Hospital saturday, workplace collections and issues in late nineteenth-century hospital funding

Medical History

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 461-488

  Cherry, Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; ECONOMICS; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE COST; HISTORY; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; NON PROFIT HOSPITAL; PUBLIC OPINION; SOCIAL WELFARE; UNITED KINGDOM;

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHARITIES; FUND RAISING; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION; HOSPITALS, VOLUNTARY; HUMANS; PUBLIC OPINION;

EID: 0034302677     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300067089     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Frank Prochaska, Philanthropy and the hospitals of London, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992.
2. A Evans and L G Redmond Howard, The romance of the British voluntary hospital movement, London, Hutchinson, 1930; Steven Cherry, Medical services and the hospitals in Britain 1860-1939, Studies in Economic and Social History, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 44-8, 60-3, and Keir Waddington and Anne Hardy (eds), Financing British medicine (forthcoming)
3. A Evans and L G Redmond Howard, The romance of the British voluntary hospital movement, London, Hutchinson, 1930; Steven Cherry, Medical services and the hospitals in Britain 1860-1939, Studies in Economic and Social History, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 44-8, 60-3, and Keir Waddington and Anne Hardy (eds), Financing British medicine (forthcoming)
4. A Evans and L G Redmond Howard, The romance of the British voluntary hospital movement, London, Hutchinson, 1930; Steven Cherry, Medical services and the hospitals in Britain 1860-1939, Studies in Economic and Social History, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 44-8, 60-3, and Keir Waddington and Anne Hardy (eds), Financing British medicine (forthcoming)
5. Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooler, 'Science, scientific management and the transformation of medicine in Britain c. 1870-1950', History of Science, 1998, 36: 421-66, p. 425; Michael Millman, The influence of the Social Science Association on hospital planning in Victorian England', Med. Hist., 1974, 18: 122-37.
6. Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooler, 'Science, scientific management and the transformation of medicine in Britain c. 1870-1950', History of Science, 1998, 36: 421-66, p. 425; Michael Millman, The influence of the Social Science Association on hospital planning in Victorian England', Med. Hist., 1974, 18: 122-37.
7. Geoffrey Rivett, The development of the London hospital system 1823-1982, London, King Edward's Hospital Fund for London, 1986, pp. 112-24.
8. Thus Henry Burdett, a staunch defender of voluntary hospitals against outside interference from the State or the C.O.S., became a major exponent of hospital administrative reform. Frederic Mouat, an expert on hospital design at the Local Government Board, came to favour a state subsidized hospital service.
9. Cherry, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 48-51.
10. Geoffrey Finlayson, Citizen, state and social welfare in Britain, 1830-1990, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 7; Keir Waddington, 'Bastard benevolence: centralisation, voluntarism and the Sunday fund, 1873-1898', London J., 1994, 19: 151-67, and '"Grasping Gratitude": Charity and Hospital Finance in Late-Victorian London' (forthcoming).
11. Geoffrey Finlayson, Citizen, state and social welfare in Britain, 1830-1990, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 7; Keir Waddington, 'Bastard benevolence: centralisation, voluntarism and the Sunday fund, 1873-1898', London J., 1994, 19: 151-67, and '"Grasping Gratitude": Charity and Hospital Finance in Late-Victorian London' (forthcoming).
12. Geoffrey Finlayson, Citizen, state and social welfare in Britain, 1830-1990, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 7; Keir Waddington, 'Bastard benevolence: centralisation, voluntarism and the Sunday fund, 1873-1898', London J., 1994, 19: 151-67, and '"Grasping Gratitude": Charity and Hospital Finance in Late-Victorian London' (forthcoming).
13. Stephen Yeo, Religion and voluntary organisations in crisis, London, Croom Helm, 1976, p. 217.
14. Excluding charities for the deaf, blind, disabled, etc. David Owen, English philanthropy 1660-1960, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 479.
15. Robert Pinker, English hospital statistics, 1861-1938, London, Heinemann, 1966, Tables I, p. 49; X, p. 69; and XIV, p. 81.
16. Lindsay Granshaw, 'Fame and fortune by means of bricks and mortar: the medical profession and specialist hospitals in Britain', in Lindsay Granshaw and Roy Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989, pp. 199-220.
17. John Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society, Manchester University Press, 1985, pp. 138-41.
18. Hilary Marland, Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield 1780-1870. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
19. Steven Cherry, 'Beyond national health insurance: the voluntary hospitals and contributory schemes', Soc. Hist. Med., 1992, 5: 455-82, p. 461.
20. Steven Cherry, 'Change and continuity in the cottage hospitals c. 1859-1948', Med. Hist., 1992, 36: 271-89.
21. Pickstone, op. cit. note 12 above, p. 140.
22. They had 6.25 million members plus dependants by the early 1930s and 10.3 million by 1938. Steven Cherry, 'Before the National Health Service: financing the voluntary hospitals, 1900-1939', Econ. Hist. Rev., 1997, 50 (2): 305-26, p. 318; and note 14 above.
23. Idem, 'Accountability, entitlement and control issues and voluntary hospital funding c.1860-1939', Soc. Hist. Med., 1997, 9 (2): 215-33.
24. Idem, 'Regional comparators in the funding and organisation of the voluntary hospital system, c.1860-1939', in Waddington and Hardy, op. cit., note 2 above. Aneurin Bevan was involved in such efforts in the Tredegar Medical Aid Society, which offered sick club hospital benefit at three pence per week. John Campbell, Nye Bevan and the mirage of British Socialism, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987, p. 21.
25. Idem, 'Regional comparators in the funding and organisation of the voluntary hospital system, c.1860-1939', in Waddington and Hardy, op. cit., note 2 above. Aneurin Bevan was involved in such efforts in the Tredegar Medical Aid Society, which offered sick club hospital benefit at three pence per week. John Campbell, Nye Bevan and the mirage of British Socialism, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987, p. 21.
26. Mike Saks (ed.), Alternative medicine in Britain, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992; James Riley, Sick, not dead, Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
27. Mike Saks (ed.), Alternative medicine in Britain, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992; James Riley, Sick, not dead, Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
28. J Frome Wilkinson, Mutual thrift, London, 1891, p. 191.
29. David G Green, Working-class patients and the medical establishment, Aldershot, Gower, 1985, p. 95. This includes some double counting because of dual policy holders.
30. The battle of the clubs, London, Lancet, 1896, pp. 117, 123, 180.
31. David Hamilton, The healers: a history of medicine in Scotland, Edinburgh, Canongate, 1981; Thomas Ferguson, The dawn of Scottish social welfare, Edinburgh, Nelson, 1948, pp. 443-4.
32. David Hamilton, The healers: a history of medicine in Scotland, Edinburgh, Canongate, 1981; Thomas Ferguson, The dawn of Scottish social welfare, Edinburgh, Nelson, 1948, pp. 443-4.
33. See Cherry, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 460-1, for confirmation of this point in the relatively poor counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Corresponding changes in attitudes to service users, and provincial emulation, lagged considerably behind the provisions of the 1867 Metropolitan Poor Act.
34. Robert Earwicker, 'The emergence of a medical strategy in the Labour Movement 1906-19', Bull. soc. Hist. Med., 1981, 29: 6. Riley, op. cit., note 20 above, p. 20, stresses the role of clubs as employers of doctors.
35. Robert Earwicker, 'The emergence of a medical strategy in the Labour Movement 1906-19', Bull. soc. Hist. Med., 1981, 29: 6. Riley, op. cit., note 20 above, p. 20, stresses the role of clubs as employers of doctors.
36. Olive Checkland, Philanthropy in Victorian Scotland, Edinburgh, John Donald, 1980, p. 162.
37. Rivett, op. cit., note 4 above, pp. 112-13.
38. H C Cameron, Mr Guy's Hospital 1726-1948, London and New York, Longmans, Green, 1954, p. 214.
39. Steven Cherry, The hospitals and population growth' Parts 1 and 2, Population Studies, 1980, 34 (1): 59-76, and (2), pp. 251-66.
40. Steven Cherry, The hospitals and population growth' Parts 1 and 2, Population Studies, 1980, 34 (1): 59-76, and (2), pp. 251-66.
41. Cameron, op. cit, note 29 above, pp. 215-16,
42. Arthur Rook, Margaret Carlton and W Graham Cannon, The history of Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 192-4, p. 208.
43. Cherry, op. cit., note 30 above, p. 75. Of seven provincial hospitals examined, those in Manchester, Leeds and Norwich were completely rebuilt and Leicester, Bristol and Worcester infirmaries much altered by 1880. A Logan Turner, Story of a great hospital: the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1729-1929, Edinburgh and London, Oliver and Boyd, 1937, p. 258.
44. Cherry, op. cit., note 30 above, p. 75. Of seven provincial hospitals examined, those in Manchester, Leeds and Norwich were completely rebuilt and Leicester, Bristol and Worcester infirmaries much altered by 1880. A Logan Turner, Story of a great hospital: the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1729-1929, Edinburgh and London, Oliver and Boyd, 1937, p. 258.
45. Rivett, op. cit., note 4 above, p. 115.
46. H C Burdett, Hospitals and the state, London, Churchill, 1881, Appendices, pp. 16-19.
47. H C Burdett, Hospitals and asylums of the world, London, J and A Churchill, 1893, vol. 3, pp.172-3.
48. Burdett, op. cit., note 35 above, p. 6.
49. Steven Cherry, 'The hospitals and population growth', unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976, pp.196, 224, 252.
50. Burdett op. cit., note 35 above, p. 5. Cherry, op. cit, note 38 above, pp. 224, 252.
51. Burdett op. cit., note 35 above, p. 5. Cherry, op. cit, note 38 above, pp. 224, 252.
52. Rona Caffney, 'The development of hospital provision in Glasgow between 1867 and 1897', PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 1979, p. 103.
53. Hospital, 18 Jan 1890, p. 243.
54. Rivett, op. cit., note 4 above, p. 373.
55. Burdett's hospital annual, London, Scientific Press, 1891, p. lix.
56. Ibid., 1889, p. lxv.
57. Ferguson, op. cit, note 24 above, p. 471.
58. Pickstone, op. cit, note 12 above, pp 193-8.
59. Recorded "ordinary" income at 160 hospitals in this period averaged £1.17 million, with legacies this was £1.64 million. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above. From 1893 this became Burden's hospitals and charities.
60. Recorded "ordinary" income at 160 hospitals in this period averaged £1.17 million, with legacies this was £1.64 million. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above. From 1893 this became Burden's hospitals and charities.
61. Ibid., 1890-1900.
62. Burdett recorded works collections of £73,000 in 35 English and Welsh towns in 1891. Not all this money was allocated to hospitals, but the sample omitted strong collecting areas such as Bradford, Leicester, Halifax and Wigan. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above, and Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 213-14.
63. Burdett recorded works collections of £73,000 in 35 English and Welsh towns in 1891. Not all this money was allocated to hospitals, but the sample omitted strong collecting areas such as Bradford, Leicester, Halifax and Wigan. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above, and Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 213-14.
64. Calculations from The Hospitals Year Book, 1937-41 indicate that 'Patients and societies' provided over 38 per cent of ordinary income in London hospitals 1935-9. In the 300 or so cottage hospitals patient charges or part-payments were standard from the outset.
65. Waddington, 'Bastard benevolence', op. cit., note 7 above, p. 154.
66. Hospital, 14 Aug. 1897 and 23 Dec. 1899. George Herring donated £10,000 annually in 1899 and 1900 and, beginning in 1901 offered a 25 per cent bonus on every £1,000 collected by Hospital Sunday.
67. The Prince's Fund primarily dealt with grants to hospital capital accounts, but its initial contribution to London hospitals' ordinary income exceeded the Sunday Fund. Owen, op. cit., note 9 above, p. 486.
68. Rivett, op. cit., note 4 above, described the Sunday Fund as "essentially a middle and upper class organisation which ran an annual collection on a Sunday in June", p. 123.
69. The first Hospital Saturday was held in Coventry in 1870, followed by Merseyside and Manchester in 1871 and 1872. The latter and Norwich (1873) were conjoint with Hospital Sunday, Birmingham (1873) was more independent.
70. Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1914, p.131, still focused upon aims "to collect funds ... to inculcate the principles of self and mutual help ... to manage their own affairs".
71. E Frizelle and J Martin, The Leicester Royal Infirmary 1771-1971, Leicester, No.1 Hospital Management Committee, 1971, p. 152. Hardy's factory workmen subscribed 2 guineas annually from 1822. Bradford reference in Gordon Palliser et al., The charitable work of hospital contributory schemes, Bristol, British Hospitals Contributory Schemes Association, 1984, p. 38.
72. E Frizelle and J Martin, The Leicester Royal Infirmary 1771-1971, Leicester, No.1 Hospital Management Committee, 1971, p. 152. Hardy's factory workmen subscribed 2 guineas annually from 1822. Bradford reference in Gordon Palliser et al., The charitable work of hospital contributory schemes, Bristol, British Hospitals Contributory Schemes Association, 1984, p. 38.
73. For example in Middlesbrough (1859) and Sunderland (1861); Hull (1861) and Barnsley (1865); Preston and Blackburn (1860s), Birmingham and Wolverhampton (1860s).
74. Exeter (1874) and Gravesend (1879) were among the early southern outposts of Saturday funding.
75. 'Workpeople in mills', Dundee Royal Infirmary annual reports by 1822, in H J Gibson, Dundee Royal Infirmary 1798-1948, Dundee, 1948, p. 25. "General trades" and friendly societies in Greenock 1832, in J Ferner, The Greenock Infirmary 1806-1968, Greenock and District Hospitals Board of Management, 1968, p. 38.
76. 'Workpeople in mills', Dundee Royal Infirmary annual reports by 1822, in H J Gibson, Dundee Royal Infirmary 1798-1948, Dundee, 1948, p. 25. "General trades" and friendly societies in Greenock 1832, in J Ferner, The Greenock Infirmary 1806-1968, Greenock and District Hospitals Board of Management, 1968, p. 38.
77. For example, £42,000 was allocated to hospitals in 22 provincial centres where Saturday and works collections are recorded in 1890. Comparable figures, based on 50 provincial hospitals, were £80,000 in 1893 and £103,000 in 1900. These assume virtually no Saturday or collecting effort south of a line between Bristol and Suffolk, excluding London. Even assuming no underestimation in Burdett's London or Scottish data, the revised 1893 total rises to £101,000 (plus 19 per cent) and that for 1900 to £132,000 (plus 21 per cent). Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above; Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893, 1900. Additional provincial information from Cherry, op. cit., note 17 above, and from Palliser et al., op. cit., note 57 above.
78. For example, £42,000 was allocated to hospitals in 22 provincial centres where Saturday and works collections are recorded in 1890. Comparable figures, based on 50 provincial hospitals, were £80,000 in 1893 and £103,000 in 1900. These assume virtually no Saturday or collecting effort south of a line between Bristol and Suffolk, excluding London. Even assuming no underestimation in Burdett's London or Scottish data, the revised 1893 total rises to £101,000 (plus 19 per cent) and that for 1900 to £132,000 (plus 21 per cent). Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above; Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893, 1900. Additional provincial information from Cherry, op. cit., note 17 above, and from Palliser et al., op. cit., note 57 above.
79. For example, £42,000 was allocated to hospitals in 22 provincial centres where Saturday and works collections are recorded in 1890. Comparable figures, based on 50 provincial hospitals, were £80,000 in 1893 and £103,000 in 1900. These assume virtually no Saturday or collecting effort south of a line between Bristol and Suffolk, excluding London. Even assuming no underestimation in Burdett's London or Scottish data, the revised 1893 total rises to £101,000 (plus 19 per cent) and that for 1900 to £132,000 (plus 21 per cent). Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above; Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893, 1900. Additional provincial information from Cherry, op. cit., note 17 above, and from Palliser et al., op. cit., note 57 above.
80. For example, £42,000 was allocated to hospitals in 22 provincial centres where Saturday and works collections are recorded in 1890. Comparable figures, based on 50 provincial hospitals, were £80,000 in 1893 and £103,000 in 1900. These assume virtually no Saturday or collecting effort south of a line between Bristol and Suffolk, excluding London. Even assuming no underestimation in Burdett's London or Scottish data, the revised 1893 total rises to £101,000 (plus 19 per cent) and that for 1900 to £132,000 (plus 21 per cent). Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above; Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893, 1900. Additional provincial information from Cherry, op. cit., note 17 above, and from Palliser et al., op. cit., note 57 above.
81. Hospital, 4 Nov. 1899.
82. Pickstone, op. cit., note 12 above, p. 144, identifies as the critical factors employer paternalism, the strength of the local middle class and its suspicion of the medical profession, and the presence of concentrations of workers familiar with benevolent funds.
83. From 1872 the Wigan Hospital Saturday network provided almost 40 per cent of local hospital income. By the late 1880s halfpenny or penny schemes provided £1,400 in Bolton, £1,800 in Preston, and £2,500 in Blackburn for local hospitals, between one-third and half their ordinary income. Pickstone, op. cit. note 12 above, p. 45 (Wigan); Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 213-14 (Blackburn); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Bolton); John Wilkinson, Preston's Royal Infirmary, Preston, Carnegie, 1987, p. 45.
84. From 1872 the Wigan Hospital Saturday network provided almost 40 per cent of local hospital income. By the late 1880s halfpenny or penny schemes provided £1,400 in Bolton, £1,800 in Preston, and £2,500 in Blackburn for local hospitals, between one-third and half their ordinary income. Pickstone, op. cit. note 12 above, p. 45 (Wigan); Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 213-14 (Blackburn); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Bolton); John Wilkinson, Preston's Royal Infirmary, Preston, Carnegie, 1987, p. 45.
85. From 1872 the Wigan Hospital Saturday network provided almost 40 per cent of local hospital income. By the late 1880s halfpenny or penny schemes provided £1,400 in Bolton, £1,800 in Preston, and £2,500 in Blackburn for local hospitals, between one-third and half their ordinary income. Pickstone, op. cit. note 12 above, p. 45 (Wigan); Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 213-14 (Blackburn); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Bolton); John Wilkinson, Preston's Royal Infirmary, Preston, Carnegie, 1987, p. 45.
86. From 1872 the Wigan Hospital Saturday network provided almost 40 per cent of local hospital income. By the late 1880s halfpenny or penny schemes provided £1,400 in Bolton, £1,800 in Preston, and £2,500 in Blackburn for local hospitals, between one-third and half their ordinary income. Pickstone, op. cit. note 12 above, p. 45 (Wigan); Burdett, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 213-14 (Blackburn); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Bolton); John Wilkinson, Preston's Royal Infirmary, Preston, Carnegie, 1987, p. 45.
87. Pickstone, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 140-1.
88. Hospital, 17 April 1920, p.56; Hospital and Health Review, 1923, 21, p. 266.
89. Hospital, 17 April 1920, p.56; Hospital and Health Review, 1923, 21, p. 266.
90. Hospital, 9 Dec. 1899 and 27 Jan. 1900. This was almost 25 per cent of ordinary income at the four main hospitals in 1900, with Sunday funding providing a further 20 per cent.
91. Joseph Sampson Gamgee, The origin and future of Hospital Saturday, Birmingham, W G Moore, 1882, pp. 5, 7.
92. At fifty weekly 1d contributions, each £1,000 raised represented roughly 4,800 contributors.
93. Hospital, 21 Oct. 1899, Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1898, p. 109. By 1880 the Fund covered 35 per cent of running costs at the Women's hospital and a £500 annual grant to the Children's hospital. Gamgee, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 7.
94. Hospital, 21 Oct. 1899, Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1898, p. 109. By 1880 the Fund covered 35 per cent of running costs at the Women's hospital and a £500 annual grant to the Children's hospital. Gamgee, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 7.
95. Hospital, 21 Oct. 1899, Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1898, p. 109. By 1880 the Fund covered 35 per cent of running costs at the Women's hospital and a £500 annual grant to the Children's hospital. Gamgee, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 7.
96. Henry Burdett, Hospital Sunday and Hospital Saturday, London, Churchill, 1884, p. 23.
97. Calculated from Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1891, p. 1xxxix. Membership estimates are based on allocations to the hospitals, not the totals collected and are therefore low. Frizelle and Martin, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 169-71 (Leicester); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Wolverhampton), and D T Tugwood, The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital 1838-1938, Lewes, Book Guild, 1987, pp. 40-4.
98. Calculated from Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1891, p. 1xxxix. Membership estimates are based on allocations to the hospitals, not the totals collected and are therefore low. Frizelle and Martin, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 169-71 (Leicester); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Wolverhampton), and D T Tugwood, The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital 1838-1938, Lewes, Book Guild, 1987, pp. 40-4.
99. Calculated from Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1891, p. 1xxxix. Membership estimates are based on allocations to the hospitals, not the totals collected and are therefore low. Frizelle and Martin, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 169-71 (Leicester); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Wolverhampton), and D T Tugwood, The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital 1838-1938, Lewes, Book Guild, 1987, pp. 40-4.
100. Calculated from Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1891, p. 1xxxix. Membership estimates are based on allocations to the hospitals, not the totals collected and are therefore low. Frizelle and Martin, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 169-71 (Leicester); Palliser, op. cit., note 57 above (Wolverhampton), and D T Tugwood, The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital 1838-1938, Lewes, Book Guild, 1987, pp. 40-4.
101. Marland, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 130-4.
102. Ibid., pp. 101, 158-9.
103. Sheffield Hospital Sunday Fund Minute Book, 1 Nov. 1867, Sheffield Archive 33H 25/1; Hospital Saturday, Sept. 1873, Archive JC 1364. Rival proposals, "to get the working men to make small deposits every Saturday night and so establish a provident dispensary" were rejected on the grounds of overlap with existing sick clubs.
104. Ibid. Sunday Fund, 1 Nov. 1867.
105. Ibid. Sunday Fund, 13 Dec. 1907; 25 Nov. 1898. The referral of patients by the Sunday Fund had been "favourably considered" by local hospitals from 10 Dec. 1897. There were also subsequent allegations that substantial deductions had been made from Sunday Fund money by local clergymen (21 Dec. 1910).
106. Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1900, p. 115. The Jessop Hospital for Women and the Royal Hospital received direct collections in 1901.
107. S T Anning, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Edinburgh and London, E & S Livingstone, 1966, p. 106; Burdett, op. cit., note 47 above, 1900. In other mill towns, works collections comprised a major element of hospital income in Bradford, Dewsbury, Halifax, Keighley and Wakefield, slightly less so in Huddersfield.
108. S T Anning, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Edinburgh and London, E & S Livingstone, 1966, p. 106; Burdett, op. cit., note 47 above, 1900. In other mill towns, works collections comprised a major element of hospital income in Bradford, Dewsbury, Halifax, Keighley and Wakefield, slightly less so in Huddersfield.
109. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above, 1891, p. 10.
110. Barnsley Beckett Hospital, Annual reports, 1885-95, 1898-1901.
111. Ibid., 1899-1900; namely £800 compared with the usual £1,150 to £1,200 of the late 1890s.
112. Rotherham Hospital and Dispensary, Annual reports, 1872, p. 11, and 1880-99.
113. This scheme still covered 55 per cent of the running costs of the relocated 48-bed hospital in 1914. Mexborough Montagu Hospital, Annual reports, 1909-14, and D M Wilson, A short history of the Montagu Hospital Mexborough 1889-1925, Mexborough n/d.
114. This scheme still covered 55 per cent of the running costs of the relocated 48-bed hospital in 1914. Mexborough Montagu Hospital, Annual reports, 1909-14, and D M Wilson, A short history of the Montagu Hospital Mexborough 1889-1925, Mexborough n/d.
115. G Swann, The Doncaster Royal Infirmary 1792-1972, Doncaster Hospital Management Committee, 1973, pp. 114-16; Doncaster Infirmary, Annual report, 1919, p. 20.
116. G Swann, The Doncaster Royal Infirmary 1792-1972, Doncaster Hospital Management Committee, 1973, pp. 114-16; Doncaster Infirmary, Annual report, 1919, p. 20.
117. W Robinson, The story of the Royal Infirmary, Sunderland, Sunderland, 1934, p. 77, p. 81. The works collections suggest over 20,000 regular contributors by 1890. See Appendix 1.
118. Works collections in Newcastle in 1900 were £4,908, with the Saturday fund £1,300, and the Armstrong's collection of roughly £2,000, when the Royal Infirmary ordinary income totalled £14,711. At North Ormesby Hospital, nursed by a Roman Catholic sisterhood, a halfpenny weekly collection provided 23 per cent of ordinary income in 1860, and the penny version 44 per cent in 1882. Geoffrey Stout, History of North Ormesby Hospital 1858-1948, Stokesley, G Stout, 1989, pp. 27, 76. North Riding Hospital was established in 1861 and Eston Hospital in 1884 on the basis of direct deductions from ironstone miners' wages.
119. Hospital, 2 Nov. 1889, p. 72.
120. J Jenkinson, M Moss and I Russell, The Royal: the history of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary 1794-1994, Glasgow Royal Infirmary NHS Trust, 1994, p. 67.
121. Calculated from Caffney, op. cit, note 40 above, Tables III, IV and V, pp. 75-6. I wish to acknowledge and draw attention to this important source, to which I have added 1897-1900 material from Burdett's hospitals and charities in Appendix 2.
122. Calculated from Caffney, op. cit, note 40 above, Tables III, IV and V, pp. 75-6. I wish to acknowledge and draw attention to this important source, to which I have added 1897-1900 material from Burdett's hospitals and charities in Appendix 2.
123. Annual Hospital Sunday and church subscriptions were roughly £2,000 in the 1870s and 1880s but growing from 1895.
124. Logan Turner, op. cit., note 33 above, pp. 221-3. The annual average of £4,550 is from Burdett, op. cit., note 47 above, 1893-5.
125. Logan Turner, op. cit., note 33 above, pp. 221-3. The annual average of £4,550 is from Burdett, op. cit., note 47 above, 1893-5.
126. Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893-1900. Works collections in Aberdeen still exceeded the Hospital Saturday effort. Hospital, 3 Feb. 1900 (Kilmarnock).
127. Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893-1900. Works collections in Aberdeen still exceeded the Hospital Saturday effort. Hospital, 3 Feb. 1900 (Kilmarnock).
128. Gibson, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 25, 27; Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893-5.
129. Gibson, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 25, 27; Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1893-5.
130. D H Boyd, Leith Hospital 1848-1988, Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, 1990, p. 19; W G Harrington, Stirling Royal Infirmary 1874-1974, Stirling, Royal Infirmary, 1974, p. 16.
131. D H Boyd, Leith Hospital 1848-1988, Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, 1990, p. 19; W G Harrington, Stirling Royal Infirmary 1874-1974, Stirling, Royal Infirmary, 1974, p. 16.
132. I Scott, Touch one touch a'; Falkirk and District Royal Infirmary 1889-1989, Falkirk, Forth Valley Health Board, 1990, pp. 4-5.
133. Based mainly on the largest 12 general hospitals and 5 others, from 21 special and 29 cottage or village hospitals open in 1890.
134. Gamgee, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 1; Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 23.
135. Gamgee, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 1; Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 23.
136. Hospital Saturday Fund Journal, 1 March 1893, p. 2. That year only 23 workplaces collected more than £50.
137. Hospital, 7 Dec. 1889, p. 159.
138. Such collections constituted roughly 9 per cent of Poplar Hospital's ordinary income and 4 per cent that of the much larger London Hospital. Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1900, p. 275.
139. Ibid., 1893. The figure of £19 per 1000 population was exceeded in most towns so far examined, barring Leeds where it was £15 per 1000. Colchester and Exeter were the sole examples outside the north and Midlands exceeding £19 per 1000.
140. Owen, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 477-9.
141. Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, dismissed the Saturday Fund and its organizers: it was "such a failure" and should be absorbed by the Sunday Fund, "by far the more representative and important body", pp. 5, 16.
142. Burdett's hospital animal, op. cit., note 43 above, p. cvxi.
143. Letter from Mr Allam to the Charity Record, 19 June 1884, cited in Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 3.
144. Medical Times and Hospital Gazette, 15 July 1893.
145. Hospital, 3 and 17 April 1897, 30 Oct. and 11 Dec. 1897. This was not confined to London. In Newcastle, "Hospital Saturday ended in a fracas, during which ex-Mayor Whittingham assaulted one of his fellow workers ... the whole proceedings in the police court showed what at best can be called an undignified meeting", Hospital, 12 July 1890, p. 216.
146. Hospital, 3 and 17 April 1897, 30 Oct. and 11 Dec. 1897. This was not confined to London. In Newcastle, "Hospital Saturday ended in a fracas, during which ex-Mayor Whittingham assaulted one of his fellow workers ... the whole proceedings in the police court showed what at best can be called an undignified meeting", Hospital, 12 July 1890, p. 216.
147. Hospital, 18 Dec. 1897.
148. Frank Prochaska, The voluntary impulse: philanthropy in modern Britain, London, Faber and Faber, 1988, p. 28.
149. Frewer's contribution to a meeting of the Hospital Association, 21 May 1884, was appended to Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 26.
150. Frewer cited a friendly society or trade union which, by subscribing annually 110 guineas, was able to obtain traditional rights of recommendation. Ibid., pp. 26, 28.
151. Ibid., p. 26.
152. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above, p. cxvii.
153. Ibid., p. cxvii.
154. Hospital, 3 Nov. 1900, derided the National Federation of Women Workers' Conference whose "so-called debate" on hospitals addressed the need for better care, the issue of patients being treated "as mere cases" in "schools for students", and the representation of women and workers on hospital boards.
155. Hospital, 6 Nov. 1897.
156. Burdett's hospitals and charities, 1900, p. 477.
157. R Sherlock, 1873-1973, the golden years: a concise history of the Birmingham Hospital Saturday Fund, Birmingham Hospital Saturday Fund, 1973, p. 24.
158. Pickstone, op. cit., note 12 above, p. 144.
159. Brian Abel Smith, The hospitals, 1800-1948, London, Heinemann, 1964, p. 386; Paul Johnson, Saving and spending, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1985, p. 232.
160. Brian Abel Smith, The hospitals, 1800-1948, London, Heinemann, 1964, p. 386; Paul Johnson, Saving and spending, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1985, p. 232.
161. Yeo, op. cit., note 8 above, notes among dissenting groups the Social Democratic Federation.
162. Pickstone, op. cit., note 12 above, p.140.
163. Finlayson, op. cit., note 7 above, pp. 68, 408.
164. Provision of children's wards in such hospitals was often a priority, with capital costs mainly or wholly provided by collections in Preston (1884), Grimsby (1894) and Barnsley (1898), for example. Wilkinson, op. cit., note 64 above, (Preston), Barnsley Beckett Hospital, Annual report, 1898.
165. Provision of children's wards in such hospitals was often a priority, with capital costs mainly or wholly provided by collections in Preston (1884), Grimsby (1894) and Barnsley (1898), for example. Wilkinson, op. cit., note 64 above, (Preston), Barnsley Beckett Hospital, Annual report, 1898.
166. Greenock Infirmary Annual Report, 1875, in Ferrier, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 91-2.
167. Greenock Infirmary Annual Report, 1875, in Ferrier, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 91-2.
168. Press correspondence in Liverpool centred upon the medical staff's right to refuse admission and the Saturday Fund contributors' expectation of treatment. C Brewer, A brief history of Liverpool Royal Infirmary 1887-1978, Liverpool, Area Health Authority, 1980, p. 27. For Sheffield, see note 77 above.
169. Hospital, 18 Jan. 1890, p. 240.
170. Ibid., p. 240.
171. Northampton General Hospital unusually refused this concession until 1904, the first of disagreements between hospital authorities and the Saturday movement. F F Waddy, A history of Northampton General Hospital 1743 to 1948, Northampton, Guildhall Press for Northampton and District Hospital Management Committee, 1974, pp. 124-6. The average percentage of patients not traditionally recommended from 1850-1880 was at Leicester 21 per cent, Worcester, 23 per cent, Norfolk and Norwich 26 per cent, Manchester 38 per cent, Leeds 40 per cent. Cherry, op. cit. note 38 above, p. 124.
172. Northampton General Hospital unusually refused this concession until 1904, the first of disagreements between hospital authorities and the Saturday movement. F F Waddy, A history of Northampton General Hospital 1743 to 1948, Northampton, Guildhall Press for Northampton and District Hospital Management Committee, 1974, pp. 124-6. The average percentage of patients not traditionally recommended from 1850-1880 was at Leicester 21 per cent, Worcester, 23 per cent, Norfolk and Norwich 26 per cent, Manchester 38 per cent, Leeds 40 per cent. Cherry, op. cit. note 38 above, p. 124.
173. Olive Checkland, Philanthropy in Victorian Scotland. Edinburgh, John Donald, 1980, p. 162.
174. Ibid., p. 92.
175. Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 31; Ferrier, op. cit., note 60 above, p. 92.
176. Burdett, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 31; Ferrier, op. cit., note 60 above, p. 92.
177. 134F H Jacob, A history of the General Hospital near Nottingham, Bristol, John Wright, 1951, p. 311; Tugwood, op. cit., note 72 above, p. 40. The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital could recommend up to 264 patients that year. At Preston Royal Infirmary, the number of representatives was increased to four in 1899. Wilkinson, op. cit., note 64 above, p. 47.
178. 134F H Jacob, A history of the General Hospital near Nottingham, Bristol, John Wright, 1951, p. 311; Tugwood, op. cit., note 72 above, p. 40. The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital could recommend up to 264 patients that year. At Preston Royal Infirmary, the number of representatives was increased to four in 1899. Wilkinson, op. cit., note 64 above, p. 47.
179. 134F H Jacob, A history of the General Hospital near Nottingham, Bristol, John Wright, 1951, p. 311; Tugwood, op. cit., note 72 above, p. 40. The Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital could recommend up to 264 patients that year. At Preston Royal Infirmary, the number of representatives was increased to four in 1899. Wilkinson, op. cit., note 64 above, p. 47.
180. Burdett's hospital annual, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 157. The latter included Mexborough and Gorleston hospitals, both founded in 1889. Rotherham hospital had 21 "worker representatives" on its governing body in 1885.
181. S Slater and D Dow, The Victoria Infirmary of Glasgow 1890-1990, Glasgow, Victoria Infirmary Centenary Committee, 1990, p. 55; Hospital, 24 March 1900, p. 420. Nottingham General Hospital was among the first of the major hospitals to have a worker representative elected to its Weekly Board in 1890. Hospital, 26 April 1890, p. 50.
182. S Slater and D Dow, The Victoria Infirmary of Glasgow 1890-1990, Glasgow, Victoria Infirmary Centenary Committee, 1990, p. 55; Hospital, 24 March 1900, p. 420. Nottingham General Hospital was among the first of the major hospitals to have a worker representative elected to its Weekly Board in 1890. Hospital, 26 April 1890, p. 50.
183. S Slater and D Dow, The Victoria Infirmary of Glasgow 1890-1990, Glasgow, Victoria Infirmary Centenary Committee, 1990, p. 55; Hospital, 24 March 1900, p. 420. Nottingham General Hospital was among the first of the major hospitals to have a worker representative elected to its Weekly Board in 1890. Hospital, 26 April 1890, p. 50.
184. Mr Dawson, Saltley Works delegate to the Birmingham Workmen's Fund meeting in January 1869, argued "there was no reason why the working classes should not turn charitable into co-operative institutions", meanwhile, "why should the old man not have ... a note of recommendation signed by duly elected representatives of Saltley Works?" Gamgee, op. cit., note 68 above, pp. 7, 9.
185. Nursing grants often featured in towns (e.g. Bolton) where the general infirmary solely provided non-Poor Law hospital beds.
186. Hospital, 21 Oct. 1899.
187. This was alleged by Northampton General Hospital authorities. Waddy, op. cit., note 130 above, p. 124.
188. Hospital, 25 Sept. 1897. Gratitude and fear were similarly expressed over central government grants in the Great War and local authority contract work afterwards.
189. "Political" alternatives beyond the claims of alternative medicines, or better health and lifestyles under socialism were underdeveloped, although the Fabian Society and Independent Labour Party favoured the reorganization of public or municipal services.
190. F Midgely, cited in Hospital, 8 May 1897.
191. Barnsley Beckett Hospital, Annual report, 1900. With an increase in workingmen governors "and a corresponding change in some of the ideas expressed ... unless the standpoint of those responsible for the management of the hospital is clearly defined, there is some risk of misunderstanding".
192. Caffney, op. cit., note 40 above, p. 86.
193. Hospital, 24 March 1900, p. 420.
194. Ibid.
195. Ibid.
196. Twentieth-century hospital contributory schemes, even more important to voluntary hospitals, noticeably took care to encourage worker participation, particularly in Sheffield and on Merseyside. The works collection or Saturday format remained intact in many Midland, northern and Scottish towns until the Second World War. Elsewhere, contributory schemes (e.g. the Sussex Scheme) developed on geographic, family and unitary lines for those unable to afford private fees. In London, the Hospital Savings Association, an offshoot from the King's Fund, largely replaced Hospital Saturday as the "popular" form of contribution. J E Stone, Hospital organisation and management, 3rd ed., London, 1939.
197. Earwicker, op. cit., note 26 above; Charles Webster, 'Labour and the N.H.S.', in N A Rupke (ed.), Science, politics and the public good, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1988, pp. 184-202.
198. Earwicker, op. cit., note 26 above; Charles Webster, 'Labour and the N.H.S.', in N A Rupke (ed.), Science, politics and the public good, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1988, pp. 184-202.