Lord Sydenham of Combe's world Jewish conspiracy

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 47-64

  Ruotsila, Markku ^a  

^a Finnish Academy   (Finland)

Author keywords

Anti bolshevism; Anti communism; Anti socialism; Antisemitism; Conpiracy theory; League of Nations; Palestine; Racialism; Radical right; Sydenham; World Jewish conspiracy

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034347293     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00313220008559146     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Sydenham, 'The Jewish world problem', Nineteenth Century and After, November 1921, 888-90.
2. On Sydenham's various organizational links, see brief mentions in the following works: Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), 15; Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971), 74-6; Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-198) (Oxford: Blackwell 1987), 29; G. C. Webber, The Ideology of the British Right, 1918-1939 (London: Croom Helm 1987), 21, 27-9, 154. On Sydenham's support for the National Party, see his letter to Sir Henry Page Croft, 1 May 1918: Sir Henry Page Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; on the goals of the Liberty League, see 'News of the Week', Spectator, 6 March 1920, 294.
3. On Sydenham's various organizational links, see brief mentions in the following works: Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), 15; Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971), 74-6; Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-198) (Oxford: Blackwell 1987), 29; G. C. Webber, The Ideology of the British Right, 1918-1939 (London: Croom Helm 1987), 21, 27-9, 154. On Sydenham's support for the National Party, see his letter to Sir Henry Page Croft, 1 May 1918: Sir Henry Page Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; on the goals of the Liberty League, see 'News of the Week', Spectator, 6 March 1920, 294.
4. On Sydenham's various organizational links, see brief mentions in the following works: Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), 15; Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971), 74-6; Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-198) (Oxford: Blackwell 1987), 29; G. C. Webber, The Ideology of the British Right, 1918-1939 (London: Croom Helm 1987), 21, 27-9, 154. On Sydenham's support for the National Party, see his letter to Sir Henry Page Croft, 1 May 1918: Sir Henry Page Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; on the goals of the Liberty League, see 'News of the Week', Spectator, 6 March 1920, 294.
5. On Sydenham's various organizational links, see brief mentions in the following works: Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), 15; Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971), 74-6; Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-198) (Oxford: Blackwell 1987), 29; G. C. Webber, The Ideology of the British Right, 1918-1939 (London: Croom Helm 1987), 21, 27-9, 154. On Sydenham's support for the National Party, see his letter to Sir Henry Page Croft, 1 May 1918: Sir Henry Page Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; on the goals of the Liberty League, see 'News of the Week', Spectator, 6 March 1920, 294.
6. On Sydenham's various organizational links, see brief mentions in the following works: Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), 15; Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971), 74-6; Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-198) (Oxford: Blackwell 1987), 29; G. C. Webber, The Ideology of the British Right, 1918-1939 (London: Croom Helm 1987), 21, 27-9, 154. On Sydenham's support for the National Party, see his letter to Sir Henry Page Croft, 1 May 1918: Sir Henry Page Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; on the goals of the Liberty League, see 'News of the Week', Spectator, 6 March 1920, 294.
7. For details of Sydenham's career, see Alfred Cochrane, 'Clarke, George Sydenham', in L. G. Wickham Legg (ed.), The Dictionary of National Biography, 1931-1940 (London: Oxford University Press 1949), 181-2. Correspondence and official papers from Sydenham's colonial career are mostly preserved in the Lord Sydenham of Combe Papers, British Library, London. Some papers relating to his service in India and Australia are in the Australian National Archives.
8. See letter from Edwin Montagu to David Lloyd George, 5 November 1920: David Lloyd George Papers, F/50/3/28, House of Lords Record Office, London.
9. Letter from Lord Curzon to David Lloyd George, 28 December 1918: David Lloyd George Papers, F/11/8/20, House of Lords Record Office, London; Sir Maurice Hankey diary, 22 April 1918: Sir Maurice Hankey Papers, HNKY 1/3, Churchill College, Cambridge.
10. Sydenham, Imperial Defense (London: Imperial Press 1898), xiv.2-4; Sydenham, 'War and illusion', Edinburgh Review, vol. 221, January 1915, 178-203.
11. Sydenham, Imperial Defense (London: Imperial Press 1898), xiv.2-4; Sydenham, 'War and illusion', Edinburgh Review, vol. 221, January 1915, 178-203.
12. Sydenham's address at Ferguson College, India, 5 September 1912: Lord Sydenham of Combe Papers, Add. MS 50834, British Library, London (hereafter 'Sydenham Papers').
13. Sydenham, Imperial Defense, xi-xiv.
14. Sydenham, Russia's Sea-Power, Past and Present (London: John Murray 1898), viii.
15. Sydenham's address at the University of Bombay, 21 February 1911: Sydenham Papers.
16. Sydenham's address at Ferguson College, 5 September 1912: Sydenham Papers.
17. For Sydenham's arguments, see Lord Willoughby De Broke, 'The comfortable classes and national defense', National Review, May 1914, 428-42, a discussion of the multiple aspirations of the preparedness and universal military training movement.
18. Sydenham, Studies of an Imperialist (London: Chapman and Hall 1928), xi.
19. Sydenham, My Working Life (London: John Murray 1927), 401-3, 411-12.
20. See Cowling, 78-80; Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War (New York: Berg 1991), 9-42; Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain and the Russian Revolution (London: Frank Cass 1992), esp. chapters 1-2. Also useful on the pre-1914 German spy scare is Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Sceptre 1992), 62-103.
21. See Cowling, 78-80; Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War (New York: Berg 1991), 9-42; Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain and the Russian Revolution (London: Frank Cass 1992), esp. chapters 1-2. Also useful on the pre-1914 German spy scare is Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Sceptre 1992), 62-103.
22. See Cowling, 78-80; Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War (New York: Berg 1991), 9-42; Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain and the Russian Revolution (London: Frank Cass 1992), esp. chapters 1-2. Also useful on the pre-1914 German spy scare is Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Sceptre 1992), 62-103.
23. See Cowling, 78-80; Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War (New York: Berg 1991), 9-42; Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain and the Russian Revolution (London: Frank Cass 1992), esp. chapters 1-2. Also useful on the pre-1914 German spy scare is Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Sceptre 1992), 62-103.
24. Ian Colvin, The Unseen Hand in History (London: The 'National Review' Office 1917), esp. x-xvii, and Take Cover (London: The 'National Review' Office 1917), 103-13. See also the later elaboration of the basic thesis in Ian Colvin, 'The meaning of Marx', National Review, October 1921, 205-6.
25. Ian Colvin, The Unseen Hand in History (London: The 'National Review' Office 1917), esp. x-xvii, and Take Cover (London: The 'National Review' Office 1917), 103-13. See also the later elaboration of the basic thesis in Ian Colvin, 'The meaning of Marx', National Review, October 1921, 205-6.
26. Ian Colvin, The Unseen Hand in History (London: The 'National Review' Office 1917), esp. x-xvii, and Take Cover (London: The 'National Review' Office 1917), 103-13. See also the later elaboration of the basic thesis in Ian Colvin, 'The meaning of Marx', National Review, October 1921, 205-6.
27. See, by Nesta Webster: The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy (London: Constable 1919), 491; 'World revolution', Morning Post, 18 July 1920, 8; and Spacious Days: An Autobiography (London: Hutchinson [1949]), 183-2.
28. See, by Nesta Webster: The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy (London: Constable 1919), 491; 'World revolution', Morning Post, 18 July 1920, 8; and Spacious Days: An Autobiography (London: Hutchinson [1949]), 183-2.
29. See, by Nesta Webster: The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy (London: Constable 1919), 491; 'World revolution', Morning Post, 18 July 1920, 8; and Spacious Days: An Autobiography (London: Hutchinson [1949]), 183-2.
30. Viscount Cave's address to the House of Lords, 19 November 1918, Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords (hereafter PDHL), 5th series, vol. 32 (London: HMSO 1918), 233.
31. 'A Russian policy', Morning Post, 13 August 1918, 4.
32. Sydenham's addresses to the House of Lords, 24 October 1917 and 25 February 1919, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 26 (London: HMSO 1917), 751-2, and vol. 33 (London: HMSO 1919), 307, respectively.
33. These themes are explored at greater length in Markku Ruotsila, 'The Origins of Anglo-American Anti-Bolshevism, 1917-21', PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998, esp. 55-80, 95-108, where relevant British and American primary sources are listed.
34. Letter from Sydenham to Sir Henry Page Croft, 13 July 1918: Sir Henry Page Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; Sydenham, 'The German exploitation of Russia', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1918, 198; Sydenham, 'Britain and Russia', Russian Outlook, 8 November 1919, 638.
35. Letter from Sydenham to Nicholas Murray Butler, 8 December 1918: Nicholas Murray Butler Papers, Correspondence files, Columbia University, New York (hereafter Butler Papers); Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 24 October 1917, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 26 (London: HMSO 1917), 751-2.
36. Sydenham, 'The peril of socialism', Nineteenth Century and After, March 1918, 473-6, 482-4.
37. Ibid., 485n.
38. Sydenham, 'The German exploitation of Russia', 191.
39. Ibid.
40. Letter from Sydenham to Butler, 8 December 1918: Butler Papers.
41. Sydenham, 'The Jewish world problem', 888-901. Actually the Protocols was a forgery that had for some time been circulated by anti-Bolshevik Russians with the intention of discrediting the Bolshevik leadership. It had been concocted for the Tsarist secret police and used in Russian churches from at least 1905, originally against the liberal constitutionalist opponents of Tsarist rule. See Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume IV: Suicidal Europe, 1870-1933 (London: Oxford University Press 1985), 57-61; Daniel Pipes, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (New York: Free Press 1997), 84-6.
42. Sydenham, 'The Jewish world problem', 888-901. Actually the Protocols was a forgery that had for some time been circulated by anti-Bolshevik Russians with the intention of discrediting the Bolshevik leadership. It had been concocted for the Tsarist secret police and used in Russian churches from at least 1905, originally against the liberal constitutionalist opponents of Tsarist rule. See Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume IV: Suicidal Europe, 1870-1933 (London: Oxford University Press 1985), 57-61; Daniel Pipes, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (New York: Free Press 1997), 84-6.
43. Sydenham, 'The Jewish world problem', 888-901. Actually the Protocols was a forgery that had for some time been circulated by anti-Bolshevik Russians with the intention of discrediting the Bolshevik leadership. It had been concocted for the Tsarist secret police and used in Russian churches from at least 1905, originally against the liberal constitutionalist opponents of Tsarist rule. See Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume IV: Suicidal Europe, 1870-1933 (London: Oxford University Press 1985), 57-61; Daniel Pipes, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (New York: Free Press 1997), 84-6.
44. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
45. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
46. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
47. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
48. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
49. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
50. The quotations are from Nesta Webster's following books and articles: World Revolution: The Plot against Civilization (London: Constable 1921), 308, 325; Boche and Bolshevik (New York: Beckwith Press 1922), 43-6; see also Webster's The French Revolution, 495; 'Babouvisme and Bolshevism', Nineteenth Century and After, May 1920, 865-73; 'Illuminism and world revolution', Nineteenth Century and After, July 1920, 97-113; '"Internationale" and commune - secret societies and pan-Germanism', Morning Post, 3 August 1920, 6; The Socialist Network (London: Constable 1926), 121-5, 134. On the visions and other occult experiences which prompted her to this theory, see Thurlow, 58-61.
51. Sydenham, 'The Jewish world problem', 891-6.
52. Sydenham's letters to the editor of the Morning Post, 2 August 1920 and 12 September 1921, 8 and 4, respectively.
53. Sydenham's addresses to the House of Lords, 24 February 1920 and 29 June 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 39 (London: HMSO 1920), 125-6, and vol. 40 (London: HMSO 1920), 1012-13.
54. Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 24 February 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 39 (London: HMSO 1920), 123; Sydenham, 'Ireland, Russia and India', Morning Post, 12 September 1921, 4; letter from Sydenham to Butler, 26 November 1921: Butler Papers; Lord Salisbury to Andrew Bonar Law (with enclosure), 15 May 1918: Andrew Bonar Law Papers, 83/3/29, House of Lords Record Office, London.
55. Letters from Sydenham to John St Loe Strachey, 23 November 1920 and 15 August 1921: John St Loe Strachey Papers (hereafter Strachey Papers), S/13/18/12 and S/13/18/21, House of Lords Record Office, London.
56. Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 24 February 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 39 (London: HMSO 1920), 122-6; Sydenham, 'Britain and Russia', Russian Qutlook, 27 March 1920, 1107-8.
57. Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 24 February 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 39 (London: HMSO 1920), 122-6; Sydenham, 'Britain and Russia', Russian Qutlook, 27 March 1920, 1107-8.
58. Sydenham, 'The crux of the industrial situation', Empire Review, December 1921, 411. See also Sydenham's addresses to the House of Lords, 17 December 1917 and 17 January 1918, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 27 (London: HMSO 1917), 312-14 and 766, respectively.
59. For Churchill's views, see Winston Churchill, 'Zionism versus Bolshevism', Illustrated Sunday Herald, 8 February 1920, 5. Churchill seems to have been reading the Protocols of the Elders of Zion prior to writing this article and to have dismissed it. See letter from Archibald Sinclair to H. A. Gwynne, 9 December 1919: Winston Churchill (Chartwell) Papers, CHAR 16/14, Churchill College, Cambridge. It is noteworthy that however much Churchill deprecated antisemitic conspiracist thinking, in this article he did also praise Nesta Webster's writings and admitted that revolutionary socialism had its 'mainspring' in 'the International Jews'.
60. Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 29 June 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 40, (London: HMSO 1920), 1012-13.
61. Letter from Sydenham to John St Loe Strachey, 26 January 1920: Strachey Papers, S/13/18/5.
62. Letter from Sydenham to John St Loe Strachey, 5 January 1922: Strachey Papers, S/13/18/24.
63. Letters from Sydenham to John St Loe Strachey, in the Strachey Papers, including: 26 January 1920 (S/13/18/5), 21 August 1920 (S/13/18/6), 5 September 1920 (S/13/18/7), 10 June 1921 (S/13/18/14), 15 June 1921 (S/13/18/16), 15 June 1921 (S/13/18/17), 26 June 1921 (S/13/18/ 18), 5 January 1922 (S/13/18/24).
64. See David Cesarani, 'Joynson-Hicks and the radical right in England after the First World War', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds), Traditions of Intolerance: Historical Perspectives on Fascism and Race Discourse in Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1989), 119-34.
65. Letter from Sydenham to John St Loe Strachey, 5 January 1922: Strachey Papers, S/13/18/24.
66. See Kadish, 151-4. The Spectator had described the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as 'a piece of malignant lunacy' when it was republished, and stated explicitly that it did not believe in a Jewish conspiracy behind the Bolshevik revolution: 'The Jewish peril' and 'Books', Spectator, 15 May 1920, 640-1, 654.
67. Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 22 July 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 41 (London: HMSO 1920), 443-6.
68. Letter from Sydenham to Nicholas Murray Butler, 10 September 1921: Butler Papers.
69. Letter from Sydenham to John St Loe Strachey, 10 June 1921: Strachey Papers, S/13/18/14.
70. Sydenham's address to the House of Lords, 22 July 1920, PDHL, 5th ser., vol. 41 (London: HMSO 1920), 446-7; Sydenham's letter to the editor of the Morning Post, 6 July 1921, 5. See also Sydenham, Studies of an Imperialist, 330.
71. 'Lord Sydenham's views', Harvey's Weekly, 22 November 1919, 15.
72. Boris Brasol, The World at the Cross Roads (London: Hutchinson 1922). On Brasol's activities, see also Poliakov, 128-34, 232-6. For other representative examples, see David Jayne Hill, 'The entente of free nations', North American Review, January 1919, 16-27; 'League of Nation's fight opened here', New York Times, 3 March 1919, 5; William H. Hobbs, The Conspiracy against the Independence of the American Republic (Ann Arbor, MI: The League to Preserve American Independence 1920), 3-6.
73. Boris Brasol, The World at the Cross Roads (London: Hutchinson 1922). On Brasol's activities, see also Poliakov, 128-34, 232-6. For other representative examples, see David Jayne Hill, 'The entente of free nations', North American Review, January 1919, 16-27; 'League of Nation's fight opened here', New York Times, 3 March 1919, 5; William H. Hobbs, The Conspiracy against the Independence of the American Republic (Ann Arbor, MI: The League to Preserve American Independence 1920), 3-6.
74. Boris Brasol, The World at the Cross Roads (London: Hutchinson 1922). On Brasol's activities, see also Poliakov, 128-34, 232-6. For other representative examples, see David Jayne Hill, 'The entente of free nations', North American Review, January 1919, 16-27; 'League of Nation's fight opened here', New York Times, 3 March 1919, 5; William H. Hobbs, The Conspiracy against the Independence of the American Republic (Ann Arbor, MI: The League to Preserve American Independence 1920), 3-6.
75. Boris Brasol, The World at the Cross Roads (London: Hutchinson 1922). On Brasol's activities, see also Poliakov, 128-34, 232-6. For other representative examples, see David Jayne Hill, 'The entente of free nations', North American Review, January 1919, 16-27; 'League of Nation's fight opened here', New York Times, 3 March 1919, 5; William H. Hobbs, The Conspiracy against the Independence of the American Republic (Ann Arbor, MI: The League to Preserve American Independence 1920), 3-6.
76. Boris Brasol, The World at the Cross Roads (London: Hutchinson 1922). On Brasol's activities, see also Poliakov, 128-34, 232-6. For other representative examples, see David Jayne Hill, 'The entente of free nations', North American Review, January 1919, 16-27; 'League of Nation's fight opened here', New York Times, 3 March 1919, 5; William H. Hobbs, The Conspiracy against the Independence of the American Republic (Ann Arbor, MI: The League to Preserve American Independence 1920), 3-6.
77. Letters from Sydenham to Nicholas Murray Butler, 14 April 1922 and 15 May 1922: Butler Papers.
78. On the respective roles of Butler, Hill and Harvey, see Denna Frank Fleming, The United States and the League of Nations, 1918-1920 (New York: G. P. Putnam 1932), esp. 27, 64, 461-4. As a member of the American Association for International Conciliation, Butler was definitely not an antisemite, rather part of a campaign against Sydenham's basic racialist