Civil society participation in World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank programs: The case of Argentina

Global Governance

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 433-456

  Acuña, Carlos H ^a   Tuozzo, Marĩa Fernanda ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN ANDRÉS   (Argentina)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034344726     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00604004     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. For example, in 1997, the total amount of loans outstanding from MDBs equaled 1 percent of Argentina's $322 billion gross domestic product.
2. The number of loans granted by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has increased significantly and regularly, growing from three loans in 1994 to twelve in 1998. In addition, adjustment projects have made way for loans to sectors such as health, labor, education, and transportation. As for the IDB, the regional bank has also granted a steadily increasing number of loans per year, from five in 1994 to fifteen in 1998. The composition of those loans has also changed, with a greater concentration in areas such as labor and education.
3. Diana Tussie, Marcos Mendiburu, and P. Vásquez, "Los nuevos mandatos de los Bancos Multilaterales de Desarrollo: Su aplicación al caso de argentina," in Tussie, El BID, el Banco Mundial y la sociedad civil: Nuevas formas de financiamiento international (Buenos Aires: FLACSO, 1997).
4. There is no comparable percentage data from the IBRD because its fiscal year had already come to an end.
5. Carlos Acuña, "Politica y economía en la Argentina de los 90 (O por qué el futuro ya no es lo que solía ser)," in Acuña, ed., La nueva matriz política argentina (Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión, 1995).
6. La Nación, 5 December 1997, p. 1, section 2.
7. Luis Beccaria and Néstor López, "Notas sobre el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo urbano," in Beccaria and López, eds., Sin trabajo: Las características del desempleo y sus efectos en la sociedad argentina (Buenos Aires: UNICEF/ Losada, 1996), p. 40.
8. Silvia Montoya, "Capacitación y reentrenamiento laboral: Argentina durante la transición" (Córdoba, Argentina: Fundación Mediterránea; Buenos Aires: Fundación Conrad Adenauer, 1995); Montoya, "Nuevos programas de empleo," Novedades, no. 183, May (Córdoba, Argentina: Fundación Mediterránea, 1996); Ricardo O. Gonzáles, Flexibilización laboral y régimen de contrato de trabajo (Buenos Aires: Depalma, 1996).
9. Silvia Montoya, "Capacitación y reentrenamiento laboral: Argentina durante la transición" (Córdoba, Argentina: Fundación Mediterránea; Buenos Aires: Fundación Conrad Adenauer, 1995); Montoya, "Nuevos programas de empleo," Novedades, no. 183, May (Córdoba, Argentina: Fundación Mediterránea, 1996); Ricardo O. Gonzáles, Flexibilización laboral y régimen de contrato de trabajo (Buenos Aires: Depalma, 1996).
10. Silvia Montoya, "Capacitación y reentrenamiento laboral: Argentina durante la transición" (Córdoba, Argentina: Fundación Mediterránea; Buenos Aires: Fundación Conrad Adenauer, 1995); Montoya, "Nuevos programas de empleo," Novedades, no. 183, May (Córdoba, Argentina: Fundación Mediterránea, 1996); Ricardo O. Gonzáles, Flexibilización laboral y régimen de contrato de trabajo (Buenos Aires: Depalma, 1996).
11. Laura Golbert, "La protección al desempleado: Una cuestión pendiente," Serie de Estudios No. 19 (Buenos Aires: CECE, 1997), p. 23.
12. In 1997, the "Plan Trabajar," funded by the World Bank, had more than 70,000 beneficiaries in May-June; 94,000 in July; 133,000 in August; and more than 173,000 in September. It finished with 237,115 beneficiaries in January-October 1997 (Ministry of Labor and Social Security, "Informe de Coyuntura," Buenos Aires, December 1997).
13. For a reconstruction of labor reform until 1995, see Sebastián Etchemendy and Vicente Palermo, "Conflicto y concertación. Gobierno: Congreso y organizaciones de interés en la reforma laboral del primer gobierno de Menem," Working Paper No. 41, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, 1997.
14. Ultraactividad is a characteristic of Argentine collective or sector labor contracts by which the terms of an agreement remain valid after it expires and until a new labor contract is negotiated.
15. In 1997, the FREPASO allied with the Radical Party. Their Alianza (Alliance) confronted and defeated the Peronist (Justicialista) candidate in the 1999 presidential elections.
16. Obras sociales are trade union-managed health insurance organizations financed through payroll taxes.
17. It is questionable whether this division of labor is the result of organized cooperation between the MDBs and the IMF. It could be that the "division" is the result, not desired by the IMF, of MDBs that focus on containment and social support programs with ministries as clients or counterparts and that lack an understanding of greater macroeconomic problems, thus pushing the IMF to stand alone in stipulating conditions.
18. IMF, Letter of Intent of Argentina (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, December 1997).
19. "Reforma laboral: Un paso atrás," El Economista, 11 September 1998, p. 4.
20. The Argentine system is different from market-based models of health care, such as that of the United States (private health insurance for the general population with government coverage for the poor only). It is also different from socialized health care systems, such as that of the U.K. (universal coverage by the government for all social sectors). Rather, it has components of both, making it an intermediate or "hybrid" system. See Oscar Cetrangolo, "Exposition on the Health System Reform in Argentina," address presented at the conference "El Estado y su Reforma en la Argentina," organized by the Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, 12 November 1997.
21. For more information on reform proposals, see Roberto Taffani, Privatización, subcobertura y reforma competitiva en salud (manuscript, 1996); Guillermo Alonso, "Estado, política y actores sociales en la reforma de la seguridad social Argentina" (Ph.D. diss., Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, 1997).
22. For more information on reform proposals, see Roberto Taffani, Privatización, subcobertura y reforma competitiva en salud (manuscript, 1996); Guillermo Alonso, "Estado, política y actores sociales en la reforma de la seguridad social Argentina" (Ph.D. diss., Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, 1997).
23. Silvia Montoya, "El sector salud en Argentina: La evaluación de la reforma," IERAL Working Paper No. 13, Córdoba, Argentina, 1998.
24. Ibid.
25. Alonso, 1997.
26. "La reforma laboral va al freezer . . ." El Cronista Comercial, 1 June 1998, p. 5.
27. This was the case of Docthos and the Exxel Group, which merged with OSDO and Witcel. Such cases spread throughout the market, and twelve contracts were signed. During May and June 1997, which were designated as a period of transfer, these latter two companies captured the most new customers, who tended to be the highest-income workers. Montoya, "El sector salud en Argentina."
28. Editorial, La Nación, 18 May 1998, p. 20.
29. Ginés Gonzáles García and Federico Tobar, Más salud por el mismo dinero: La reforma del sistema de salud argentino (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Isalud, 1997).
30. Germán Odstrcil, "Comparative Analysis of Health Care Systems: Trends of the Argentine Model" (B.A. thesis in business administration, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, 1998), p. 47.
31. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
32. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
33. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
34. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
35. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
36. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
37. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
38. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
39. The information on PROMIN is based on World Bank/PROMIN documents and on T. Albánez, M. M. Colmenares, and C. H. Acuña, "Una mirada al PROMIN: Misión de revisión y análisis externo para PNUD Argentina" (Buenos Aires: PNUD, October 1998). From the World Bank, see "Report and Recommendations of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Argentine Republic in an Amount Equivalent to US$230 Million" (manuscript, 1995); "Staff Appraisal Report Argentina: Provincial Health Sector Development Project," No. 14399-AR, Washington, D.C., 1995; "Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter" (manuscript, 1998). From the World Bank/PROMIN, see PROMIN I, "Staff Appraisal Report," Report No. 11.790-AR, Préstamo No. BIRF 3643-AR, May 1993; Enmiendas al Préstamo 3643-AR; PROMIN II, "Project Appraisal Document," Report No. 16419, Préstamo No. BIRF 4164 AR, April 1997; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I y preparación PROMIN II, June 1996"; "Ayuda memoria: Misión de supervisión PROMIN I, October 1996"; "Ayuda Memoria: Misión de medio término PROMIN I, April 1998."
40. Argentina's population in 1991 was 32.3 million. UNICEF, Proyecto materno infantil y nutrición (Buenos Aires: UNICEF, October 1992), p. 4.
41. See UNICEF, ibid.
42. Two criteria were taken into account: geographic zones in which more than 30 percent of inhabitants suffered from structural poverty and, within those areas, women of child-bearing age and children under six years old.
43. Cáritas and Cruz Roja Argentina, "PROMIN Florencia Varela: Informe de auditoría social" (Buenos Aires: Cáritas and Cruz Roja Argentina, 1996).