Fleeing the body: A terror management perspective on the problem of human corporeality

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 200-218

  Goldenberg, Jamie L ^a,b   Pyszczynski, Tom ^a   Greenberg, Jeff ^c   Solomon, Sheldon ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034345988     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0403_1     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Abramson, P. R. (1980). Cognitive development and sexual expression in childhood. In G. Samson (Ed.), Childhood and sexuality: Proceeding of the International Symposium (pp. 136-142). Montreal: Editions Etudes Vivantes.
2. Adler, A. (1954). Understanding human nature. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.
3. Angyal, A. (1941). Disgust and related aversions. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36, 393-412.
4. Archer, D. (1985). Social deviance. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 743-804). New York: Random House.
5. Archer, D., Iritani, B., Kimes, D. B., & Barrios, M. (1983). Face-ism: Five studies of sex differences in facial prominence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 725-735.
6. Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997). Subliminal exposure to death-related stimuli increases defense of the cultural worldview. Psychological Science, 8, 379-385.
7. Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Simon, L. (1997). Suppression, accessibility of death-related thoughts, and cultural worldview defense: Exploring the psychodynamics of terror management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 5-18.
8. Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1986). Love and the expansion of the self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction. New York: Hemisphere.
9. Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1991). Love and sexuality. In K. McKinney & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Sexuality in close relationships (pp. 25-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
10. Aronson, E. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic.
11. Baldwin, M. W., & Wesley, R. (1996). Effects of existential anxiety and self-esteem on the perception of others. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 75-95.
12. Bar-Tal, D., & Saxe, L. (1976). Physical attractiveness and its relationship to sex-role stereotyping. Sex Roles, 2, 123-133.
13. Bartky, S. L. (1990). Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York: Routledge.
14. Bataille, G. (1957). Eroticism: Death and sensuality (M. Dalwood, Trans.). San Francisco: City Lights Books.
15. Becker, E. (1971). The birth and death of meaning (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.
16. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press.
17. Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.
18. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
19. Bernstein, N. R. (1990). Objective bodily damage: Disfigurement and dignity. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzunsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance and change (pp. 131-148). New York: Guilford.
20. Berscheid, E. (1988). Some comments on love's anatomy: Or, whatever happened to old-fashioned lust? In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 359-374). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
21. Berscheid, E., Dion, K., Walster, E., & Walster, G. W. (1971). Physical attractiveness and dating choice: A test of the matching hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 173-189.
22. Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1974). Physical attractiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 157-215). New York: Academic.
23. Berscheid, E., Walster, E., & Bohrnstedt, G. (1973). The happy American body: A survey report. Psychology Today, 7, 119-131.
24. Bishop, C. (1996). Sex and spirit. Boston: Little, Brown.
25. Brown, N. O. (1959). Life against death: The psychoanalytical meaning of history. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan Press.
26. Brumberg, J. J. (1997). The body project: An intimate history of American girls. New York: Random House.
27. Bull, R., & Rumsey, N. (1988). The social psychology of facial appearance. New York: Springer-Verlag.
28. Buss, D. M. (1988). Love acts: The biology of love. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 100-118). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
29. Buss, D. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49.
30. Buss, D. (1990). Evolutionary social psychology: Prospects and pitfalls. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 265-286.
31. Cash, T. (1990). Losing hair, losing points? The effects of male pattern baldness on social impression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 154-167.
32. Cash, T., & Szymanski, M. L. (1995). The development and validation of the body-deals questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 466-477.
33. Chernin, K. (1981). The obsession: Reflections on the tyranny of slenderness. New York: Harper & Row.
34. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Primary traits of Eysenck's P-E-N system: Three-and five-factor solutions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 308-317.
35. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
36. Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of the species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray.
37. de Beauvoir, S. (1952). The second sex. New York: Random House.
38. DeJong, W. (1993). Obesity as a characterological stigma: The issue of responsibility and judgments of task performance. Psychological Reports, 73, 963-970.
39. Dermer, M., & Pyszczynski, T. (1978). Effects of erotica upon men's loving and liking responses to women they love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1302-1309.
40. de Sade, M. (1968). Histoire de Juliette, in Oeuvres completes de marquis de Sade (Vol. 9). Paris, France: Cercle du Livre Precieux. (Original work published 1797)
41. Descartes, R. (1973). The philosophical works of Descartes (E. S. Haldane & G. R. T. Ross, Trans.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
42. Dion, K., Berscheid E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290.
43. Dwyer, J. T., Feldman, J. J., Seltzer, C. C., & Mayer, J. (1969). Adolescents' attitudes towards weight and appearance. Journal of Nutritional Education, 1, 14-19.
44. Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijana, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but ... :A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.
45. Elias, N. (1978). The history of manners: The civilizing process (Vol. 1; E. Jephcott, Trans.). New York: Pantheon. (Original work published 1939)
46. Eysenck, H. J. (1971). Personality and sexual adjustment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 593-608.
47. Eysenck, H. J. (1976). You and neurosis. London: Temple Smith.
48. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1967). Personality structure and measurement. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
49. Faber, M. D. (1981). Culture and consciousness: The social meaning of altered awareness. New York: Human Sciences.
50. Faith, M. S., & Schare, M. L. (1993). The role of body image in sexually avoidant behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 345-356.
51. Fallon, A. E. (1990). Culture in the mirror: Sociocultural determinants of beauty image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzunsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance and change (pp. 80-109). New York: Guilford.
52. Fallon, A. E., & Rozin, P. (1983). The psychological bases of food rejection by humans. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 13, 15-26.
53. Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1997). Fear of death and the judgement of social transgressions: A multidimensional test of terror management theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 369-380.
54. Foucault, M. (1985). The use of pleasure: The history of sexuality (Vol. 2). New York: Random House.
55. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory. Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.
56. Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectiftcation, restrained eating and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284.
57. Freud, S. (1962). The ego and the id (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1927)
58. Freud, S. (1961). Civilization and its discontents (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1930)
59. Freud, S. (1989). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1920)
60. Garfinkel, P. E., & Garner, D. M. (1992). Anorexia nervosa: A multi-dimensional perspective. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
61. Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., Schwartz, D., & Thompson, M. (1980). Cultural expectation of thinness in women. Psychological Reports, 47, 483-491.
62. Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 269-280.
63. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
64. Goldenberg, J. L., McCoy, S. K., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). The body as a source of self-esteem: The effects of mortality salience on appearance monitoring and identification with the body. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 118-130.
65. Goldenberg, J. L., Cox, C., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, & J., Solomon, S. (1999). Understanding human ambivalence about sex: The effects of stripping sex of its meaning. Manuscript submitted for publication.
66. Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Kluck, B., & Cornwell, R. (in press). I am not an animal: Mortality salience, disgust, and the denial of human creatureliness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
67. Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., McCoy, S. K., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). Death, sex, and neuroticism: Why is sex such a problem? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1173-1187.
68. Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2000). Proximal and distal defenses in response to reminders of one's mortality: Evidence of a temporal sequence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 91-99.
69. Greenberg, J., Porteus, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1995). Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1221-1228.
70. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189-212). New York: Springer-Verlag.
71. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Pinel, E., Simon, L., & Jordan, K. (1993). Effects of self-esteem on vulnerability-denying defensive distortions: Further evidence of an anxiety-buffering function of self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 229-251.
72. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 308-318.
73. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M. (1994). Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 627-637.
74. Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Chatel, D. (1995). Testing alternative explanations for mortality effects: Terror management, value accessibility, or worrisome thoughts? European Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 417-433.
75. Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one's worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 212-220.
76. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and social behavior: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139). New York: Academic.
77. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., Pinel, E., & Simon, L. (1992). Assessing the terror management analysis of self-esteem: Converging evidence of an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 913-922.
78. Haidt, J., Koller, S. H., & Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613-618.
79. Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701-713.
80. Haidt, J., Rozin, P., McCauley, C. R., & Imada, S. (1997). Body, psyche and culture: The relationship between disgust and morality. Psychology and Developing Societies, 9, 107-131.
81. Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 24-36.
82. Harris, R. H. (1994). Changing bodies, growing up, sex and sexual health: It's perfectly normal. Cambridge, MA: Candlestick Press.
83. Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (1996). Love and sex: Cross-cultural perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
84. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
85. Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (1998, August). Attitudes towards the link between love and sexuality. Poster session presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
86. Hesse-Biber, S., Clayton-Matthews, A., & Downey, J. A. (1987). The differential importance of weight and body image among college men and women. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 113, 509-528.
87. Hitler, A. (1999). Mein Kampf (R. Manheim, Trans.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (Original work published 1925)
88. Holmes, T., Chamberlin, P., & Young, M. (1994). Relations of exercise to body image and sexual desirability among a sample of university students. Psychological Reports, 74, 920-922.
89. Horney, K. (1964). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.
90. Hurlock, E. B. (1967). Adolescent development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
91. Johnson, J. (1965). Prognosis of disorders of sexual potency in the male. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 9, 195-200.
92. Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
93. Kass, L. (1994). The hungry soul. New York: Free Press.
94. Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.
95. Kierkegaard, S. (1954). The sickness unto death (W. Lowrie, Trans.). New York: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1849)
96. Lester, D. (1990). Maslow's hierarchy of needs and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1187-1188.
97. Major, B., Spencer, S., Schmader, T., Wolfe, C., & Crocker, J. (1998). Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: The role of psychological disengagement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 34-50.
98. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
99. McCaulay, M., Mintz, L., & Glenn, A. A. (1988). Body image, self-esteem, and depression-proness: Closing the gender gap. Sex Roles, 75, 381-391.
100. McGregor, H., Lieberman, J. D., Solomon, S., Greenberg, T., Arndt, J., Simon, L., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience motivates aggression against worldview threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 590-605.
101. McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215.
102. Messenger, J. C. (1993). Sex and repression in an Irish folk community. In D. N. Suggs & A. W. Miracle (Eds.), Culture and human sexuality (pp. 240-261). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
103. Miller, T. M., Coffman, J. G., & Linke, R. A. (1980). Survey of body-image, weight, and diet of college students. Journal of the American Dietic Association, 12, 360-371.
104. Miller, W. I. (1997). The anatomy of disgust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
105. Mintz, L. B., & Betz, N. B. (1986). Sex differences in the nature, realism, and correlates of body image. Sex Roles, 15, 185-195.
106. Mosher, D. L., & Greenberg, I. (1969). Females' affective responses to reading erotic literature. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 472-477.
107. Murray, S. L. (1999). The quest for conviction: Motivated cognition in romantic relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 23-34.
108. Nelson, L. J., Moore, D. L., Olivetti, J., & Scott, T. (1997). General and personal mortality salience and nationalistic bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 884-892.
109. Noles, S. W., Cash, T. F., & Winstead, B. A. (1985). Body image, physical attraction and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 88-94.
110. Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623-636.
111. Ochsmann, R., & Mathy, M. (1994). Depreciating of and distancing from foreigners: Effects of mortality salience. Unpublished manuscript, Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
112. Ortner, S. B. (1973). Shepa purity. American Anthropologist, 75, 49-63.
113. Paglia, C. (1990). Sexual personae: Art and decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson. New York: Random House.
114. Plato. (1952). The dialogues of Plato (B. Jowett, Trans.). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
115. Powdermaker, H. (1933). Life in Lesu. New York: Norton.
116. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
117. Pyszczynski, T., Wicklund, R. A., Floresku, S., Koch, H., Gauch, G., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (1996). Whistling in the dark: Exaggerated consensus estimates in response to incidental reminders of mortality. Psychological Science, 7, 332-336.
118. Rank, O. (1998). Psychology and the soul (G. C. Richter & E. J. Lieberman, Trans.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. (Original work published 1930)
119. Raymond, B. J., & Unger, R. K. (1972). "The apparel oft proclaims the man": Cooperation with deviant and conventional youths. Journal of Social Psychology, 87, 75-82.
120. Roberts, T. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Manly, C., & Pyszczynski, T. (1999). Protecting the feminine: The effects of menstruation on attitudes toward woman. Unpublished manuscript, Colorado College and University of Colorado, Colorado Springs.
121. Rohrbacher, R. (1973). Influence of a special camp program for obese boys on weight lose, self-concept, and body image. Research Quarterly, 44, 150-157.
122. Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57,681-690.
123. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23-41.
124. Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Augustoni-Ziskind, M. (1985). The child's conception of food: The development of contamination sensitivity to "disgusting" substances. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1075-1079.
125. Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Mandell, R. (1984). Family resemblance in attitudes to food. Developmental Psychology, 20, 309-314.
126. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1993). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 575-594). New York: Guilford.
127. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., & Imada, S. (1997). Disgust: Preadaptation and the cultural evolution of a food-based emotion. In H. M. Macbeth (Ed.), Food preferences and taste: Continuity and change (pp. 65-82). Oxford, England: Berghahn.
128. Siegal, M. (1988). Children's knowledge of contagion and contamination as causes of illness. Child Development, 59, 1353-1359.
129. Sigall, H., Page, R., & Brown, A. (1971). The effects of physical attraction and evaluation on effort expenditure and work output. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 2, 19-25.
130. Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., Clement, R., & Solomon, S. (1997). Perceived consensus, uniqueness, and terror management: Compensatory responses to threats to inclusion and distinctiveness following mortality salience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1055-1065.
131. Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 93-159). New York: Academic.
132. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.
133. Struch, N., & Schwanz, S. H. (1989). Intergroup aggression: Its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 364-373.
134. Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
135. Templer, D. I., King, F. L., Brooner, R. K., & Corgiat, M. (1984). Assessment of body elimination attitude. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 754-759.
136. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). Psychological foundations of culture. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Triandis, H. C. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In J. J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 41-133). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
138. Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136-179). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
139. Walster, E. (1965). The effect of self-esteem on romantic liking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 184-197.
140. Walster, E., & Berscheid, E. (1971). Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder. Psychology Today, 5, 47-50, 60.
141. Wronska, J. (1990). Disgust in relation to emotionality, extraversion, psychoticism, and imagery abilities. In P. Drenth, J. Sergeant, & R. Takens (Eds.), European perspectives in psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 125-138). Chichester, England: Wiley.
142. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
143. Zilboorg, G. (1943). Fear of death. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 12, 465-475.