Coercion and its unintended consequences: A study of heroin trafficking in Southeast and South West Asia

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 191-224

  McCoy, Alfred W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034345566     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008393108781     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. US Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1997 (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1997), pp. 24-25.
2. United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Afghanistan: Opium Poppy Survey 1997 (Islamabad: UN Regional Office for South West Asia, 1998), p. ii; United Nations, International Narcotics Control Board, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999 (New York: United Nations, 2000), para. 370-371, p. 49.
3. United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Afghanistan: Opium Poppy Survey 1997 (Islamabad: UN Regional Office for South West Asia, 1998), p. ii; United Nations, International Narcotics Control Board, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999 (New York: United Nations, 2000), para. 370-371, p. 49.
4. New York Times, 26 June 1997.
5. Edward Jay Epstein, Agency of Fear: Opiates and Political Power in America (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1977), pp. 173-77; US General Accounting Office, Drug Control: U.S. Heroin Program Encounters Many Obstacles in Southeast Asia (Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, March 1996), pp. 2-7.
6. Edward Jay Epstein, Agency of Fear: Opiates and Political Power in America (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1977), pp. 173-77; US General Accounting Office, Drug Control: U.S. Heroin Program Encounters Many Obstacles in Southeast Asia (Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, March 1996), pp. 2-7.
7. The New York Times, 16 January 2000.
8. A 1972 US cabinet report estimated world illicit production for 1971 at 990 to 1,210 tons but omitted Iran, which was then growing opium legally for distribution to registered users. Since Iran's opium has moved between illicit and licit categories in various reports over the past half century, I have added Iran's "licit" 156 tons to the minimum "illicit" total, allowing me to accept the higher estimate of world supply at 1,200 tons. See, US Cabinet Committee on International Narcotics Control (CCINC), World Opium Survey 1972 (Washington, DC: CCINC, July 1972), pp. 7, 11, A11-15.
9. International Opium Commission, Report of the International Opium Commission (Shanghai: North China Daily News, 1909), vol. II, pp. 41-66, 356.
10. New York Times, 5 February 1996, 29 April 1996, 25 November 1996, 12 November 1997, 2 June 1998.
11. New York Times, 14 November 1997, 9 June 1998, 11 June 1998.
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14. US Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1999 (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1999), pp. 22-23.
15. CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, pp. 10-11; US Department of State,International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1997, pp. 24-25.
16. CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, pp. 10-11; US Department of State,International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1997, pp. 24-25.
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20. Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 221; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 51-52, 113-45; Joshua Rowntree, The Imperial Drug Trade, (London: Metheun & Co., 1905), pp. 284-86.
21. Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 221; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 51-52, 113-45; Joshua Rowntree, The Imperial Drug Trade, (London: Metheun & Co., 1905), pp. 284-86.
22. Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 221; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 51-52, 113-45; Joshua Rowntree, The Imperial Drug Trade, (London: Metheun & Co., 1905), pp. 284-86.
23. Sir John Strachey, India: Its Administration and Progress (London: Macmillan and Co., 1903), pp. 133-142.
24. Owen, British Opium Policy, p. vii; Richards, "The Indian Empire," p. 66.
25. Owen, British Opium Policy, p. vii; Richards, "The Indian Empire," p. 66.
26. Tan Chung, "The Britain-China-India Trade Triangle 1771-1840," in Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (ed.), Essays in Modern Indian Economic History, (New Dehli: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1987), pp. 114-30; Richard, "The Indian Empire," pp. 67-69.
27. Tan Chung, "The Britain-China-India Trade Triangle 1771-1840," in Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (ed.), Essays in Modern Indian Economic History, (New Dehli: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1987), pp. 114-30; Richard, "The Indian Empire," pp. 67-69.
28. Charles C. Stelle, "American Trade in Opium to China in the Nineteenth Century," The Pacific Historical Review December 1940, 9: 427-442.
29. Greenberg, British Trade, p. 221.
30. Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 105-08; Richards, "Indian Empire," p. 65.
31. Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 105-08; Richards, "Indian Empire," p. 65.
32. Basil Lubbock, The China Clippers, (Glasgow: James Brown & Son, 1914), pp. 382-383.
33. Edouard Stackpole, Captain Prescott and the Opium Smugglers, (Mystic, CT: Marine Historical Association, July 1954), pp. 34-43; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 183-93; Lubbock, Opium Clippers, pp. 382-384.
34. Edouard Stackpole, Captain Prescott and the Opium Smugglers, (Mystic, CT: Marine Historical Association, July 1954), pp. 34-43; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 183-93; Lubbock, Opium Clippers, pp. 382-384.
35. Edouard Stackpole, Captain Prescott and the Opium Smugglers, (Mystic, CT: Marine Historical Association, July 1954), pp. 34-43; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 183-93; Lubbock, Opium Clippers, pp. 382-384.
36. Greenberg, British Trade, p. 221; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 113-45.
37. Greenberg, British Trade, p. 221; Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 113-45.
38. Rev. A.S. Thelwall, M.A., The Iniquities of the Opium Trade with China: Being a Development of the Main Causes which Exclude the Merchants of Great Britain from the Advantages of an Unrestricted Commercial Intercourse with that Vast Empire, (London: Wm. H. Allen and Co., 1839), p. 13.
39. Rowntree, The Imperial Drug Trade, pp. 286-287.
40. S.A.M. Adshead, "The Opium Trade in Szechwan 1881 to 1911," Journal of Southeast Asian History September 1966, 7(2): 98-99.
41. Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 266-67.
42. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 56-57.
43. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 44-66, 356; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1915, (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1916), p. 713; Lucien Rey, "Persia in Perspective," New Left Review March-April 1963, pp. 44-46; Charles Issawi Economic History of Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 238-240.
44. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 44-66, 356; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1915, (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1916), p. 713; Lucien Rey, "Persia in Perspective," New Left Review March-April 1963, pp. 44-46; Charles Issawi Economic History of Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 238-240.
45. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 44-66, 356; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1915, (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1916), p. 713; Lucien Rey, "Persia in Perspective," New Left Review March-April 1963, pp. 44-46; Charles Issawi Economic History of Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 238-240.
46. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 44-66, 356; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1915, (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1916), p. 713; Lucien Rey, "Persia in Perspective," New Left Review March-April 1963, pp. 44-46; Charles Issawi Economic History of Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 238-240.
47. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 359-365.
48. League of Nations, Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, Annual Reports of Governments on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1935, Vol. XI (Geneva; Series of League of Nations Publications, 1937. XI. 5, 1937), pp. 72-75.
49. Moshe Yegar, "The Panthay (Chinese Muslims) of Burma and Yunnan," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1966, 7(1): 80-82; Andrew D.W. Forbes, "The 'Cin-Ho' (Yunnanese Chinese) Caravan Trade with North Thailand During the late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," Journal of Asian History 1987, 21(1): 1-47; Andrew D.W. Forbes, "The Yunnanese ('Ho') Muslims of North Thailand," in Andrew D.W. Forbes (ed.), The Muslims of Thailand: Volume I Historical and Cultural Studies, (Gaya, Bihar, India: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1988), pp. 91-95.
50. Moshe Yegar, "The Panthay (Chinese Muslims) of Burma and Yunnan," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1966, 7(1): 80-82; Andrew D.W. Forbes, "The 'Cin-Ho' (Yunnanese Chinese) Caravan Trade with North Thailand During the late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," Journal of Asian History 1987, 21(1): 1-47; Andrew D.W. Forbes, "The Yunnanese ('Ho') Muslims of North Thailand," in Andrew D.W. Forbes (ed.), The Muslims of Thailand: Volume I Historical and Cultural Studies, (Gaya, Bihar, India: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1988), pp. 91-95.
51. Moshe Yegar, "The Panthay (Chinese Muslims) of Burma and Yunnan," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1966, 7(1): 80-82; Andrew D.W. Forbes, "The 'Cin-Ho' (Yunnanese Chinese) Caravan Trade with North Thailand During the late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," Journal of Asian History 1987, 21(1): 1-47; Andrew D.W. Forbes, "The Yunnanese ('Ho') Muslims of North Thailand," in Andrew D.W. Forbes (ed.), The Muslims of Thailand: Volume I Historical and Cultural Studies, (Gaya, Bihar, India: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1988), pp. 91-95.
52. League of Nations, Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, Summary of Annual Reports, Vol. XI (Geneva: League of Nations Publications, XI. 5, 1930), Part III: Prepared Opium Statistics, pp. 29-30.
53. James R. Rush, Opium to Java, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 65-82.
54. League of Nations, Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium, Application of Part II of the Opium Convention with Special Reference to the European Possessions and Countries in the Far East, Vol. XI-XII (Geneva: League of Nations Publications, 1923), "Raw Opium Statistics"; League of Nations, Summary of Annual Reports, 1930, "Raw Opium Statistics."
55. League of Nations, Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium, Application of Part II of the Opium Convention with Special Reference to the European Possessions and Countries in the Far East, Vol. XI-XII (Geneva: League of Nations Publications, 1923), "Raw Opium Statistics"; League of Nations, Summary of Annual Reports, 1930, "Raw Opium Statistics."
56. League of Nations, Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, Annual Reports on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1939, (Geneva: League of Nations, 1940), p. 42.
57. Circular no. 875-SAE, 22 July 1942, from Resident Superior of Tonkin Desalle, to the residents of Laokay, Sonla, and Yenbay, quoted in, Association culturelle pour le Salut de Viet-Nam, Temoinages et Documents francais relatifs a la Colonisation francaise au Viet-Nam, (Hanoi, 1945), pp. 115.
58. E.J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: The Making of Modern English Society, (New York: Pantheon, 1968), pp. 15, 55-56, 119, 311.
59. U.S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Department of Commerce and Labor, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1910, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1911), pp. 536-537, 540.
60. David Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 5; David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America before 1940, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 9-28.
61. David Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 5; David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America before 1940, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 9-28.
62. Terry M. Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930, (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1983), pp. 32-33.
63. Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), pp. 21-35, 274.
64. Owen, British Opium Policy, pp. 261-63.
65. Wie T. Dunn, The Opium Traffic in its International Aspects, (New York: Columbia University, 1920), pp. 118-130.
66. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 21-26.
67. Musto, The American Disease, pp. 25-28.
68. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 22-26.
69. Musto, The American Disease, pp. 28-37; Peter D. Lowes, The Genesis of International Narcotics Control, (Geneve: Librarie Droz, 1966), pp. 102-111.
70. Musto, The American Disease, pp. 28-37; Peter D. Lowes, The Genesis of International Narcotics Control, (Geneve: Librarie Droz, 1966), pp. 102-111.
71. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 79-84.
72. Musto, The American Disease, pp. 49-63; Arnold H. Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939: A Study in International Humanitarian Reform, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1969) pp. 120, 129-31.
73. Musto, The American Disease, pp. 49-63; Arnold H. Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939: A Study in International Humanitarian Reform, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1969) pp. 120, 129-31.
74. Vladamir Kusevic, "Drug Abuse Control and International Treaties," Journal of Drug Issues 1977, 7(1): 34-53; Bertil A. Renborg, International Drug Control: A Study of International Administration By and Through the League of Nations, (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), pp. 20-26.
75. Vladamir Kusevic, "Drug Abuse Control and International Treaties," Journal of Drug Issues 1977, 7(1): 34-53; Bertil A. Renborg, International Drug Control: A Study of International Administration By and Through the League of Nations, (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), pp. 20-26.
76. League of Nations, Application of Part II of the Opium Convention, 1923, p. 4; League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 70-71.
77. League of Nations, Application of Part II of the Opium Convention, 1923, p. 4; League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 70-71.
78. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 355-365; League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 46-47; United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics April-June 1953, 5(2): pp. 3-4, 6-7. Relying on reports from member states, the League reported world production at 7,653 tons for 1934, with 6,378 of that total coming from China. That same year, the US Treasury Department attaché in China reported an illicit traffic of 28,000 tons. The adjusted world figure of 16,000 tons cited above is a rough compromise between these two figures for China's production. (See, M.R. Nicholson, US Treasury Attaché, Shanghai, "Survey of Narcotic Situation in China and the Far East," To: Commissioner of Customs, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1934 , Annex 2, pp. 2-7 [Harry Anslinger Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University]). I am indebted to Alan Block for calling my attention to the Nicholson reports.
79. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 355-365; League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 46-47; United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics April-June 1953, 5(2): pp. 3-4, 6-7. Relying on reports from member states, the League reported world production at 7,653 tons for 1934, with 6,378 of that total coming from China. That same year, the US Treasury Department attaché in China reported an illicit traffic of 28,000 tons. The adjusted world figure of 16,000 tons cited above is a rough compromise between these two figures for China's production. (See, M.R. Nicholson, US Treasury Attaché, Shanghai, "Survey of Narcotic Situation in China and the Far East," To: Commissioner of Customs, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1934 , Annex 2, pp. 2-7 [Harry Anslinger Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University]). I am indebted to Alan Block for calling my attention to the Nicholson reports.
80. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 355-365; League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 46-47; United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics April-June 1953, 5(2): pp. 3-4, 6-7. Relying on reports from member states, the League reported world production at 7,653 tons for 1934, with 6,378 of that total coming from China. That same year, the US Treasury Department attaché in China reported an illicit traffic of 28,000 tons. The adjusted world figure of 16,000 tons cited above is a rough compromise between these two figures for China's production. (See, M.R. Nicholson, US Treasury Attaché, Shanghai, "Survey of Narcotic Situation in China and the Far East," To: Commissioner of Customs, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1934 , Annex 2, pp. 2-7 [Harry Anslinger Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University]). I am indebted to Alan Block for calling my attention to the Nicholson reports.
81. International Opium Commission, Report, vol. II, pp. 355-365; League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 46-47; United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics April-June 1953, 5(2): pp. 3-4, 6-7. Relying on reports from member states, the League reported world production at 7,653 tons for 1934, with 6,378 of that total coming from China. That same year, the US Treasury Department attaché in China reported an illicit traffic of 28,000 tons. The adjusted world figure of 16,000 tons cited above is a rough compromise between these two figures for China's production. (See, M.R. Nicholson, US Treasury Attaché, Shanghai, "Survey of Narcotic Situation in China and the Far East," To: Commissioner of Customs, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1934 , Annex 2, pp. 2-7 [Harry Anslinger Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University]). I am indebted to Alan Block for calling my attention to the Nicholson reports.
82. Alan A. Block, "European Drug Traffic and Traffickers Between the Wars: The Policy of Suppression and its Consequences," Journal of Social History 1989, 23(2): 315-337.
83. M.R. Nicholson, U.S. Treasury Attaché, Shanghai, "Survey of Narcotic Situation in China and the Far East," To: Commissioner of Customs, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1934, (Harry Anslinger Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University), pp. 18-26.
84. League of Nations, Annual Reports of Governments for the Year 1935, pp. 72-75.
85. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe, The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987), pp. 57; CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, pp. 10-11.
86. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe, The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987), pp. 57; CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, pp. 10-11.
87. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, "Intelligence Memorandum: Narcotics in Iran", (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, International Narcotics Series No. 13, June 12, 1972), pp. 1-2.
88. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st Session, Committee on International Relations, The Effectiveness of Turkish Opium Control (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 1-7, 38-71; John T. Cusack, "Turkey Lifts the Poppy Ban," Drug Enforcement Fall 1974: 3-7.
89. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st Session, Committee on International Relations, The Effectiveness of Turkish Opium Control (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 1-7, 38-71; John T. Cusack, "Turkey Lifts the Poppy Ban," Drug Enforcement Fall 1974: 3-7.
90. CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, pp. 10-11.
91. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, "Heroin Source Identification for U.S. Heroin Market", (Washington, D.C., manuscript reports for 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975).
92. US Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st Session, Committee on International Relations, Proposal to Control Opium from the Golden Triangle and Terminate the Shan Opium Trade (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 91.
93. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st session, Committee on International Relations, The Narcotics Situation in Southeast Asia: The Asian Connection, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 38-40.
94. US Drug Enforcement Administration, "Heroin Source Identification for U.S. Heroin Market-1972"; "Heroin Source Identification for U.S. Heroin Market, January to June 1975."
95. US Drug Enforcement Administration, "Heroin Source Identification for U.S. Heroin Market-1972"; "Heroin Source Identification for U.S. Heroin Market, January to June 1975."
96. Laura M. Wicinski, "Europe Awash with Heroin," Drug Enforcement Summer 1981: 14-15.
97. John T. Cusack, "A Review of the International Drug Traffic," Drug Enforcement Spring 1976: 34-35; "Heroin Seized in Europe During 1978," Drug Enforcement February 1979: 20-21; Michael A. Antonelli, "In Europe: An Incursion of Asian Heroin," Drug Enforcements Winter 1975: 32.
98. John T. Cusack, "A Review of the International Drug Traffic," Drug Enforcement Spring 1976: 34-35; "Heroin Seized in Europe During 1978," Drug Enforcement February 1979: 20-21; Michael A. Antonelli, "In Europe: An Incursion of Asian Heroin," Drug Enforcements Winter 1975: 32.
99. John T. Cusack, "A Review of the International Drug Traffic," Drug Enforcement Spring 1976: 34-35; "Heroin Seized in Europe During 1978," Drug Enforcement February 1979: 20-21; Michael A. Antonelli, "In Europe: An Incursion of Asian Heroin," Drug Enforcements Winter 1975: 32.
100. Wicinski, "Europe Awash with Heroin," Drug Enforcement, pp. 15-16.
101. Mathea Falco, "Asian Narcotics: The Impact on Europe," Drug Enforcement February 1979: 2-3.
102. N.S.W. Parliament, Joint Committee Upon Drugs, Progress Report, (Sydney: N.S.W. Government Printer, 1978), pp. 125, 28, 129-133.
103. Philip Jenkins, "Narcotics trafficking and the American mafia: The myth of internal prohibition," Crime, Law and Social Change 1992, 3(2): 312-316; US House of Representatives, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, 96th Congress, 2nd Session, Illicit Methamphetamine Laboratories in the Pennsylvania/New Jersey/Delaware Area (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980).
104. Philip Jenkins, "Narcotics trafficking and the American mafia: The myth of internal prohibition," Crime, Law and Social Change 1992, 3(2): 312-316; US House of Representatives, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, 96th Congress, 2nd Session, Illicit Methamphetamine Laboratories in the Pennsylvania/New Jersey/Delaware Area (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980).
105. Cusack, "Turkey Lifts the Poppy Ban," Drug Enforcement, pp. 3-7.
106. US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters,International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, (Washington, DC: US State Department, February 1984), p. 101; US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1990, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1990), pp. 271-79, 286; US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1998), p. 23.
107. US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters,International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, (Washington, DC: US State Department, February 1984), p. 101; US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1990, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1990), pp. 271-79, 286; US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1998), p. 23.
108. US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters,International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, (Washington, DC: US State Department, February 1984), p. 101; US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1990, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1990), pp. 271-79, 286; US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1998), p. 23.
109. The New York Times, 11 February 1990.
110. The Daily News, (New York), June 25, 1990.
111. Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, (London: Zed Books, 1991), p. 314; Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 March 1991.
112. Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, (London: Zed Books, 1991), p. 314; Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 March 1991.
113. US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, p. 23; Bernard Vienne, "De la production d'opium au trafic d'héroine: l'économie du pavot chez les minorités ethniques du Nord de la Thailande," in Éric Léonard (ed.), Drogue et reproduction sociale dans le Tiers Monde, (Bondy: Éditions de l'Aube, 1998), pp. 66-72; Marjorie A. Muecke, "The AIDS Prevention Dilemma in Thailand," Asian and Pacific Population Forum 1990, 4(4): 2-27.
114. US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, p. 23; Bernard Vienne, "De la production d'opium au trafic d'héroine: l'économie du pavot chez les minorités ethniques du Nord de la Thailande," in Éric Léonard (ed.), Drogue et reproduction sociale dans le Tiers Monde, (Bondy: Éditions de l'Aube, 1998), pp. 66-72; Marjorie A. Muecke, "The AIDS Prevention Dilemma in Thailand," Asian and Pacific Population Forum 1990, 4(4): 2-27.
115. US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, p. 23; Bernard Vienne, "De la production d'opium au trafic d'héroine: l'économie du pavot chez les minorités ethniques du Nord de la Thailande," in Éric Léonard (ed.), Drogue et reproduction sociale dans le Tiers Monde, (Bondy: Éditions de l'Aube, 1998), pp. 66-72; Marjorie A. Muecke, "The AIDS Prevention Dilemma in Thailand," Asian and Pacific Population Forum 1990, 4(4): 2-27.
116. Helms, From: Amembassy Tehran, To: Department of State, Subject: Revised Narcotics Action Plan, Date: March 4, 1974, Airgram, Department of State.
117. Falco, "Asian Narcotics: The Impact on Europe," Drug Enforcement, pp. 2-3; CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, p. A-7, A-14, A-17; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 1984: 4; William French Smith, "Drug Traffic Today - Challenge and Response," Drug Enforcement Summer 1982: pp. 2-3.
118. Falco, "Asian Narcotics: The Impact on Europe," Drug Enforcement, pp. 2-3; CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, p. A-7, A-14, A-17; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 1984: 4; William French Smith, "Drug Traffic Today - Challenge and Response," Drug Enforcement Summer 1982: pp. 2-3.
119. Falco, "Asian Narcotics: The Impact on Europe," Drug Enforcement, pp. 2-3; CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, p. A-7, A-14, A-17; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 1984: 4; William French Smith, "Drug Traffic Today - Challenge and Response," Drug Enforcement Summer 1982: pp. 2-3.
120. Falco, "Asian Narcotics: The Impact on Europe," Drug Enforcement, pp. 2-3; CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, p. A-7, A-14, A-17; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 1984: 4; William French Smith, "Drug Traffic Today -Challenge and Response," Drug Enforcement Summer 1982: pp. 2-3.
121. Pakistan Narcotics Control Board, National Survey on Drug Abuse in Pakistan (Islamabad: Narcotics Control Board, 1986), pp. iii, ix, 23, 308; Zahid Hussain, "Narcopower: Pakistan's Parallel Government?" Newsline (Karachi), December 1989, p. 17.
122. Pakistan Narcotics Control Board, National Survey on Drug Abuse in Pakistan (Islamabad: Narcotics Control Board, 1986), pp. iii, ix, 23, 308; Zahid Hussain, "Narcopower: Pakistan's Parallel Government?" Newsline (Karachi), December 1989, p. 17.
123. Washington Post, May 13, 1990; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (1984), p. 4; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, p. 23.
124. Washington Post, May 13, 1990; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (1984), p. 4; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, p. 23.
125. Washington Post, May 13, 1990; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (1984), p. 4; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, p. 23.
126. New York Times, 11 February 1990, 3 December 1995; US General Accounting Office, Drug Control 1996: 2-7; US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee 1995, "The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States, August 1996."
127. New York Times, 11 February 1990, 3 December 1995; US General Accounting Office, Drug Control 1996: 2-7; US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee 1995, "The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States, August 1996."
128. New York Times, 11 February 1990, 3 December 1995; US General Accounting Office, Drug Control 1996: 2-7; US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee 1995, "The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States, August 1996."
129. Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 November 1992, 8 August 1997.
130. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1998, pp. 23, 266.
131. New York Times, 28 July 1997.
132. CCINC, World Opium Survey 1972, p. A-18.
133. "Afghanistan: Opium and Refugees," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch (Paris), No. 10 (August 1992), p. 1.
134. US Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Strategy Report, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1991), p. 22. For reports of Afghanistan's projected 1992 opium crop, see, "Afghanistan: Aiming to be the Leading Opium Producer,"Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1992, 3: 1-3.
135. US Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Strategy Report, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1991), p. 22. For reports of Afghanistan's projected 1992 opium crop, see, "Afghanistan: Aiming to be the Leading Opium Producer,"Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1992, 3: 1-3.
136. "Afghanistan: Aiming to be the Leading Opium Producer," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1992, 3: 1-3; "Afghanistan: All Records Shattered," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1994, 34: 5.
137. "Afghanistan: Aiming to be the Leading Opium Producer," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1992, 3: 1-3; "Afghanistan: All Records Shattered," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1994, 34: 5.
138. UNDCP, Afghanistan: Opium Poppy Survey 1997, pp. i, 11.
139. United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Afghanistan: Strategic Study #1. An Analysis of the Process of Expansion of Opium Poppy Cultivation to New Districts in Afghanistan (Islamabad: UN Regional Office for South West Asia, June 1998), pp. 3, 8-14.
140. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1997, p. 25; US Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1999 (Washington, DC: US State Department, 2000), Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, Para. III-IV.
141. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1997, p. 25; US Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1999 (Washington, DC: US State Department, 2000), Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, Para. III-IV .
142. UNDCP, Afghanistan: Opium Poppy Survey 1997 p. ii; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1999, Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, para. I-II.
143. UNDCP, Afghanistan: Opium Poppy Survey 1997 p. ii; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1999, Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, para. I-II.
144. UNDCP, Afghanistan: Opium Poppy Survey 1997 p. ii; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49; US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1999, Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, para. I-II.
145. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1997, p. 25.
146. New York Times, 12 November 1997.
147. "Afghanistan: Deceptive 'Destruction' of Laboratories," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1999, 90: 5-6; "Tajikistan-Krigizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; "Afghanistan: Money Talks to the Taliban," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1999, 93: 7-8; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49.
148. "Afghanistan: Deceptive 'Destruction' of Laboratories," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1999, 90: 5-6; "Tajikistan-Krigizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; "Afghanistan: Money Talks to the Taliban," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1999, 93: 7-8; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49.
149. "Afghanistan: Deceptive 'Destruction' of Laboratories," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1999, 90: 5-6; "Tajikistan-Krigizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; "Afghanistan: Money Talks to the Taliban," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1999, 93: 7-8; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49.
150. "Afghanistan: Deceptive 'Destruction' of Laboratories," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1999, 90: 5-6; "Tajikistan-Krigizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; "Afghanistan: Money Talks to the Taliban," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1999, 93: 7-8; United Nations, INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1999, para. 370-371, p. 49.
151. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
152. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
153. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
154. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
155. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997,
156. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
157. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
158. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
159. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
160. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
161. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
162. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
163. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
164. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
165. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
166. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
167. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
168. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
169. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
170. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
171. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
172. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
173. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
174. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
175. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
176. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7;
177. Although these complex changes in a remote, unfamiliar region were generally ignored by Western media, the Observatoire Géopolitique aes Drogues in Paris documented these changes carefully throughout the 1990s. See, "Yugoslavia: Balkan Route Fuels War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1991, 1: 1, 3; "Uzbekistan: Poppy Boom, Enforcement Bust," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1992, 8: 1, 3-4; "Hungary: The Kosovo Network and Balkan Routes," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1993, 16: 1, 3-4; "Russia: Doping Moscow," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1993, 17: 1, 3-4; "Bulgaria: Weapons, Drugs and Addiction," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1993, 21: 7; "Drugs Out. . . Money In," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1993, 22: 1, 3-4; "Macedonia: Guns and Ammo for 'Greater Albania'," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1994, 32: 1, 3-5; "Albania: 'Family' Government," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1994, 35: 1, 3-4; "Kirghizistan: The Opium River," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1994, 36: 1, 3; "Turkey: Drugs in a Dirty War," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1995, 40: 1, 3-5; "Armenia: Great Game of Drugs and Oil," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1995, 42: 1, 3; "Azerbaijan: Mafia Groups Settle Scores in Government, Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1995, 44: 1, 3; "Italy: Mafia Overhaul in the North," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1995, 45: 1, 3-4; "Greece: Fall-Out from the Balkan Narco-Fraternity," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch, January 1996, 51: 5-6; "Albanian Minorities and Heroin Geopolitics," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1996, 57: 6; "Serbia: The Three State Pillars of the Drugs Trade," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch August 1996, 58: 1, 3; "Armenia: From Traditional Use to Narcobusiness," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch September 1996, 59: 7; "Georgia: The Drug Trade, c'est les autres," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch October 1996, 60: 1, 3; "Turkey; Routes Shift Still Further East," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch November 1996, 61: 1, 3-4; "Romania: The PKK's Heroin Networks," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch March 1997, 65: 5-6; "Uzbekistan: Stalin's Legacy," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch May 1997, 67: 1, 3-4; "Azerbaijan-Turkey: The War of the Clans," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch April 1998, 78: 1, 3-4; "Tajikistan: The Fundamentalists' Opium," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch July 1998, 81: 1, 3; "Kazakhstan: The President Preens his Image," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch December 1998, 86: 1, 3; "Turkmenistan: A New Pipeline for Afghan Drug," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch February 1999, 88: 5-6; "Tadjikistan-Kirgizstan: Heroin Contributes to Social Collapse," Geopolitical Drug Dispatch June 1999, 92: 6; New York Times, 4 March 2000, 24 April 2000.
178. New York Times, 2 May 1995, 15 November 1995, 28 November 1995.
179. U.S. State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report March 1989, (Washington, DC: US State Department, March 1989), p. 16; General Accounting Office, Drug Control U.S.-Mexico Opium Poppy and Marijuana Aerial Eradication Program, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 1988), p. 16.
180. U.S. State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report March 1989, (Washington, DC: US State Department, March 1989), p. 16; General Accounting Office, Drug Control U.S.-Mexico Opium Poppy and Marijuana Aerial Eradication Program, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 1988), p. 16.
181. US Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, April 1994, (Washington, DC: US State Department, 1994), p. 20.