Constructive tensions in feminist technology studies

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 895-916

  Lohan, Maria ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Gender; Masculinities; Power; Reflexivity; SCOT

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034345135     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631200030006003     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
2. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
3. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
4. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
5. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
6. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
7. Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making (London: Sage, 1993); Eileen Green, Jenny Owen and Den Pain (eds), Gendered By Design (London: Taylor & Francis, 1993); Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Fürst-Dilic, 'Introduction: Looking for the Gender-Technology Relation', in Cockburn and Fürst-Dilic (eds), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1994), 1-22; Anne-Jorunn Berg and Merete Lie, 'Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts have Gender?', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 332-51; Merete Lie, 'Technology and Masculinity: The Case of the Computer', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 2 (1995), 379-94. See also two recent unpublished PhD theses from the Centre of Technology and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim: Ann R. Sætnan, Just What the Doctor Ordered? A Study of Medical Technology Innovation Process (1995), and Anne-Jorunn Berg, Digital Feminism (1996).
8. At the risk of oversimplification, there are two conflicting styles of writing about masculinity. One celebrates male bonding and tells men that they are OK (The Iron John tradition, closely associated with the poet Robert Bly), and the other focuses on issues of power, using academic feminist frameworks: see, for instance, Scott Coltrane, 'Theorizing Masculinities in Contemporary Social Science', in Harry Brod and Michael Kaufmann (eds), Theorizing Masculinities (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1994), 39-60. For a more detailed categorization of studies of masculinities, see Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell and John Lee, 'Hard and Heavy: Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity', in M. Kaufmann (ed.), Beyond Patriarchy: Essays By Men on Pleasure, Power and Change (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987), 139-94.
9. At the risk of oversimplification, there are two conflicting styles of writing about masculinity. One celebrates male bonding and tells men that they are OK (The Iron John tradition, closely associated with the poet Robert Bly), and the other focuses on issues of power, using academic feminist frameworks: see, for instance, Scott Coltrane, 'Theorizing Masculinities in Contemporary Social Science', in Harry Brod and Michael Kaufmann (eds), Theorizing Masculinities (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1994), 39-60. For a more detailed categorization of studies of masculinities, see Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell and John Lee, 'Hard and Heavy: Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity', in M. Kaufmann (ed.), Beyond Patriarchy: Essays By Men on Pleasure, Power and Change (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987), 139-94.
10. Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker, 'The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other', in Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems; New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 17-50; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, 'General Introduction', in Bijker and Law (eds), Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 1-20.
11. Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker, 'The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other', in Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems; New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 17-50; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, 'General Introduction', in Bijker and Law (eds), Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 1-20.
12. Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986).
13. My PhD thesis was a study of the mutually changing processes of masculinities and a 'feminized technology' - the domestic telephone in contemporary Ireland: Maria Lohan, The Transvestite Telephone: A Male Model Dressed Up in Women's Clothes? (unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, Trinity College, Dublin, 1998).
14. Ann R. Sætnan, 'Women's Involvement with Reproductive Medicine - Introducing Shared Concepts', in Sætnan, Nelly Oudshoorn and Marta Kirejczyk (eds), Bodies of Technology - Women's Involvement with Reproductive Medicine (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, November 2000, forthcoming).
15. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
16. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
17. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
18. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
19. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
20. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
21. Jeff Hearn and David H. Morgan, 'Men, Masculinities and Social Theory', in Hearn and Morgan (eds), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory - Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (London: Unwin & Hyman, 1990), 1-20; Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2; Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1987); Robert. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1995); Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1996); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion, Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago Press, rev. edn, 1997).
22. Berg, op. cit. note 1, 45. See also Wendy Faulkner, 'The Power and the Pleasure? A Research Agenda for "Making Gender Stick" to Engineers', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Winter 2000), 87-119.
23. Berg, op. cit. note 1, 45. See also Wendy Faulkner, 'The Power and the Pleasure? A Research Agenda for "Making Gender Stick" to Engineers', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Winter 2000), 87-119.
24. Sally Johnson, 'Theorizing Language and Masculinity: A Feminist Perspective', in Johnson and Ulrike H. Meinhof (eds), Language and Masculinity (London: Blackwell, 1997), 8-26.
25. Anthony Easthorpe, What a Man's Gotta Do: The Masculine Myth in Popular Culture (London: Paladin, 1986), 1.
26. Jeff Hearn and David Collinson, 'Theorizing Unities and Differences Between Men and Between Masculinities', in Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2, 97-118.
27. Michael Kimmel, 'Rethinking "Masculinity": New Directions in Research', in Kimmel (ed.), op. cit. note 7, 9-24, at 12.
28. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender (New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press, 1994), 2.
29. Wendy Hollway, 'Gender Difference and the Production of Subjectivity', in Julian Henriques, Hollway, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn and Valerie Walkerdine (eds), Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity (London: Methuen, 1984), 227-63; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London: Routledge, 1990); Connell, op. cit. note 7; Sharon Bird, 'Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociability and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity', Gender and Society, Vol. 10 (1996), 120-32.
30. Wendy Hollway, 'Gender Difference and the Production of Subjectivity', in Julian Henriques, Hollway, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn and Valerie Walkerdine (eds), Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity (London: Methuen, 1984), 227-63; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London: Routledge, 1990); Connell, op. cit. note 7; Sharon Bird, 'Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociability and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity', Gender and Society, Vol. 10 (1996), 120-32.
31. Wendy Hollway, 'Gender Difference and the Production of Subjectivity', in Julian Henriques, Hollway, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn and Valerie Walkerdine (eds), Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity (London: Methuen, 1984), 227-63; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London: Routledge, 1990); Connell, op. cit. note 7; Sharon Bird, 'Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociability and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity', Gender and Society, Vol. 10 (1996), 120-32.
32. Wendy Hollway, 'Gender Difference and the Production of Subjectivity', in Julian Henriques, Hollway, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn and Valerie Walkerdine (eds), Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity (London: Methuen, 1984), 227-63; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London: Routledge, 1990); Connell, op. cit. note 7; Sharon Bird, 'Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociability and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity', Gender and Society, Vol. 10 (1996), 120-32.
33. Hollway, op. cit. note 14.
34. Brittan, op. cit. note 7; Connell, op. cit. note 7; Nigel Edley and Margaret Wetherell, 'Masculinity, Power and Identity', in Mac an Ghaill (ed.), op. cit. note 7, 97-113.
35. Brittan, op. cit. note 7; Connell, op. cit. note 7; Nigel Edley and Margaret Wetherell, 'Masculinity, Power and Identity', in Mac an Ghaill (ed.), op. cit. note 7, 97-113.
36. Brittan, op. cit. note 7; Connell, op. cit. note 7; Nigel Edley and Margaret Wetherell, 'Masculinity, Power and Identity', in Mac an Ghaill (ed.), op. cit. note 7, 97-113.
37. This is a recurring theme in Connell's work: see Connell, op. cit. note 7, and R.W. Connell, Gender and Power (Cambridge: Polity, 1987).
38. This is a recurring theme in Connell's work: see Connell, op. cit. note 7, and R.W. Connell, Gender and Power (Cambridge: Polity, 1987).
39. Lisa Dominelli and Tim Gollins, 'Men, Power and Caring Relationships', The Sociological Review, Vol. 45 (1997), 396-415;
40. Bird, op. cit. note 14.
41. Segal, op. cit. note 7, xxix.
42. Michael Kimmel, 'Masculinity As Homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity', in Brod & Kaufmann (eds), op. cit. note 2, 119-41, at 136.
43. Connell, op. cit. note 7, 67-81.
44. Bird, op. cit. note 14; Johnson, op. cit. note 9.
45. Bird, op. cit. note 14; Johnson, op. cit. note 9.
46. See also Harding, op. cit. note 4, esp. 56-61.
47. Edley & Wetherell, op. cit. note 16, 107.
48. Segal, op. cit. note 7, xi (emphasis in original).
49. Here I conflate them in their similarities, and below I distinguish them in their differences.
50. Wiebe Bijker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites and Bulbs: Towards a Theory of Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), 273-76.
51. Ibid., 273.
52. Knut H. Sørensen, 'Adieu Adorno: The Moral Emancipation of Consumers', in Anne-Jorunn Berg and Margarete Aune (eds), Domestic Technology and Everyday Life - Mutual Shaping Processes (Brussels: COST A4, EU Directorate General, 'Science Research and Development', 1994), 157-70.
53. Bijker, op. cit. note 27, at 281.
54. Sætnan, op. cit. note 1, at 3.
55. Graham Button, 'Introduction', in Button (ed.), Technology in Working Order (London: Routledge, 1993), 7-9, at 7.
56. Robin Williams and David Edge, 'The Social Shaping of Technology', Research Policy, Vol. 25 (1996), 865-99.
57. Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1985).
58. Button, op. cit. note 32; Keith Grint and Steve Woolgar, 'On Some Failure of Nerves in Constructivist and Feminist Analyses of Technology', in Grint and Rosalind Gill (eds), The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research (London: Taylor & Francis, 1995), 48-73.
59. Button, op. cit. note 32; Keith Grint and Steve Woolgar, 'On Some Failure of Nerves in Constructivist and Feminist Analyses of Technology', in Grint and Rosalind Gill (eds), The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research (London: Taylor & Francis, 1995), 48-73.
60. Knut H. Sørensen, 'Constructivism and the Analysis of Technology. A Pragmatic Approach to a Sociology of Technology', Seminar Paper delivered at the Centre for Technology and Society, NTNU (April 1997).
61. See note 3.
62. Michel Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of an Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); John Law, 'Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations', in Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), 1-19.
63. Michel Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of an Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); John Law, 'Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations', in Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), 1-19.
64. Michel Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of an Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); John Law, 'Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations', in Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), 1-19.
65. Thomas P. Hughes, 'The Seamless Web: Technology, Science, Etcetera, Etcetera', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 16, No. 2 (May 1987) 281-92; Pinch & Bijker, op. cit. note 3; Bijker, op. cit, note 27.
66. Thomas P. Hughes, 'The Seamless Web: Technology, Science, Etcetera, Etcetera', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 16, No. 2 (May 1987) 281-92; Pinch & Bijker, op. cit. note 3; Bijker, op. cit, note 27.
67. Thomas P. Hughes, 'The Seamless Web: Technology, Science, Etcetera, Etcetera', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 16, No. 2 (May 1987) 281-92; Pinch & Bijker, op. cit. note 3; Bijker, op. cit, note 27.
68. Bijker, op. cit. note 27, 270.
69. Ruth S. Cowan, 'The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology', in Bijker, Hughes & Pinch (eds), op. cit. note 3, 261-80; Madeline Akrich, 'The De-Scription of Technical Objects', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 205-24; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Bijker, op. cit. note 27; Hedi Gjøen and Mikael Hard, 'Technology Policy from Below: User Scripts in the Area of Electric-Vehicle Transportation', paper presented to 'Cultural Politics of Technology' Workshop (Trondheim, Norway: NTNU, Centre for Technology and Society, 25-27 June 1998).
70. Ruth S. Cowan, 'The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology', in Bijker, Hughes & Pinch (eds), op. cit. note 3, 261-80; Madeline Akrich, 'The De-Scription of Technical Objects', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 205-24; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Bijker, op. cit. note 27; Hedi Gjøen and Mikael Hard, 'Technology Policy from Below: User Scripts in the Area of Electric-Vehicle Transportation', paper presented to 'Cultural Politics of Technology' Workshop (Trondheim, Norway: NTNU, Centre for Technology and Society, 25-27 June 1998).
71. Ruth S. Cowan, 'The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology', in Bijker, Hughes & Pinch (eds), op. cit. note 3, 261-80; Madeline Akrich, 'The De-Scription of Technical Objects', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 205-24; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Bijker, op. cit. note 27; Hedi Gjøen and Mikael Hard, 'Technology Policy from Below: User Scripts in the Area of Electric-Vehicle Transportation', paper presented to 'Cultural Politics of Technology' Workshop (Trondheim, Norway: NTNU, Centre for Technology and Society, 25-27 June 1998).
72. Ruth S. Cowan, 'The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology', in Bijker, Hughes & Pinch (eds), op. cit. note 3, 261-80; Madeline Akrich, 'The De-Scription of Technical Objects', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 205-24; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Bijker, op. cit. note 27; Hedi Gjøen and Mikael Hard, 'Technology Policy from Below: User Scripts in the Area of Electric-Vehicle Transportation', paper presented to 'Cultural Politics of Technology' Workshop (Trondheim, Norway: NTNU, Centre for Technology and Society, 25-27 June 1998).
73. Ruth S. Cowan, 'The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology', in Bijker, Hughes & Pinch (eds), op. cit. note 3, 261-80; Madeline Akrich, 'The De-Scription of Technical Objects', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 205-24; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Bijker, op. cit. note 27; Hedi Gjøen and Mikael Hard, 'Technology Policy from Below: User Scripts in the Area of Electric-Vehicle Transportation', paper presented to 'Cultural Politics of Technology' Workshop (Trondheim, Norway: NTNU, Centre for Technology and Society, 25-27 June 1998).
74. Hughie Mackay and Gareth Gillespie, 'Extending the Social Shaping of Technology Approach: Ideology and Appropriation', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 22, No. 4 (November 1992), 685-716.
75. See, for example, David Morley, Family Television: Cultural Power and Domestic Leisure (London: Comedia, 1980).
76. Roger Silverstone, Eric Hirsch and David Morley, 'Information and Communication Technologies and the Moral Economy of the Household', in Silverstone and Hirsch (eds), Consuming Technologies (London: Routledge, 1992), 15-31.
77. See, for example: Berg, op. cit. note 1; Knut H. Sørensen, Margarete Aune and Mortem Hatling, 'Against Linearity: On the Cultural Appropriation of Science and Technology' (Trondheim: STS Working Paper No. 9, 1996); Merete Lie and K.H. Sørensen, 'Making Technologies our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life', in Lie and Sørensen (eds), Making Technologies our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1996), 1-30.
78. See, for example: Berg, op. cit. note 1; Knut H. Sørensen, Margarete Aune and Mortem Hatling, 'Against Linearity: On the Cultural Appropriation of Science and Technology' (Trondheim: STS Working Paper No. 9, 1996); Merete Lie and K.H. Sørensen, 'Making Technologies our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life', in Lie and Sørensen (eds), Making Technologies our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1996), 1-30.
79. See, for example: Berg, op. cit. note 1; Knut H. Sørensen, Margarete Aune and Mortem Hatling, 'Against Linearity: On the Cultural Appropriation of Science and Technology' (Trondheim: STS Working Paper No. 9, 1996); Merete Lie and K.H. Sørensen, 'Making Technologies our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life', in Lie and Sørensen (eds), Making Technologies our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1996), 1-30.
80. For example, work cited in note 1: Cockburn & Ormrod; Cockburn & Fürst-Dilic; Berg & Lie; Berg; and Sætnan; and also: Judy Wacjman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1991); Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Ruth Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America 1870-1945 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999).
81. For example, work cited in note 1: Cockburn & Ormrod; Cockburn & Fürst-Dilic; Berg & Lie; Berg; and Sætnan; and also: Judy Wacjman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1991); Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Ruth Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America 1870-1945 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999).
82. For example, work cited in note 1: Cockburn & Ormrod; Cockburn & Fürst-Dilic; Berg & Lie; Berg; and Sætnan; and also: Judy Wacjman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Cambridge: Polity Press, in association with Blackwell, 1991); Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Ruth Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America 1870-1945 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999).
83. For discussion of its inadequacy, see Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1, 10, and Ann Gray, Video Playtine: The Gendering of a Leisure Technology (London: Routledge, 1992).
84. For discussion of its inadequacy, see Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1, 10, and Ann Gray, Video Playtine: The Gendering of a Leisure Technology (London: Routledge, 1992).
85. The classic studies are: Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills, CA & London: Sage, 1979); Latour, op. cit. note 38.
86. The classic studies are: Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills, CA & London: Sage, 1979); Latour, op. cit. note 38.
87. Karin Knorr Cetina, 'Strong Constructivism - from a Sociologist's Point of View: A Personal Addendum to Sismondo's Paper', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 555-63; Berg, op. cit. note 1.
88. Karin Knorr Cetina, 'Strong Constructivism - from a Sociologist's Point of View: A Personal Addendum to Sismondo's Paper', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 555-63; Berg, op. cit. note 1.
89. Wacjman, op. cit. note 46; Cynthia Cockburn, 'Gender and Technology: Mutual Shapings', Technology Assessment (Lyngby, Copenhagen: Texts No. 6, Technology Assessment Unit, Technical University of Denmark, 1992); Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1.
90. Wacjman, op. cit. note 46; Cynthia Cockburn, 'Gender and Technology: Mutual Shapings', Technology Assessment (Lyngby, Copenhagen: Texts No. 6, Technology Assessment Unit, Technical University of Denmark, 1992); Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1.
91. Wacjman, op. cit. note 46; Cynthia Cockburn, 'Gender and Technology: Mutual Shapings', Technology Assessment (Lyngby, Copenhagen: Texts No. 6, Technology Assessment Unit, Technical University of Denmark, 1992); Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1.
92. Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1, 344.
93. Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1, 9.
94. Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1, 339.
95. For example, Nelly Oudshoorn, 'On Technologies, Trust and Pain: The Construction of Masculinities in the Clinic and in the Media', paper presented to Workshop and doctoral course on 'Gender Science and Technology' (Trondheim: NTNU, 27-31 May 1997); Maria Lohan, 'Taking the Marketing Industry on Board in User-Research of Media Technologies', in Roger Silverstone and Maren Hartmann, Methodologies for Media and Information Technology Research in Everyday Life (Brighton: University of Sussex, Working Paper No. 5, 1998), 143-61; Margarete Aune, 'Nøktern eller Nytende' Energifornuk og hverdagsliv i norske husholdninger (Trondheim: unpublished PhD thesis, Centre for Technology and Society, NTNU, 1998).
96. For example, Nelly Oudshoorn, 'On Technologies, Trust and Pain: The Construction of Masculinities in the Clinic and in the Media', paper presented to Workshop and doctoral course on 'Gender Science and Technology' (Trondheim: NTNU, 27-31 May 1997); Maria Lohan, 'Taking the Marketing Industry on Board in User-Research of Media Technologies', in Roger Silverstone and Maren Hartmann, Methodologies for Media and Information Technology Research in Everyday Life (Brighton: University of Sussex, Working Paper No. 5, 1998), 143-61; Margarete Aune, 'Nøktern eller Nytende' Energifornuk og hverdagsliv i norske husholdninger (Trondheim: unpublished PhD thesis, Centre for Technology and Society, NTNU, 1998).
97. For example, Nelly Oudshoorn, 'On Technologies, Trust and Pain: The Construction of Masculinities in the Clinic and in the Media', paper presented to Workshop and doctoral course on 'Gender Science and Technology' (Trondheim: NTNU, 27-31 May 1997); Maria Lohan, 'Taking the Marketing Industry on Board in User-Research of Media Technologies', in Roger Silverstone and Maren Hartmann, Methodologies for Media and Information Technology Research in Everyday Life (Brighton: University of Sussex, Working Paper No. 5, 1998), 143-61; Margarete Aune, 'Nøktern eller Nytende' Energifornuk og hverdagsliv i norske husholdninger (Trondheim: unpublished PhD thesis, Centre for Technology and Society, NTNU, 1998).
98. Ann R. Sætnan, 'Standing One's Ground Requires Finding Some Ground to Stand On', in Boel Berner (ed.), Gendered Practices: Feminist Studies of Technology and Society (Linköping, Sweden: Department of Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, 1997), 227-48, quote at 243; see also Berg and Lie, op. cit. note 1; Law, op. cit. note 38.
99. Ann R. Sætnan, 'Standing One's Ground Requires Finding Some Ground to Stand On', in Boel Berner (ed.), Gendered Practices: Feminist Studies of Technology and Society (Linköping, Sweden: Department of Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, 1997), 227-48, quote at 243; see also Berg and Lie, op. cit. note 1; Law, op. cit. note 38.
100. Ann R. Sætnan, 'Standing One's Ground Requires Finding Some Ground to Stand On', in Boel Berner (ed.), Gendered Practices: Feminist Studies of Technology and Society (Linköping, Sweden: Department of Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, 1997), 227-48, quote at 243; see also Berg and Lie, op. cit. note 1; Law, op. cit. note 38.
101. For an extended discussion of this point, see Berg, op. cit. note 1.
102. Brian Easlea, Fathering the Unthinkable: Masculinity, Scientists and the Nuclear Arms Race (London: Pluto, 1983), esp. 117-45.
103. Lisbeth van Zoonen, 'Feminist Theory and Information Technology', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 9-29; Valerie Frissen, 'Trapped in Electronic Cages? Gender and New Information Technologies in the Public and Private Domain: An Overview of Research', ibid., 31-49; Alison Jaggar, Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1983); Berg, op. cit. note 1; Flis Henwood, 'Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 31-52; Maureen McNeil, 'New Information Technologies, English Heroes and English Lifestyles', in Valerie Frissen (ed.), NICTS and the Changing Nature of the Domestic (Amsterdam: GRANITE, Siswo), 111-22.
104. Lisbeth van Zoonen, 'Feminist Theory and Information Technology', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 9-29; Valerie Frissen, 'Trapped in Electronic Cages? Gender and New Information Technologies in the Public and Private Domain: An Overview of Research', ibid., 31-49; Alison Jaggar, Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1983); Berg, op. cit. note 1; Flis Henwood, 'Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 31-52; Maureen McNeil, 'New Information Technologies, English Heroes and English Lifestyles', in Valerie Frissen (ed.), NICTS and the Changing Nature of the Domestic (Amsterdam: GRANITE, Siswo), 111-22.
105. Lisbeth van Zoonen, 'Feminist Theory and Information Technology', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 9-29; Valerie Frissen, 'Trapped in Electronic Cages? Gender and New Information Technologies in the Public and Private Domain: An Overview of Research', ibid., 31-49; Alison Jaggar, Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1983); Berg, op. cit. note 1; Flis Henwood, 'Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 31-52; Maureen McNeil, 'New Information Technologies, English Heroes and English Lifestyles', in Valerie Frissen (ed.), NICTS and the Changing Nature of the Domestic (Amsterdam: GRANITE, Siswo), 111-22.
106. Lisbeth van Zoonen, 'Feminist Theory and Information Technology', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 9-29; Valerie Frissen, 'Trapped in Electronic Cages? Gender and New Information Technologies in the Public and Private Domain: An Overview of Research', ibid., 31-49; Alison Jaggar, Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1983); Berg, op. cit. note 1; Flis Henwood, 'Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 31-52; Maureen McNeil, 'New Information Technologies, English Heroes and English Lifestyles', in Valerie Frissen (ed.), NICTS and the Changing Nature of the Domestic (Amsterdam: GRANITE, Siswo), 111-22.
107. Lisbeth van Zoonen, 'Feminist Theory and Information Technology', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 9-29; Valerie Frissen, 'Trapped in Electronic Cages? Gender and New Information Technologies in the Public and Private Domain: An Overview of Research', ibid., 31-49; Alison Jaggar, Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1983); Berg, op. cit. note 1; Flis Henwood, 'Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 31-52; Maureen McNeil, 'New Information Technologies, English Heroes and English Lifestyles', in Valerie Frissen (ed.), NICTS and the Changing Nature of the Domestic (Amsterdam: GRANITE, Siswo), 111-22.
108. Lisbeth van Zoonen, 'Feminist Theory and Information Technology', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 9-29; Valerie Frissen, 'Trapped in Electronic Cages? Gender and New Information Technologies in the Public and Private Domain: An Overview of Research', ibid., 31-49; Alison Jaggar, Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1983); Berg, op. cit. note 1; Flis Henwood, 'Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 31-52; Maureen McNeil, 'New Information Technologies, English Heroes and English Lifestyles', in Valerie Frissen (ed.), NICTS and the Changing Nature of the Domestic (Amsterdam: GRANITE, Siswo), 111-22.
109. For discussions of this point, see: Wendy Faulkner and Eric Arnold (eds), Smothered by Invention: Technology in Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek, Mothers of Invention: From the Bra to the Bomb, Forgotten Women and their Unforgettable Ideas (New York: Quill William Morrow, 1987).
110. For discussions of this point, see: Wendy Faulkner and Eric Arnold (eds), Smothered by Invention: Technology in Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek, Mothers of Invention: From the Bra to the Bomb, Forgotten Women and their Unforgettable Ideas (New York: Quill William Morrow, 1987).
111. Van Zoonen, op. cit. note 58; Fergus Murray, 'A Separate Reality: Science, Technology and Masculinity', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 64-80.
112. Van Zoonen, op. cit. note 58; Fergus Murray, 'A Separate Reality: Science, Technology and Masculinity', in Green, Owen & Pain (eds), op. cit. note 1, 64-80.
113. Van Zoonen, op. cit. note 58; Henwood, op. cit. note 58.
114. Van Zoonen, op. cit. note 58; Henwood, op. cit. note 58.
115. Henwood, op. cit. note 58, quote at 44.
116. Sætnan, op. cit. note 55, 241.
117. For example, by several works cited in note 1: Cockburn & Ormrod; Cockburn & Fürst-Dilic; Berg & Lie; Sætnan; and Berg.
118. Lohan, op. cit. note 5, at 10.
119. Cockburn, op. cit. note 50, 9.
120. This is a pervasive theme in the literature, discussed at length in, for example: Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Wajcman, op. cit. note 46; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 'The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 3-30.
121. This is a pervasive theme in the literature, discussed at length in, for example: Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Wajcman, op. cit. note 46; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 'The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 3-30.
122. This is a pervasive theme in the literature, discussed at length in, for example: Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Wajcman, op. cit. note 46; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 'The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 3-30.
123. This is a pervasive theme in the literature, discussed at length in, for example: Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Wajcman, op. cit. note 46; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 'The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 3-30.
124. This is a pervasive theme in the literature, discussed at length in, for example: Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Wajcman, op. cit. note 46; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 'The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 3-30.
125. This is a pervasive theme in the literature, discussed at length in, for example: Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Wajcman, op. cit. note 46; Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8; Rosalind Gill and Keith Grint, 'The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 3-30.
126. Murray, op. cit. note 60.
127. Victor Seidler, Rediscovering Masculinity: Reason, Language and Sexuality (London: Routledge, 1989); Cockburn, op. cit. note 50.
128. Victor Seidler, Rediscovering Masculinity: Reason, Language and Sexuality (London: Routledge, 1989); Cockburn, op. cit. note 50.
129. Murray, op. cit. note 60.
130. Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8.
131. Berg & Lie, op. cit. note 1; Faulkner, op. cit. note 8.
132. Berg, op. cit. note 1, 148.
133. Henwood, op. cit. note 58, quotes (respectively) at 43 & 45.
134. Pinch & Bijker, op. cit. note 3, 27.
135. Akrich, op. cit. note 41, 208; Madeline Akrich and Bruno Latour, 'A Summary of Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Nonhuman Assemblies', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 259-64, at 259.
136. Akrich, op. cit. note 41, 208; Madeline Akrich and Bruno Latour, 'A Summary of Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Nonhuman Assemblies', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 259-64, at 259.
137. Latour, op. cit. note 38, at 84 & 89; Bruno Latour, 'Where are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 225-58, at 234; Michel Callon and Latour, 'Don't Throw the Baby out with the Bath School! A Reply to Collins and Yearley', in Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 343-68.
138. Latour, op. cit. note 38, at 84 & 89; Bruno Latour, 'Where are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 225-58, at 234; Michel Callon and Latour, 'Don't Throw the Baby out with the Bath School! A Reply to Collins and Yearley', in Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 343-68.
139. Latour, op. cit. note 38, at 84 & 89; Bruno Latour, 'Where are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 3, 225-58, at 234; Michel Callon and Latour, 'Don't Throw the Baby out with the Bath School! A Reply to Collins and Yearley', in Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 343-68.
140. Claude Fischer, 'Touch Someone: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability', in Marcel C. LaFollette and Jeffry Stine (eds), Technology and Choice: A Technology and Culture Reader (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1991), 87-116; Michèle Martin, 'Hello Central': Gender Technology and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems (Montreal & London: McGill Queens University Press, 1991).
141. Claude Fischer, 'Touch Someone: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability', in Marcel C. LaFollette and Jeffry Stine (eds), Technology and Choice: A Technology and Culture Reader (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1991), 87-116; Michèle Martin, 'Hello Central': Gender Technology and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems (Montreal & London: McGill Queens University Press, 1991).
142. Fischer, op. cit. note 77; Leslie Haddon, Empirical Research on the Domestic Phone: A Literature Review (Falmer, Brighton: University of Sussex, CulCom working paper no. 2, 1997); Leopoldini Fortunati, Gli Italiani al Telefono (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1995); Gerard Claisse, 'Telefon, Kommunication und Gesellschaft: Daten Gegen Mythen', in Ulrich Lange, Klaus Beck and Axel Zerdick (eds), Telefon Und Gesellschaft: Beitrage Zu Einer Soziologie Der Telefonkommunikation, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Volker Speiss, 1989), 255-83; Ann Moyal, 'The Gendered Use of the Telephone: An Australian Case Study', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 51-72.
143. Fischer, op. cit. note 77; Leslie Haddon, Empirical Research on the Domestic Phone: A Literature Review (Falmer, Brighton: University of Sussex,
144. Fischer, op. cit. note 77; Leslie Haddon, Empirical Research on the Domestic Phone: A Literature Review (Falmer, Brighton: University of Sussex, CulCom working paper no. 2, 1997); Leopoldini Fortunati, Gli Italiani al Telefono (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1995); Gerard Claisse, 'Telefon, Kommunication und Gesellschaft: Daten Gegen Mythen', in Ulrich Lange, Klaus Beck and Axel Zerdick (eds), Telefon Und Gesellschaft: Beitrage Zu Einer Soziologie Der Telefonkommunikation, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Volker Speiss, 1989), 255-83; Ann Moyal, 'The Gendered Use of the Telephone: An Australian Case Study', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 51-72.
145. Fischer, op. cit. note 77; Leslie Haddon, Empirical Research on the Domestic Phone: A Literature Review (Falmer, Brighton: University of Sussex, CulCom working paper no. 2, 1997); Leopoldini Fortunati, Gli Italiani al Telefono (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1995); Gerard Claisse, 'Telefon, Kommunication und Gesellschaft: Daten Gegen Mythen', in Ulrich Lange, Klaus Beck and Axel Zerdick (eds), Telefon Und Gesellschaft: Beitrage Zu Einer Soziologie Der Telefonkommunikation, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Volker Speiss, 1989), 255-83; Ann Moyal, 'The Gendered Use of the Telephone: An Australian Case Study', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 51-72.
146. Fischer, op. cit. note 77; Leslie Haddon, Empirical Research on the Domestic Phone: A Literature Review (Falmer, Brighton: University of Sussex, CulCom working paper no. 2, 1997); Leopoldini Fortunati, Gli Italiani al Telefono (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1995); Gerard Claisse, 'Telefon, Kommunication und Gesellschaft: Daten Gegen Mythen', in Ulrich Lange, Klaus Beck and Axel Zerdick (eds), Telefon Und Gesellschaft: Beitrage Zu Einer Soziologie Der Telefonkommunikation, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Volker Speiss, 1989), 255-83; Ann Moyal, 'The Gendered Use of the Telephone: An Australian Case Study', Media Culture and Society, Vol. 14 (1992), 51-72.
147. Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Maria Lohan, 'Men, Masculinities and Mundane Technologies: The Domestic Telephone', in Alison Adam and Eileen Green (eds), Digital Gender (London: Routledge, 2000, forthcoming);
148. Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1; Maria Lohan, 'Men, Masculinities and Mundane Technologies: The Domestic Telephone', in Alison Adam and Eileen Green (eds), Digital Gender (London: Routledge, 2000, forthcoming);
149. Law, op. cit. note 38, at 16.
150. Sørensen, op. cit. note 36, at 16.
151. Lohan, op. cit. 79.
152. Gray, op. cit. note 47.
153. Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1.
154. Leslie Haddon, 'Researching Gender and Home Computers', in Knut H. Sørensen and Anne-Jorunn Berg (eds), Technology and Everyday Life: Trajectories and Transformations (Oslo: Norwegian Research Council for Science and Humanities, 1990), 89-108.
155. See, for example, Gray, op. cit. note 47; Silverstone, Hirsch and Morley, op. cit. note 44; Celia Lury, Consumer Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
156. See, for example, Gray, op. cit. note 47; Silverstone, Hirsch and Morley, op. cit. note 44; Celia Lury, Consumer Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
157. See, for example, Gray, op. cit. note 47; Silverstone, Hirsch and Morley, op. cit. note 44; Celia Lury, Consumer Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
158. Cockburn & Ormrod, op. cit. note 1, at 174.
159. Anne-Jorunn Berg, 'Feminist Methodology: How Might we Link Rigour and Situated Knowledge in Practice?', paper presented to The European Media Technology and Everyday Life Network (EMTEL), Methodologies for Media & Information Technology Research in Everyday Life (Barcelona, 7-9 November 1997).
160. Faulkner, op. cit. note 8.
161. David Bloor, 'Wittgenstein and Mannheim on the Sociology of Mathematics', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 4 (1973), 173-91; Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976), esp. 1-19, 29-32.
162. David Bloor, 'Wittgenstein and Mannheim on the Sociology of Mathematics', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 4 (1973), 173-91; Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976), esp. 1-19, 29-32.
163. Williams & Edge, op. cit. note 33, at 869.
164. Susan Ormrod, 'Feminist Sociology and Methodology: Leaky Black Boxes', in Grint & Gill (eds), op. cit. note 35, 31-47.
165. John Law, Aircraft Stories: Decentering the Object in Technoscience (Lancaster University, forthcoming).
166. Gill & Grint, op. cit. note 67, at 19.
167. I am not alone: see Lana F. Rakow, 'Rethinking Gender and Communication', Journal of Communication (Autumn 1986), 11-26; Johnson, op. cit. note 9; Sætnan, op. cit. note 6.
168. I am not alone: see Lana F. Rakow, 'Rethinking Gender and Communication', Journal of Communication (Autumn 1986), 11-26; Johnson, op. cit. note 9; Sætnan, op. cit. note 6.
169. I am not alone: see Lana F. Rakow, 'Rethinking Gender and Communication', Journal of Communication (Autumn 1986), 11-26; Johnson, op. cit. note 9; Sætnan, op. cit. note 6.
170. Hans Radder, 'Normative Reflections on Constructivist Approaches to Science and Technology', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 22, No. 1 (February 1992), 141-73; H.M. Collins and Steven Yearley, 'Journey into Space', in Pickering (ed.), op. cit. note 76, 369-81; Ormrod, op. cit. note 92; Sørensen, op. cit. note 36.
171. Hans Radder, 'Normative Reflections on Constructivist Approaches to Science and Technology', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 22, No. 1 (February 1992), 141-73; H.M. Collins and Steven Yearley, 'Journey into Space', in Pickering (ed.), op. cit. note 76, 369-81; Ormrod, op. cit. note 92; Sørensen, op. cit. note 36.
172. Hans Radder, 'Normative Reflections on Constructivist Approaches to Science and Technology', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 22, No. 1 (February 1992), 141-73; H.M. Collins and Steven Yearley, 'Journey into Space', in Pickering (ed.), op. cit. note 76, 369-81; Ormrod, op. cit. note 92; Sørensen, op. cit. note 36.
173. Hans Radder, 'Normative Reflections on Constructivist Approaches to Science and Technology', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 22, No. 1 (February 1992), 141-73; H.M. Collins and Steven Yearley, 'Journey into Space', in Pickering (ed.), op. cit. note 76, 369-81; Ormrod, op. cit. note 92; Sørensen, op. cit. note 36.
174. Sørensen, op. cit. note 36, at 16.
175. Maria Lohan, 'The Feminisation of the Domestic Phone Space: Women and the Domestic Telephone in Ireland', in Anne Byrne and Madeline Leonard (eds), Women in Ireland: A Sociological Profile (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Press, 1997), 465-78.
176. Susan Gal, 'Language, Gender and Power: An Anthropological Review', in Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz (eds), Gender Articulated, Language and the Socially Constructed Self (New York & London: Routledge, 1995), 169-82.
177. Ormrod, op. cit. note 92; Wendy Faulkner, 'Dualisms, Hierarchies and Gender in Engineering', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 30, No. 5 (October 2000), 759-92.
178. Ormrod, op. cit. note 92; Wendy Faulkner, 'Dualisms, Hierarchies and Gender in Engineering', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 30, No. 5 (October 2000), 759-92.
179. Maria Lohan, 'Come Back Public/Private (Almost) All is Forgiven: Using Feminist Methodologies in Researching ICTs', Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2000), 107-17.
180. Berg, op. cit note 88, quote at 11; see also Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (London: Free Association Books, 1991).
181. Berg, op. cit note 88, quote at 11; see also Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (London: Free Association Books, 1991).
182. Joseph Rouse, 'Feminism and the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge', in Lynn H. Nelson and Jack Nelson (eds), Feminism, Science and the Philosophy of Science (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996), 195-215.
183. Here again I use Berg's definition of 'rigour' as 'systematic attempts to make clear how and why I do as I do when conducting research' - thus disembedding rigour from its usual bed-partners of positivism and quantitative research: Berg, op. cit. note 88, quote at 6.
184. Law, op. cit. note 38, 16.
185. Sætnan, op. cit. note 55; Berg, op. cit. note 88.
186. Sætnan, op. cit. note 55; Berg, op. cit. note 88.
187. Rouse, op. cit. 103, at 208.
188. Grint & Woolgar, op. cit. note 35; Steve Woolgar, 'The Turn to Technology in Social Studies of Science', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 1991), 20-50. See Collins & Yearley, op. cit. note 96, for arguments against this route within science studies.
189. Grint & Woolgar, op. cit. note 35; Steve Woolgar, 'The Turn to Technology in Social Studies of Science', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 1991), 20-50. See Collins & Yearley, op. cit. note 96, for arguments against this route within science studies.
190. Grint & Woolgar, op. cit. note 35; Steve Woolgar, 'The Turn to Technology in Social Studies of Science', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 1991), 20-50. See Collins & Yearley, op. cit. note 96, for arguments against this route within science studies.
191. Haraway, op. cit. note 102, 183-201.
192. Lohan, op. cit. note 101.
193. Liz Stanley, 'Introduction: Lives and Works and Auto/Biographical Occasions', Lives and Works, Special Double Issue of Auto/Biography, Vols. 3.1 & 3.2 (1994), i-iii, at i.
194. Sætnan, op. cit. note 6, 7 (in draft).
195. Cynthia Cockburn, 'The Circuit of Technology: Gender, Identity and Power', in Silverstone & Hirsch (eds), op. cit. note 44, 32-47.
196. Haraway, op. cit. note 102, at 105.
197. Berg, op. cit. note 88.
198. Law, op. cit. note 38, 15.
199. Berg, op. cit. note 88.