메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 3-4, 2000, Pages 211-277

Artificial motives: A review of motivation in artificial creatures

Author keywords

Affect; Animats; Drive; Incentive; Instinct; Motivation; Value

Indexed keywords


EID: 0034345039     PISSN: 09540091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/095400900750060131     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (117)
  • 1
    • 84946268134 scopus 로고
    • Variations in the sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer devaluation
    • Adams, C. D., 1982, Variations in the sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer devaluation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34B: 77-98.
    • (1982) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.34 B , pp. 77-98
    • Adams, C.D.1
  • 3
    • 0002166755 scopus 로고
    • Actions and habits: Variations in associative representations during instrumental learning
    • N. E. Spear and R. R. Miller (eds) Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Adams, C., and Dickinson, A., 1981b, Actions and habits: variations in associative representations during instrumental learning. In N. E. Spear and R. R. Miller (eds) Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).
    • (1981) Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms
    • Adams, C.1    Dickinson, A.2
  • 4
    • 0000719895 scopus 로고
    • Motivational properties of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the addition of frustration to the motivational complex
    • Amsel, A., and Roussell, J., 1952, Motivational properties of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the addition of frustration to the motivational complex. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43: 363-68.
    • (1952) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 363-368
    • Amsel, A.1    Roussell, J.2
  • 5
    • 0003269755 scopus 로고
    • Motivational learning of spatial behaviour
    • J. Metzler (ed.) New York: Academic Press
    • Arbib, A., and Lieblich, I., 1977, Motivational learning of spatial behaviour. In J. Metzler (ed.) Systems Neuroscience (New York: Academic Press).
    • (1977) Systems Neuroscience
    • Arbib, A.1    Lieblich, I.2
  • 6
    • 0017092247 scopus 로고
    • The functional organisation of behavior
    • Baerends, G. P., 1976, The functional organisation of behavior. Animal Behavior, 24: 726-738.
    • (1976) Animal Behavior , vol.24 , pp. 726-738
    • Baerends, G.P.1
  • 9
    • 0026886107 scopus 로고
    • Instrumental performance following a shift in primary motivation depends on incentive learning
    • Balleine, B., 1992, Instrumental performance following a shift in primary motivation depends on incentive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 18, 236-250.
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.18 , pp. 236-250
    • Balleine, B.1
  • 10
    • 0031890398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of incentive learning in instrumental outcome revaluation by sensory-specific satiety
    • Balleine, B., and Dickinson, A., 1998, The role of incentive learning in instrumental outcome revaluation by sensory-specific satiety. Animal Learning and Behavior, 26: 46-59.
    • (1998) Animal Learning and Behavior , vol.26 , pp. 46-59
    • Balleine, B.1    Dickinson, A.2
  • 12
    • 0019934810 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcer and response specificity in appetitive transfer of control
    • Baxter, D., and Zambie, E., 1982, Reinforcer and response specificity in appetitive transfer of control. Animal Learning and Behavior, 10: 201-210.
    • (1982) Animal Learning and Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 201-210
    • Baxter, D.1    Zambie, E.2
  • 13
    • 0018053135 scopus 로고
    • How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcement
    • Bindra, D., 1978, How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1: 41-91.
    • (1978) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.1 , pp. 41-91
    • Bindra, D.1
  • 15
    • 0002696574 scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological interpretation of the effects of drive and incentive-motivation on general activity and instrumental behavior
    • Bindra, D., 1974, Neuropsychological interpretation of the effects of drive and incentive-motivation on general activity and instrumental behavior. Psychological Review, 75: 1-22.
    • (1974) Psychological Review , vol.75 , pp. 1-22
    • Bindra, D.1
  • 19
    • 84875682000 scopus 로고
    • Some asymmetrical drive summation phenomena
    • Bolles, R. C., and Morlock. H., 1960, Some asymmetrical drive summation phenomena. Psychological Reports, 6: 373-378.
    • (1960) Psychological Reports , vol.6 , pp. 373-378
    • Bolles, R.C.1    Morlock, H.2
  • 20
    • 0001835723 scopus 로고
    • Context and retrieval in extinction and in other examples of interference in simple associative learning
    • L. Dachowski and C. F. Flaherty (eds) Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Bouton, M. E., 1991, Context and retrieval in extinction and in other examples of interference in simple associative learning. In L. Dachowski and C. F. Flaherty (eds) Current Topics in Animal Learning (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).
    • (1991) Current Topics in Animal Learning
    • Bouton, M.E.1
  • 21
    • 0022688781 scopus 로고
    • A robust layered control system for a mobile robot
    • Brooks, R., 1986, A robust layered control system for a mobile robot. IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, 6:14-23.
    • (1986) IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation , vol.6 , pp. 14-23
    • Brooks, R.1
  • 22
    • 0025957717 scopus 로고
    • Intelligence without representation
    • Brooks, R., 1991, Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47: 139-159.
    • (1991) Artificial Intelligence , vol.47 , pp. 139-159
    • Brooks, R.1
  • 25
    • 84875649318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivation as a function of animal versus experimenter control
    • M. E. Bouton and M. S. Fanselow (eds) Washington: American Psychological Association
    • Collier, G., and Johnson, D., 1997, Motivation as a function of animal versus experimenter control. In M. E. Bouton and M. S. Fanselow (eds) Learning Motivation and Cognition (Washington: American Psychological Association).
    • (1997) Learning Motivation and Cognition
    • Collier, G.1    Johnson, D.2
  • 28
    • 0018562820 scopus 로고
    • Drive - Another point of view
    • Deutsch, J., 1979, Drive - another point of view. Trends in Neuro Sciences, 2: 242-244.
    • (1979) Trends in Neuro Sciences , vol.2 , pp. 242-244
    • Deutsch, J.1
  • 30
    • 84943255384 scopus 로고
    • Instrumental conditioning
    • N. J. Mackintosh (ed.) London: Academic Press
    • Dickinson, A., 1994, Instrumental conditioning. In N. J. Mackintosh (ed.) Animal Learning and Cognition (London: Academic Press).
    • (1994) Animal Learning and Cognition
    • Dickinson, A.1
  • 32
    • 0025515888 scopus 로고
    • Motivational control of instrumental performance following a shift from thirst to hunger
    • Dickinson, A., and Balleine, B., 1990, Motivational control of instrumental performance following a shift from thirst to hunger. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42B: 413-431.
    • (1990) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.42 B , pp. 413-431
    • Dickinson, A.1    Balleine, B.2
  • 33
    • 0002498259 scopus 로고
    • Incentive learning and the motivational control of instrumental performance
    • Dickinson, A., and Dawson, G. R., 1989, Incentive learning and the motivational control of instrumental performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41B: 99-112.
    • (1989) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.41 B , pp. 99-112
    • Dickinson, A.1    Dawson, G.R.2
  • 34
    • 0001085187 scopus 로고
    • Motivational control of instrumental performance: The role of prior experience of the reinforcer
    • Dickinson, A., and Dawson, G. R., 1988, Motivational control of instrumental performance: the role of prior experience of the reinforcer. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40B: 113-134.
    • (1988) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.40 B , pp. 113-134
    • Dickinson, A.1    Dawson, G.R.2
  • 35
    • 84947515149 scopus 로고
    • Pavlovian processes in the motivational control of instrumental performance
    • Dickinson, A., and Dawson, G. R., 1987, Pavlovian processes in the motivational control of instrumental performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39B: 201-213.
    • (1987) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.39 B , pp. 201-213
    • Dickinson, A.1    Dawson, G.R.2
  • 37
    • 0038809077 scopus 로고
    • Instinct and motivation as explanations for complex behavior
    • D. W. Pfaff (ed.) New York: Springer
    • Epstein, A., 1982, Instinct and motivation as explanations for complex behavior. In D. W. Pfaff (ed.) The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation (New York: Springer).
    • (1982) The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation
    • Epstein, A.1
  • 38
    • 0000082699 scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal factors in feeding and drinking
    • C. F. Code (ed.) Washington, DC: American Physiological Society
    • Epstein, A., 1967, Oropharyngeal factors in feeding and drinking. In C. F. Code (ed.) Handbook of Physiology (Washington, DC: American Physiological Society).
    • (1967) Handbook of Physiology
    • Epstein, A.1
  • 39
    • 0002036878 scopus 로고
    • Should I stay or should I go: Co-ordinating biological needs with continuously-updated assessments of the environment
    • J.-A. Meyers, H. L. Roitblat and S. W. Wilson (eds) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books
    • Gabora, L. M., 1993, Should I stay or should I go: co-ordinating biological needs with continuously-updated assessments of the environment. In J.-A. Meyers, H. L. Roitblat and S. W. Wilson (eds) From Animals to Animats 2, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books).
    • (1993) From Animals to Animats 2, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior
    • Gabora, L.M.1
  • 40
    • 0014067107 scopus 로고
    • A biological theory of reinforcement
    • Glickman, S., and Schiff, B., 1967, A biological theory of reinforcement. Psychological Review, 74: 81-109.
    • (1967) Psychological Review , vol.74 , pp. 81-109
    • Glickman, S.1    Schiff, B.2
  • 42
    • 0002174050 scopus 로고
    • Effect of irrelevant thirst motivation on a response learned with food reward
    • Gricc, G., and Davis, J., 1957, Effect of irrelevant thirst motivation on a response learned with food reward. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53: 347-352.
    • (1957) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.53 , pp. 347-352
    • Gricc, G.1    Davis, J.2
  • 44
    • 0023475433 scopus 로고
    • Neural dynamics of attentionally modulated Pavlovian conditioning: Blocking, inter-stimulus interval and secondary reinforcement
    • Grossberg, S., and Levine, D. S., 1987, Neural dynamics of attentionally modulated Pavlovian conditioning: blocking, inter-stimulus interval and secondary reinforcement. Applied Optics, 26: 5015-5030.
    • (1987) Applied Optics , vol.26 , pp. 5015-5030
    • Grossberg, S.1    Levine, D.S.2
  • 45
    • 0032349513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affordances, motivations and the world Graph theory
    • Guazzelli, A., Bota, M., Corbacho, F., and Arbib, M., 1998, Affordances, motivations and the world Graph theory. Adaptive Behavior, 6: 435-471.
    • (1998) Adaptive Behavior , vol.6 , pp. 435-471
    • Guazzelli, A.1    Bota, M.2    Corbacho, F.3    Arbib, M.4
  • 46
    • 0002324265 scopus 로고
    • Operant and Pavlovian in cross-response transfer of inhibitory stimulus control
    • Gutman, A., and Maier, S., 1978, Operant and Pavlovian in cross-response transfer of inhibitory stimulus control. Learning and Motivation, 9: 231-254.
    • (1978) Learning and Motivation , vol.9 , pp. 231-254
    • Gutman, A.1    Maier, S.2
  • 47
    • 0003210630 scopus 로고
    • Cognition and emotion in animals and machines
    • H. L. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyers (eds) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books
    • Halperin, J. R. P., 1995, Cognition and emotion in animals and machines. In H. L. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyers (eds) Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books).
    • (1995) Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science
    • Halperin, J.R.P.1
  • 49
    • 0001079511 scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic control of feeding and self-stimulation
    • Hoebel, B., and Teitelbaum, P., 1962, Hypothalamic control of feeding and self-stimulation. Science, 135: 375-377.
    • (1962) Science , vol.135 , pp. 375-377
    • Hoebel, B.1    Teitelbaum, P.2
  • 50
    • 0001666176 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms
    • D. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth (eds) New York: Academic Press
    • Holland, J., and Reitman, J., 1978, Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms. In D. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth (eds) Pattern-directed Inference Systems (New York: Academic Press).
    • (1978) Pattern-directed Inference Systems
    • Holland, J.1    Reitman, J.2
  • 51
    • 0016564510 scopus 로고
    • The effects of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning
    • Holland, P. C., and Rescorla, R. A., 1975, The effects of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1: 355-363.
    • (1975) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.1 , pp. 355-363
    • Holland, P.C.1    Rescorla, R.A.2
  • 53
    • 0004271760 scopus 로고
    • New Haven CT: Yale University Press
    • Hull. C. L., 1951, Essentials in Behavior (New Haven CT: Yale University Press).
    • (1951) Essentials in Behavior
    • Hull, C.L.1
  • 54
    • 0003335365 scopus 로고
    • The role of time in natural intelligence: Implications of classical and instrumental conditioning for neuronal and neural-network modelling
    • M. Gabriel and J. Moore (eds) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press
    • Klopf, A. H., and Morgan, J. S., 1990, The role of time in natural intelligence: implications of classical and instrumental conditioning for neuronal and neural-network modelling. In M. Gabriel and J. Moore (eds) Learning and Computational Neuroscience: Foundations of Adaptive Networks (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press).
    • (1990) Learning and Computational Neuroscience: Foundations of Adaptive Networks
    • Klopf, A.H.1    Morgan, J.S.2
  • 58
    • 0002036882 scopus 로고
    • Das verhalten der katzen (Felidae)
    • Leyhausen, P. 1956, Das Verhalten der Katzen (Felidae). Handbuch Zoologie Berlin, 8: 1-34.
    • (1956) Handbuch Zoologie Berlin , vol.8 , pp. 1-34
    • Leyhausen, P.1
  • 60
    • 0020433079 scopus 로고
    • Multiple representations of space underlying behavior
    • Lieblich, I., and Arbib, M., 1982, Multiple representations of space underlying behavior. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5: 627-659.
    • (1982) The Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 627-659
    • Lieblich, I.1    Arbib, M.2
  • 61
    • 0008191053 scopus 로고
    • Taxis and instinct action in the egg-retrieving behavior of the greylag goose
    • C. Schiller (ed.) New York: International Universities Press
    • Lorenz, K., and Tinbergen, N., 1957, Taxis and instinct action in the egg-retrieving behavior of the greylag goose. In C. Schiller (ed.) Instinctive Behavior (New York: International Universities Press).
    • (1957) Instinctive Behavior
    • Lorenz, K.1    Tinbergen, N.2
  • 63
    • 0001767459 scopus 로고
    • The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns
    • Lorenz, K., 1950, The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biology, 4: 221-268.
    • (1950) Symp. Soc. Exp. Biology , vol.4 , pp. 221-268
    • Lorenz, K.1
  • 64
    • 0020972471 scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus
    • Lovibond, P., 1983, Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9: 225-247.
    • (1983) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.9 , pp. 225-247
    • Lovibond, P.1
  • 68
    • 0002909179 scopus 로고
    • Modelling adaptive autonomous agents
    • Maes, P., 1994, Modelling adaptive autonomous agents. Artificial Life, 1: 135-162.
    • (1994) Artificial Life , vol.1 , pp. 135-162
    • Maes, P.1
  • 70
    • 79957721960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing and understanding adaptive group behavior
    • Mataric, M. J., 1996, Designing and understanding adaptive group behavior. Adaptive Behavior, 4:51-80.
    • (1996) Adaptive Behavior , vol.4 , pp. 51-80
    • Mataric, M.J.1
  • 71
    • 0029537980 scopus 로고
    • Issues and approaches in the design of collective autonomous agents
    • Mataric, M. J., 1995, Issues and approaches in the design of collective autonomous agents. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 16: 321-331.
    • (1995) Robotics and Autonomous Systems , vol.16 , pp. 321-331
    • Mataric, M.J.1
  • 72
    • 0026882311 scopus 로고
    • Integration of representation in goal-driven behavior-based robots
    • Mataric, M. J., 1992, Integration of representation in goal-driven behavior-based robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 8 (3): 304-312.
    • (1992) IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 304-312
    • Mataric, M.J.1
  • 73
    • 0006753707 scopus 로고
    • Navigating with a rat brain: A neurobiologically-inspired model for robot spatial representation
    • J.-A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson (eds) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books
    • Mataric, M. J., 1991, Navigating with a rat brain: a neurobiologically-inspired model for robot spatial representation. In J.-A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson (eds) From Animals to Animats, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books).
    • (1991) From Animals to Animats, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior
    • Mataric, M.J.1
  • 76
    • 0002058216 scopus 로고
    • Separation of satiating and rewarding consequences of drinking
    • McFarland, D. J., 1969, Separation of satiating and rewarding consequences of drinking. Physiology and Behavior, 4: 987-989.
    • (1969) Physiology and Behavior , vol.4 , pp. 987-989
    • McFarland, D.J.1
  • 77
    • 0013914836 scopus 로고
    • On the causal and functional significance of displacement activities
    • McFarland, D. J., 1966, On the causal and functional significance of displacement activities. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 23: 217-235.
    • (1966) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie , vol.23 , pp. 217-235
    • McFarland, D.J.1
  • 80
    • 0025423276 scopus 로고
    • The role of response-contingent incentives in lithium chloride-mediated suppression of an operant response
    • Meachum, C., 1990, The role of response-contingent incentives in lithium chloride-mediated suppression of an operant response. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42B: 175-195.
    • (1990) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.42 B , pp. 175-195
    • Meachum, C.1
  • 81
    • 0002439783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new control architecture combining reactivity, planning, deliberation and motivation for situated autonomous agents
    • P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S. W. Wilson (eds) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books
    • Michaud, F., Lachiver, G., and Le Dinh, C., 1996, A new control architecture combining reactivity, planning, deliberation and motivation for situated autonomous agents. In P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S. W. Wilson (eds) From Animals to Animats 4, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press/Bradford Books).
    • (1996) From Animals to Animats 4, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior
    • Michaud, F.1    Lachiver, G.2    Le Dinh, C.3
  • 83
    • 84965184402 scopus 로고
    • Effects of drugs on motivation: The value of using a variety of measures
    • Miller, N. E., 1956, Effects of drugs on motivation: the value of using a variety of measures. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 65: 318-333.
    • (1956) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.65 , pp. 318-333
    • Miller, N.E.1
  • 84
    • 0002233857 scopus 로고
    • Shortcomings of food consumption as a measure of hunger: Results from other behavioral techniques
    • Miller, N. E., 1955, Shortcomings of food consumption as a measure of hunger: results from other behavioral techniques. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 63: 141-143.
    • (1955) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.63 , pp. 141-143
    • Miller, N.E.1
  • 85
    • 0000962363 scopus 로고
    • Reward effects of food via stomach fistula compared with those of food via mouth
    • Miller, N., and Kessen, M., 1952, Reward effects of food via stomach fistula compared with those of food via mouth. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45: 555-564.
    • (1952) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 555-564
    • Miller, N.1    Kessen, M.2
  • 86
    • 0021421594 scopus 로고
    • Desatiation produced by liquid diet in rats satiated for glucose solution
    • Mook, D., Gonder-Frederick, L., Keats, P., and Mangione, R., 1984, Desatiation produced by liquid diet in rats satiated for glucose solution. Physiology and Behavior, 32: 875-877.
    • (1984) Physiology and Behavior , vol.32 , pp. 875-877
    • Mook, D.1    Gonder-Frederick, L.2    Keats, P.3    Mangione, R.4
  • 87
  • 89
    • 0020774770 scopus 로고
    • Quality of acquired responses to taste by Ratus norvegicus depends upon type of associated discomfort
    • Pelchat, M., Grill, H., Rozin, P., and Jacobs, J., 1983, Quality of acquired responses to taste by Ratus norvegicus depends upon type of associated discomfort. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 97: 140-153.
    • (1983) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.97 , pp. 140-153
    • Pelchat, M.1    Grill, H.2    Rozin, P.3    Jacobs, J.4
  • 90
    • 0003262987 scopus 로고
    • Motivational concepts: Definitions and distinctions
    • D. W. Pfaff (ed.) New York: Springer
    • Pfaff, D. W., 1982, Motivational concepts: definitions and distinctions. In D. W. Pfaff (ed.) The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation (New York: Springer).
    • (1982) The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation
    • Pfaff, D.W.1
  • 91
    • 84973949941 scopus 로고
    • The special nature of spatial information
    • Potegal, M., 1982, The special nature of spatial information. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5: 647-648.
    • (1982) The Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 647-648
    • Potegal, M.1
  • 93
    • 23044526280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning and unlearning mechanisms in animats and animals
    • forthcoming
    • Savage, T., and Ziemke, T., 2000 (forthcoming) Learning and unlearning mechanisms in animats and animals. Adaptive Behavior.
    • (2000) Adaptive Behavior
    • Savage, T.1    Ziemke, T.2
  • 94
    • 85005608802 scopus 로고
    • A proposal for a standard ethogram, exemplified by an ethogram of the blue-breasted quail
    • Schleidt, W., Yakalis, G., Donnelly, M., and McGarry, J., 1984, A proposal for a standard ethogram, exemplified by an ethogram of the blue-breasted quail. Zeitsschrift für Tierpsychologie, 64: 193-220.
    • (1984) Zeitsschrift für Tierpsychologie , vol.64 , pp. 193-220
    • Schleidt, W.1    Yakalis, G.2    Donnelly, M.3    McGarry, J.4
  • 97
    • 0000436311 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological conditioning and drug effects
    • A.J. Goudie and M. W. Emmett-Oglesby (eds) Clifton NJ: Humana Press
    • Siegel, S., 1989, Pharmacological conditioning and drug effects. In A.J. Goudie and M. W. Emmett-Oglesby (eds) Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance and Sensitization (Clifton NJ: Humana Press).
    • (1989) Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance and Sensitization
    • Siegel, S.1
  • 98
    • 0016045280 scopus 로고
    • An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. The temporal dynamics of affect
    • Solomon, R., and Corbit, J., 1974, An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. The temporal dynamics of affect. Psychological Review, 81: 119-145.
    • (1974) Psychological Review , vol.81 , pp. 119-145
    • Solomon, R.1    Corbit, J.2
  • 99
    • 0019477345 scopus 로고
    • Backward conditioning: A re-valuation of the empirical evidence
    • Spetch, M. L., Wilkie, D. M., and Pine, J. P. J., 1981, Backward conditioning: a re-valuation of the empirical evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 89: 163-175.
    • (1981) Psychological Bulletin , vol.89 , pp. 163-175
    • Spetch, M.L.1    Wilkie, D.M.2    Pine, J.P.J.3
  • 100
    • 0002325672 scopus 로고
    • The artificial life roots of artificial intelligence
    • C. G. Langton (ed.) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press
    • Steels, L., 1995, The artificial life roots of artificial intelligence. In C. G. Langton (ed.) Artificial Life: An Overview (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press).
    • (1995) Artificial Life: An Overview
    • Steels, L.1
  • 101
    • 33847202724 scopus 로고
    • Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences
    • Sutton, R. S., 1988, Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences. Machine Learning, 3: 9-44.
    • (1988) Machine Learning , vol.3 , pp. 9-44
    • Sutton, R.S.1
  • 104
    • 0011317533 scopus 로고
    • Animal motivation and cognition
    • H. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyer (eds) Cambridge MA: The MIT Press
    • Toates, F., 1995, Animal motivation and cognition. In H. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyer (eds) Comparative Approaches to Cognition (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press).
    • (1995) Comparative Approaches to Cognition
    • Toates, F.1
  • 105
    • 0003940621 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Toates, F., 1986, Motivational Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
    • (1986) Motivational Systems
    • Toates, F.1
  • 106
    • 0000021971 scopus 로고
    • Principles of performance
    • Tolman, E. C., 1955, Principles of performance. Psychological Review, 62: 315-326.
    • (1955) Psychological Review , vol.62 , pp. 315-326
    • Tolman, E.C.1
  • 107
    • 0001461525 scopus 로고
    • There is more than one kind of learning
    • Tolman, E. C. 1949, There is more than one kind of learning. Psychological Review, 56: 144-155.
    • (1949) Psychological Review , vol.56 , pp. 144-155
    • Tolman, E.C.1
  • 108
    • 0001866969 scopus 로고
    • The determinants of behavior at a choice point
    • Tolman, E. C., 1938, The determinants of behavior at a choice point. Psychological Review, 45: 1-41.
    • (1938) Psychological Review , vol.45 , pp. 1-41
    • Tolman, E.C.1
  • 109
    • 0002835097 scopus 로고
    • The second learning process in instrumental learning
    • A. Black and W. Prokasy (eds) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
    • Trapold, M., and Overmier, J., 1972, The second learning process in instrumental learning. In A. Black and W. Prokasy (eds) Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts).
    • (1972) Classical Conditioning Ii: Current Research and Theory
    • Trapold, M.1    Overmier, J.2
  • 113
  • 114
    • 84989993724 scopus 로고
    • Automaintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement
    • Williams, D., and Williams, H., 1969, Automaintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12: 511-520.
    • (1969) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.12 , pp. 511-520
    • Williams, D.1    Williams, H.2
  • 115
  • 117
    • 0002204314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building grounded symbols for localisation using motivations
    • P. Husbands and I. Harvey (eds) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Zrehen, S., and Gaussier, P., 1997, Building grounded symbols for localisation using motivations. In P. Husbands and I. Harvey (eds) Proceeding of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL97, pp. 299-308 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
    • (1997) Proceeding of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL97 , pp. 299-308
    • Zrehen, S.1    Gaussier, P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.