William Farr: Campaigning Statistician

Journal of Medical Biography

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 220-227

  Halliday, Stephen ^a  

^a Chalfont St Giles   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cholera; Registrar General; sanitation; statistics; water supply; William Farr

Indexed keywords

ART; CHOLERA; HISTORY; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; STATISTICS; UNITED KINGDOM; VITAL STATISTICS;

CHOLERA; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; ENGLAND; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; VITAL STATISTICS;

EID: 0034321692     PISSN: 09677720     EISSN: 17581087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/096777200000800409     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. This account of Farr's early life is based upon a biographical sketch by Noel Humphreys, who worked with Farr in the Registrar-General's office from 1856 and made use of an autobiographical fragment begun by Farr himself in 1833; the sketch was published in a memorial volume of Farr's works by the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, in 1885, a copy of which is held in the library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. See following note for details of publisher
2. Vital Statistics, a Memorial Volume of Selections from the Reports and Writings of William Farr, London: Sanitary Institute, 1885: xi. (Reprinted New York: Scarecrow Press, 1975)
3. Farr received numerous honorary degrees, including one from Oxford in 1857, after which he was known as Dr Farr
4. Wakley Thomas (1795–1862), surgeon, Member of Parliament for Finsbury, campaigner for medical reforms and for unadulterated food
5. Lancet, 14 November 1835: 240–5; 13 February 1836: 773–80; 16 April 1836: 109–10; 10 February 1838: 701–4; 22 September 1838: 26–9
6. Chadwick's letter, dated 13 April 1844, making this claim is quoted in Vital Statistics (Lancet ref. 2): viii
7. Registrar-General's First Annual Report, 1838: xiv; the library of the Office for National Statistics, Pimlico, London SW1, contains all the annual reports
8. Weatherall M, describes Heberden's work in Cambridge Contributions, Medical Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997: 28–9
9. The letter, drafted by Farr, is quoted in the Registrar-General's First Annual Report, pp. 11–12
10. First Annual Report, p. 95, contains Farr's first “statistical nosology”, which was modified in subsequent reports as diseases were distinguished more clearly
11. First Annual Report, pp. 95 122
12. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964: vol. VI, p. 1090
13. Parliamentary Papers, 1846: vol. 10, p. 651, Chadwick's evidence
14. Fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General, 1847: xv
15. Fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General Main Themes of the Medical History in Crete during the Period of the Venetian and the Turkish Occupation on the Island xvii
16. Cook GC. Joseph William Bazalgette (1819–1891): a major figure in the health improvements of Victorian London. J Med Biog 1999; 7: 17–24; Halliday S. The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999
17. Wohl AS. Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. London: Methuen, 1984: 119
18. Pelling M. Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978: 60
19. The cholera bacillus was definitively identified by Robert Koch in India in 1883
20. Over 37,000 deaths in London from cholera were recorded in four epidemics; see also Farr's records in the annual reports of the Registrar-General for 1849, 1854, 1866
21. Lancet, 12 November 1831: 216
22. Lancet, 22 October 1853: 393–4
23. The Times, 12 September 1849: 3, cols 3–4; 12 September: 4, cols 2–3
24. Pelling M (The Times ref. 19):141
25. Parliamentary Papers, 1844: vol. 17, p. 50
26. Builder, 1 February 1890: 78–9
27. Now renamed Broadwick Street and the site of a memorial to John Snow
28. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1975: vol. 12, p. 503
29. Parliamentary Papers, 1854–5: vol. 21, p. 16 (see also pp. 26–31 for the Committee's explanations)
30. Parliamentary Papers: 48
31. Parliamentary Papers: 161
32. Parliamentary Papers: Appendix 4, Report on Golden Square, pp. 155–61
33. Parliamentary Papers: 52
34. Parliamentary Papers: 48
35. Seventeenth Annual Report of the Registrar-General, 1854: appendix, pp. 91–9
36. Parliamentary Papers, 1867–8: vol. 37, p. 88
37. The Times, 2 August 1866: 10
38. Narrative of proceedings of the General Register Office during the Cholera Epidemic of 1866. Parliamentary Papers, 1867–8: vol. 37, p. 95
39. Parliamentary Papers: 117
40. Parliamentary Papers: 102
41. Parliamentary Papers, 1867: vol. 58, pp. 14–15
42. Parliamentary Papers, 1867–8: vol. 37, p. 61
43. Parliamentary Papers: 79–80
44. Twenty-Ninth Annual Report of the Registrar-General, 1869: iv
45. Lancet, 15 August 1868: 223
46. Lancet, 5 May 1883: 800–1, Farr's obituary
47. Vital Statistics (Lancet ref. 2):555
48. Lancet, 5 May 1883: 800
49. Fortieth Annual Report of the Registrar-General, 1877: xi
50. Lancet, 5 May 1883: 800
51. Levi Leone (1821–1888), Professor of Commerce at King's College, London, prolific writer on law, commerce and statistics; vice-president of the Statistical Society
52. The Times, 23 April 1883: 10