Analysis of the scattering of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation from rough surfaces with application to pulse radar operating in backscatter mode

Radio Science

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 1337-1359

  Walsh, J ^a,b   Gill, E W ^b  

^a Northern Radar Inc   (Canada)

^b MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING; RADAR; RADAR TARGET RECOGNITION; RADIATION; BACKSCATTERING; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EMISSION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES; RADAR CROSS SECTION;

RAYLEIGH SCATTERING THEORY;

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING; SURFACE SCATTERING;

CONDUCTING SPHERES; CONDUCTING SURFACES; FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS; GENERALIZED FUNCTIONS; HIGH FREQUENCY HF; HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; NORMAL COMPONENT; SCATTERING ORDER;

EID: 0034314164     PISSN: 00486604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000RS002532     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bahar, E., Radio wave propagation in stratified media with nonuniform boundaries and varying electrical parameters: Full wave analysis, Can. J. Phy., 50(24), 3132-3142, 1972.
2. Bahar, E., Full-wave solutions for the scattered radiation field from rough surfaces with arbitrary slope and frequency, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 28, 11-21, 1980.
3. Bahar, E., Full-wave analysis for rough surface diffuse, incoherent radar cross sections with height-slope corrections included, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 39, 1293-1304, 1991.
4. Bahar, E., B. Lee, G. Huang, and R. Kubik, Like- and cross-polarized transmission scatter cross sections for random rough surfaces: Full wave solutions, Radio Sci., 30, 545-562, 1995.
5. Barrick, D., Theory of HF and VHF propagation across the rough sea, 1, The effective surface impedance for a slightly rough highly conducting medium at grazing incidence, Radio Sci., 6, 517-526, 1971a.
6. Barrick, D., Theory of HF and VHF propagation across the rough sea, 2, Application to HF and VHF propagation above the sea, Radio Sci., 6, 527-533, 1971b.
7. Barrick, D., Remote sensing of sea state by radar, in Remote Sensing of the Troposphere, edited by V. Derr, chap. 12, pp. 1-46, U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, B.C., 1972a.
8. Barrick, D., First-order theory and analysis of MF/HF/ VHF scatter from the sea, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 20, 2-10, 1972b.
9. Bleistein, N., and R. Handelsman, Asymptotic Expansion of Integrals, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Fort Worth, Tex., 1975.
10. Collin, R., Electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting rough surfaces (A new fuu wave method), IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 40, 1466-1477, 1992.
11. Friedman, B., Lectures on Applications Oriented Mathematics, Holden-Day, Merrifield, Va., 1969.
12. Gill, E., The scattering of high frequency electromagnetic radiation from the ocean surface: An analysis based on a bistatic ground wave radar configuration, Ph.D. thesis, Mem. Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1999.
13. Gill, E., and J. Walsh, Extraction of ocean wave parameters from HF backscatter received by a four-element array: Analysis and application, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 17(4), 376-386, 1992.
14. Gill, E., and J. Walsh, On the second-order high frequency bistatic ground wave radar cross section of the ocean surface, paper presented at IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inst. of Electr. and Electron. Eng. Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1997.
15. Gill, E., and J. Walsh, Bistatic form of the electric field equations for the scattering of vertically polarized high-frequency ground wave radiation from slightly rough, good conducting surfaces, Radio Sci., this issue.
16. Gill, E., M. Khandekar, R. Howell, and J. Walsh, Ocean surface wave measurement using a steerable high frequency narrow beam ground wave radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13(3), 1996.
17. Howell, R., and J. Walsh, Measurement of ocean wave spectra using narrow beam HF radar, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 18(3), 296-305, 1993a.
18. Howell, R., and J. Walsh, Measurement of ocean wave spectra using a ship-mounted HF radar, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 18(3), 306-310, 1993b.
19. Ishimaru, A., Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation and Scattering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1991.
20. Mitzner, K., Effect of small irregularities on electromagnetic scattering from an interface of arbitrary shape, Math. Phys., 5, 1776-1786, 1964.
21. Norton, K., The propagation of radio waves over the surface of the Earth and in the upper atmosphere, I, Proc. IEEE, 24, 1367-1387, 1936.
22. Norton, K., The propagation of radio waves over the surface of the Earth and in the upper atmosphere, II, Proc. IEEE, 25, 1203-1236, 1937.
23. Rice, S., Reflection of electromagnetic waves from a slightly rough surface, in Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, edited by K. Kline, pp. 351-378, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1951.
24. Rodriguez, E., and Y. Kim, A unified perturbation expansion for surface scattering, Radio Sci., 27, 79-93, 1992.
25. Rosich, R., and J. Wait, A general perturbation solution for reflection from two-dimensional periodic surfaces, Radio Sci., 12, 719-729, 1977.
26. Ruck, G., D. Barrick, W. Stuart, and C. Krichbaum (Eds.), Radar Cross Section Handbook, vol. 1 and 2, Plenum, New York, 1970.
27. Sommerfeld, A., The propagation of waves in wireless telegraphy, Ann. Phys., 28, 665-736, 1909.
28. Srivastava, S., Analysis of HF scattering from an ocean surface: An alternative approach incorporating a dipole source, Ph.D. thesis, Mem. Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1984.
29. Stratton, J., Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
30. Strutt, J., The Theory of Sound, vol. 2, Dover, Mineola, N. Y., 1945.
31. Wait, J., Perturbation analysis for reflection from two-dimensional periodic sea waves, Radio Sci., 6, 387-391, 1971.
32. Walsh, J., On the theory of electromagnetic propagation across a rough surface and calculations in the VHF region, OEIC Rep. N00232, Ocean Eng. Inf. Cent., Mem. Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1980.
33. Walsh, J., Asymptotic expansion of a Sommerfeld integral, Electron. Lett., 20(18), 746-747, 1984.
34. Walsh, J., and R. Donnelly, A new technique for studying propagation and scattering for mixed paths with discontinuities, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 412, 125-167, 1987a.
35. Walsh, J., and R. Donnelly, A consolidated approach to two-body electromagnetic scattering problems, Phys. Rev. A Gen. Phys., 36(9), 4474-4485, 1987b.
36. Walsh, J., S. Srivastava, Rough surface propagation and scatter, 1, General formulation and solution for periodic surfaces, Radio Sci., 22, 193-208, 1987a.
37. Walsh, J., S. Srivastava, Rough surface propagation and scatter with applications to remote sensing in an ocean environment, paper presented at AGARD EPP Meeting on Scattering and Propagation in Random Media, Adv. Group for Aerosp. Res. and Dev., NATO, Rome Italy, May 1987b.
38. Walsh, J., S. Srivastava, and B. Dawe, Analytic model development for the study of ground wave radars as remote sensors in an ocean environment, contract report 90-C14, Cent, for Cold Ocean Resour. Eng., Mem. Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1986.
39. Walsh, J., R. Howell, and B. Dawe, Model development for evaluation studies of ground wave radar, contract report 90-C14, Cent. for Cold Ocean Resour. Eng., Mem. Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1990.
40. Walsh, J., B. Dawe, and E. Gill, An investigation of the first-order bistatic cross section of the ocean surface, paper presented at IEEE Newfoundland Electrical and Computer Engineering Conference, St. John's Newfoundland, Canada, 1996.