xiaochuan, Cai Weiqi, and Xu Qi 1990 Effects of Fencing on Soil-Vegetation Systems and the Use of Grasslands by Herbivorous Animals. In International Symposium on Grassland Vegetation. Beijing: Science Press.
8. Chen Shan 1996 Inner Asian Grassland Degradation and Plant Transformation. In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, vol. 1. The Pastoral Economy and the Environment. C. Humphrey and D. Sneath, eds. Pp. 111-123. Cambridge, UK: White Horse.
9. Chifengshi Caoyuan Jianlisuo (Chifeng City Grassland Regulatory Office) 1990 Caodi Guanli Fagui yu Guicheng Ziliao Huibian (Collection of Grassland Management Rules and Regulations). Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
10. China Daily 1988 China Seeds Desert by Plane. August 10.
11. China State Council 1994 China's Agenda 21: White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21 st Century (Adopted at the 16th Executive Meeting of the State Council on 25 Mar.). Beijing: China Environmental Science.
12. Crumley, Carole 1994 Historical Ecology: A Multidimensional Ecological Orientation. In Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. C. Crumley, ed. Pp. 1-16. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
13. Crush, Jonathan, ed. 1995 Power of Development. New York: Routledge.
14. Descola, Philippe 1996 Constructing Natures: Symbolic Ecology and Social Practice. In Nature and Society. Philippe Descola and Gisli Palsson, eds. Pp. 82-102. London: Routledge.
15. Douglas, Mary 1986 How Institutions Think. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
16. Dove, Michael 1986 Peasant versus Government Perception and Use of the Environment: A Case-Study of Banjarese Ecology and River Basin Development in South Kalimantan. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17(1):113-36.
17. Erdenijab, E. 1996 An Economic Assessment of Pasture Degradation. In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, vol. 1. The Pastoral Economy and the Environment. C. Humphrey and D. Sneath, eds. Pp. 189-197. Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press.
18. Escobar, Arturo 1995 Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19. 1999 After Nature: Steps to an Antiessentialist Political Ecology. Current Anthropology 40(1):1-30.
20. Fei Xiaotong 1984 Bianqu Kaifa Chifeng Pian (Essay on border development in Chifeng). Neimeng Ribao, March 11.
21. Foucault, Michael 1972 The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
22. 1980 Power/Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
23. Guha, Ramachandra 1989 Radical Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique. Environmental Ethics 11 (spring): 71-80.
24. Haraway, Donna 1988 Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies 14(3):575-599.
25. Harding, Sandra 1991 Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
26. Hayles, Katherine 1995 Searching for Common Ground. In Reinventing Nature? Michael Soule and Gary Lease, eds. Pp. 47-64. Washington, DC: Island Press.
27. Hess, David 1995 Cosmopolitan Technologies, Native Peoples, and Resistance Struggles. In Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts. New York: Columbia Press.
28. Hjort, Anders 1982 A Critique of Ecological Models of Pastoral Land Use. Nomadic Peoples 10:11-27.
29. Hu Mingge 1990 Tuihua Caodi (Degraded Grasslands). In Chifeng Caodi (Chifeng Grasslands). Hu Mingge, ed. Pp. 189-211. Beijing: Nongye Chubanshe.
30. Humphrey, Caroline, Marina Mongush, and B. Telenged 1993 Attitudes to Nature in Mongolia and Tuva: A Preliminary Report. Nomadic Peoples 33:51-61.
31. Humphrey, Caroline, and David Sneath, eds. 1996a Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, vol. 1. The Pastoral Economy and the Environment. Cambridge, UK: White Horse.
32. 1996b Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, vol. 2. Society and Culture. Cambridge, UK: White Horse.
33. 1999 End of Nomadism? Society, State and the Environment in Inner Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
34. Hurelbaatar, A. 1996 The Transformation of the Inner Mongolian Pastoral Economy: The Case of Hulun Buir League. In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, vol. 2. Society and Culture. C. Humphrey and D. Sneath, eds. Pp. 161-175. Cambridge, UK: White Horse.
35. Jackson, John Brinckerhoff 1984 Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
36. Jankowiak, William 1988 The Last Hurrah? Political Protest in Inner Mongolia. Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 19-20:269-288.
37. Janzen, Daniel 1986 The Future of Tropical Ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:305-324.
38. Jiang Chunyun 1997 Speaking at the Asian Ministerial Conference on the Implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, in Beijing on May 13, as quoted in Xinhua News Agency (English report of Chinese address). Electronic document. http://wnc.fedworld.gov.
39. Jiang Wandi 1994 Turning the Desert Green. Beijing Review 37(44): 16-20.
40. Kuhn, Thomas 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Latour, Bruno 1992 One More Turn after the Social Turn . . . In The Social Dimensions of Science. Ernan McMullin, ed. Pp. 272-294. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
42. Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar 1986 Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
43. Lin Xiangjin 1990 Development of the Pastoral Areas of Chifeng City Pre-fecture. In The Wool Industry in China. John Longworth, ed. Pp. 74-92. Victoria, Australia: Inkata Press.
44. Liu, Yuman 1990 Economic Reform and the Livestock Pasture Imbalance in Pastoral Areas of China. In The Wool Industry in China. John Longworth, ed. Pp. 93-105. Victoria, Australia: Inkata Press.
45. Livingstone, David 1995 The Spaces of Knowledge: Contributions Towards a Historical Geography of Science. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13:5-34.
46. Longworth, John, ed. 1990 The Wool Industry in China. Victoria, Australia: Inkata Press.
47. Longworth, John, and Gregory Williamson 1993 China's Pastoral Region: Sheep and Wool, Minority Nationalities, Rangeland Degradation and Sustainable Development. Wallingford, UK: CAB International in association with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
48. Loucks, One, and Wu Jianguo 1992 Xilingele. In Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China. National Research Council, ed. Pp. 67-84. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
49. Ma Rong 1984 Migrant and Ethnic Integration in Rural Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University.
50. 1992 Social Sciences: Chinese Literature on Grassland Studies. In Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China. National Research Council, ed. Pp. 121-134. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
51. N.d. A Village Study: Migrant and Ethnic Integration in the Process of Socioeconomic Changes in Inner Mongolia, China.
52. Ma Rong and Li Ou N.d. The Impact of the System Reform on Pasture Use and Environment in Inner Mongolia: A Case Study.
53. Marglin, Stephen 1990 Toward the Decolonization of Mind. In Dominating Knowledge. Stephen Marglin and Frederique Apffel-Marglin, eds. Pp. 1-28. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
54. Mearns, Robin 1993 Pastoral Institutions, Land Tenure and Land Policy Reform in Post-Socialist Mongolia. PALD Research Report, 3. Brighton, UK: International Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex.
55. Merton, Robert 1957 Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science. American Sociological Review 22(6): 635-659.
56. Mitchell, Timothy 1988 Colonising Egypt Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Nasihan Sumu Official Document 1991 Lizu Shachu Shiji Xingjian Jiating Xiaocao Kulun (Based upon Arid Land Realities, Construct Household Enclosures), 3rd Proposal by the Animal Husbandry Workers Conference. August 15.
58. National Research Council, ed. 1992 Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
59. Naveh, Zev, and Arthur Lieberman 1990 Landscape Ecology: Theory and Application. Student edition. New York: Springer-Verlag.
60. Nicolson, Malcolm 1989 National Styles, Divergent Classifications: A Comparative Case Study from the History of French and American Plant Ecology. Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Science Past and Present 8:139-186.
61. Scott, James 1985 Weapons of the Weak. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
62. Sneath, David 1994 The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia. Modern Asian Studies 28(2): 409-430.
63. Swift, Jeremy, and Robin Mearns 1993 Mongolian Pastoralism on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century. Nomadic Peoples 33:3 ff.
64. Thompson, Michael, and Michael Warburton 1985 Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale. Mountain Research and Development 5(2):115-135.
65. Tseren, P. Buhan 1996 Traditional Pastoral Practice of the Oirat Mongols and their Relationship with the Environment. In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, vol. 2. Society and Culture. C. Humphrey and D. Sneath, eds. Pp. 147-159. Cambridge, UK: White Horse.
66. Wang Lixian, Wang Xian, and Zhang Kebin, eds. 1993 The Experiences of Combatting Desertification in P.R. China. Beijing: College of Soil and Water Conservation in the Beijing Forestry University.
67. Wengniuteqi Renmin Zhengfu (People's Government of Wengniute Banner) 1988 Wengniuteqi Renmin Zhengfu Bangongshi Wenzhang (Document No. 96 from the Office of the People's Government of Wengniute Banner). September 23.
68. Wengniuteqi Renmin Zhengfu (Geng Zuo Baogao) (Work report from the People's Government of Wengniute Banner) 1993 3rd Conference of the 11 th Session, March 24, Wudan.
69. Williams, Dee Mack 1996a The Barbed Walls of China: A Contemporary Grassland Drama. Journal of Asian Studies 55(3):665-691.
70. 1996b Grassland Enclosures: Catalyst of Land Degradation in Inner Mongolia. Human Organization 55(3):307-313.
71. 1997a The Desert Discourse of Modern China. Modern China 23(3):328-355.
72. 1997b Patchwork, Pastoralists, and Perception: Dune Sand as a Valued Resource among Chinese Herdsmen. Human Ecology 25(2):297-317.
73. 1997c Grazing the Body: Violations of Land and Limb in Inner Mongolia. American Ethnologist 24(4):763-785.
74. Wulanaodu Gacca Official Document 1993 Hukou yu Shourubiao (Year-End Household Statistics and Income Tables).
75. Xu Youfang 1993 Speaking at the National Desertification Conference in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia on September 24, as quoted in Xinhua News Agency. Electronic document, http://wnc.fedworld.gov. FBIS-CHI-93-184.
76. 1997 Speaking at the Asian Ministerial Conference on the Implementation of the UN Convention on Combatting Desertification in Beijing on May 15, as quoted in Xinhua News Agency. Electronic document, http://wnc.fedworld.gov. FBIS-TEN-97-135.
77. Zhang Xinshi 1992 Northern China. In Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China. National Research Council, ed. Pp. 39-54. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
78. Zhao Shidong 1992 Brief Introduction to Wulanaodu Grassland Ecosystem Research Station. Paper presented at the Grassland Ecosystem of the Mongolian Steppe Research Conference.
79. Zhao Songqiao 1990 The Semi-Arid Land in Eastern Inner Mongolia (An Area of Critical Environmental Change. Chinese Journal of Arid Land Research 3(3):257-271.
80. Zhou Li 1990 Economic Development in China's Pastoral Regions: Problems and Solutions. In The Wool Industry in China. John Longworth, ed. Pp. 43-56. Victoria, Australia: Inkata.
81. Zhou Weide 1993 Neimeng Huanjing Baohu Shiji (A Century of China's Environmental Protection in Inner Mongolia). News briefing held on October 19 and reported in Neimenggu ribao (Hohhot, China), October 21:1.
82. Zhu Zhenda 1990 Desertification in the Northern Territory of China: Present Status and Trend of Development. Journal of Chinese Geography 1(1):61-70.
83. Zhu Zhenda and Wang Tao 1990 Cong Ruogan Dianxing Diqu de Yanjiu dui jin Shinian yu Nianlai Zhongguo Tudi Shamohua Yanbian Qushi de Fenxi (Analysis on the Trend of Land Desertification in Northern China during the Last Decade Based on Examples from Some Typical Areas). Dili Xuebao (Acta Geographica Sinica) 45(4):430-440.