-
1
-
-
0346877202
-
States federal, financial, sovereign and social: A critical inquiry into an alternative to american financial federalism
-
Summer
-
Very little has been written in English about German public finances. However, an excellent current overview and assessment can be found in Clifford Larsen, "States Federal, Financial, Sovereign and Social: A Critical Inquiry into an Alternative to American Financial Federalism," The American Journal of Comparative Law 47 (Summer 1999): 429-88; a briefer description is contained in Richard M. Bird, Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1986. Several brief overviews can also be found in Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986) Chap 7; "Financing Local Governments in the Federal System," in Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy, ed. by J. Edward Benton and David R. Morgan (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986): 77-92; and "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: ne Journal of Federalism 24, No. 2 (Spring 1994), 81-98.
-
(1999)
The American Journal of Comparative Law
, vol.47
, pp. 429-488
-
-
Larsen, C.1
-
2
-
-
0346877202
-
-
Canadian Tax Foundation
-
Very little has been written in English about German public finances. However, an excellent current overview and assessment can be found in Clifford Larsen, "States Federal, Financial, Sovereign and Social: A Critical Inquiry into an Alternative to American Financial Federalism," The American Journal of Comparative Law 47 (Summer 1999): 429-88; a briefer description is contained in Richard M. Bird, Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1986. Several brief overviews can also be found in Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986) Chap 7; "Financing Local Governments in the Federal System," in Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy, ed. by J. Edward Benton and David R. Morgan (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986): 77-92; and "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: ne Journal of Federalism 24, No. 2 (Spring 1994), 81-98.
-
(1986)
Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective
-
-
Bird, R.M.1
-
3
-
-
0346877202
-
-
Durham: Duke University Press, Chap 7
-
Very little has been written in English about German public finances. However, an excellent current overview and assessment can be found in Clifford Larsen, "States Federal, Financial, Sovereign and Social: A Critical Inquiry into an Alternative to American Financial Federalism," The American Journal of Comparative Law 47 (Summer 1999): 429-88; a briefer description is contained in Richard M. Bird, Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1986. Several brief overviews can also be found in Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986) Chap 7; "Financing Local Governments in the Federal System," in Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy, ed. by J. Edward Benton and David R. Morgan (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986): 77-92; and "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: ne Journal of Federalism 24, No. 2 (Spring 1994), 81-98.
-
(1986)
Local Government in the German Federal System
-
-
Gunlicks, A.B.1
-
4
-
-
0346877202
-
Financing local governments in the federal system
-
ed. by J. Edward Benton and David R. Morgan New York: Greenwood Press
-
Very little has been written in English about German public finances. However, an excellent current overview and assessment can be found in Clifford Larsen, "States Federal, Financial, Sovereign and Social: A Critical Inquiry into an Alternative to American Financial Federalism," The American Journal of Comparative Law 47 (Summer 1999): 429-88; a briefer description is contained in Richard M. Bird, Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1986. Several brief overviews can also be found in Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986) Chap 7; "Financing Local Governments in the Federal System," in Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy, ed. by J. Edward Benton and David R. Morgan (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986): 77-92; and "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: ne Journal of Federalism 24, No. 2 (Spring 1994), 81-98.
-
(1986)
Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy
, pp. 77-92
-
-
-
5
-
-
0002878631
-
German federalism after unification: The legal/constitutional response
-
Spring
-
Very little has been written in English about German public finances. However, an excellent current overview and assessment can be found in Clifford Larsen, "States Federal, Financial, Sovereign and Social: A Critical Inquiry into an Alternative to American Financial Federalism," The American Journal of Comparative Law 47 (Summer 1999): 429-88; a briefer description is contained in Richard M. Bird, Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1986. Several brief overviews can also be found in Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986) Chap 7; "Financing Local Governments in the Federal System," in Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy, ed. by J. Edward Benton and David R. Morgan (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986): 77-92; and "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: ne Journal of Federalism 24, No. 2 (Spring 1994), 81-98.
-
(1994)
Publius: Ne Journal of Federalism
, vol.24
, Issue.2
, pp. 81-98
-
-
-
7
-
-
0001979806
-
Der finanzausgleich im deutschen föderalismus
-
6 June
-
Bernd Huber, "Der Finanzausgleich im deutschen Föderalismus," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B24/97 (6 June 1997), 23, speaks of four stages. Still others speak of three.
-
(1997)
Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
, vol.B24
, Issue.97
, pp. 23
-
-
Huber, B.1
-
8
-
-
0001972005
-
Grundzüge des finanzrechts des grundgesetzes,̈
-
ed. Josef Isensee and Paul Kirchhof Hiedelberg: C.F. Müller Juristischer Verlag
-
Klaus Vogel, "Grundzüge des Finanzrechts des Grundgesetzes,̈ in Handbuch des Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band IV, ed. Josef Isensee and Paul Kirchhof (Hiedelberg: C.F. Müller Juristischer Verlag, 1990), 19-20, 25-26.
-
(1990)
Handbuch des Staatsrechts Der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band IV
, pp. 19-20
-
-
Vogel, K.1
-
9
-
-
0003493672
-
-
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
-
For a useful figure showing the distribution of taxes among the federal, Land, and local levels, see Heinz Laufer and Ursula Munch, Das föderative System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 1997), 160.
-
(1997)
Das Föderative System Der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
, pp. 160
-
-
Laufer, H.1
Munch, U.2
-
10
-
-
0002262916
-
-
Ingo von Münch and Philip Kunig, ed., Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
-
Herbert Fischer-Menshausen, in Ingo von Münch and Philip Kunig, ed., Grundgesetz-Kommentar, Band 3, 3ded. (Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1996), 990-91.
-
(1996)
Grundgesetz-kommentar, Band 3, 3ded.
, pp. 990-991
-
-
Fischer-Menshausen, H.1
-
12
-
-
0002303799
-
-
Michael Inhester, Kommunaler Finanzausgleich im Rahmen der Steuerverfassung (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1998), 97-99; Fischer-Menshausen, Grundgesetz-Kommenar, p. 963.
-
Grundgesetz-kommenar
, pp. 963
-
-
Fischer-Menshausen1
-
13
-
-
0001973793
-
-
note
-
German cities, towns, and villages receive revenues from rural properties because they include within their municipal limits virtually the entire land area of the Federal Republic; that is, there is very little unincorporated territory. Legally, then, a German rural county is a territorial corporation (Gebietsverband) that contains the combined area of a number of smaller territorial corporations called cities, towns, and villages (Gemeinden). Larger cities, usually with populations in excess of 100,000, may form city-counties or county-free cities (Stadtkreise or kreisfreie Städte). In the United States, only Virginia has city-county separation on a statewide basis.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
0002184432
-
Gemeindefinanzbericht 1998
-
In a long list of selected cities, the assessment rate varied from 600 percent to 375 percent for the urban property tax and 515 to 320 for the business profits tax. Harms Karrenberg and Engelbert Münstermann, "Gemeindefinanzbericht 1998," Der Städtetag 3 (1998), 159.
-
(1998)
Der Städtetag
, vol.3
, pp. 159
-
-
Karrenberg, H.1
Münstermann, E.2
-
17
-
-
0002115265
-
-
note
-
"Unsere Steuern von A-Z," Ausgabe 1997 (Bonn: Bundesministerium der Finanzen), Footnote 3, 44-45. For details, see Karrenberg and Münstermann, "Gemeindefinanzbericht 1998," 240.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
0002307128
-
-
Interview with Professor Gisela Färber, German Postgraduate School of Administrative Sciences, 14 July 1999
-
Interview with Professor Gisela Färber, German Postgraduate School of Administrative Sciences, 14 July 1999.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
0002115267
-
-
BVerfGE 72, 330 (386).
-
BVerfGE
, vol.72
, Issue.386
, pp. 330
-
-
-
26
-
-
0002285277
-
-
For data from 1980 to 1994, see the tables in BMF, Finanzbericht 1998,145.
-
(1998)
Finanzbericht
, pp. 145
-
-
-
28
-
-
0002184434
-
Equalization law
-
Fiscal Equalization Law, BGBl 1993, Teil I, 980-81.
-
(1993)
BGBl
, Issue.TEIL I
, pp. 980-981
-
-
Fiscal1
-
30
-
-
0001974689
-
The seven year itch? german unity from a fiscal viewpoint
-
Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies
-
Renzsch, "Budgetäre Anpassung," 51-52. Others have calculated a transfer of 6.6 percent of the west German GDP amounting to a total of 1.4 trillion DM by the end of 1997. See Ulrich Heilemann and Hermann Rappen, The Seven Year Itch? German Unity from a Fiscal Viewpoint, AICGS Research Report 6 (Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, 1977), 2.
-
(1977)
AICGS Research Report 6
, pp. 2
-
-
Heilemann, U.1
Rappen, H.2
-
32
-
-
4243717101
-
Föderative problembewältigung: Zur einbeziehung der neuen länder in einen gesamtdeutschen finanzausgleich ab 1995
-
The struggle that led to the solidarity pact are described in detail in many German publications, e.g., Wolfgang Renzsh, "Föderative Problembewältigung: Zur Einbeziehung der neuen Länder in einen gesamtdeutschen Finanzausgleich ab 1995," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen, Heft 1 (1994), 116-138. For a brief overview in English, see Gunlicks, "German Federalism after Unification," 84-88.
-
(1994)
Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen, Heft
, vol.1
, pp. 116-138
-
-
Renzsh, W.1
-
33
-
-
0001980724
-
-
The struggle that led to the solidarity pact are described in detail in many German publications, e.g., Wolfgang Renzsh, "Föderative Problembewältigung: Zur Einbeziehung der neuen Länder in einen gesamtdeutschen Finanzausgleich ab 1995," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen, Heft 1 (1994), 116-138. For a brief overview in English, see Gunlicks, "German Federalism after Unification," 84-88.
-
German Federalism after Unification
, pp. 84-88
-
-
Gunlicks1
-
40
-
-
0001972007
-
Möglichkeiten zur stärkung der länderautonomie
-
Der Präsident des Niedersächsischen Landtages ed, Hannover
-
Klaus-Dirk Henke, "Möglichkeiten zur Stärkung der Länderautonomie," in Der Präsident des Niedersächsischen Landtages ed, Die Stärkung der Finanzautonomie im föderativen System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Hannover, 1995), 38-39. A very similar version of this chapter, with the same title, can be found in Staatswissenschaften und Staatspraxis 6 Heft 4 (1995), 643-57.
-
(1995)
Die Stärkung Der Finanzautonomie Im Föderativen System Der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
, pp. 38-39
-
-
Henke, K.-D.1
-
41
-
-
0002109581
-
-
Klaus-Dirk Henke, "Möglichkeiten zur Stärkung der Länderautonomie," in Der Präsident des Niedersächsischen Landtages ed, Die Stärkung der Finanzautonomie im föderativen System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Hannover, 1995), 38-39. A very similar version of this chapter, with the same title, can be found in Staatswissenschaften und Staatspraxis 6 Heft 4 (1995), 643-57.
-
(1995)
Staatswissenschaften und Staatspraxis 6 Heft
, vol.4
, pp. 643-657
-
-
-
44
-
-
84924011133
-
Unfunded mandates reform act: 1996 and beyond
-
Spring
-
Paul L. Posner, "Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: 1996 and Beyond," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 27, No. 2 (Spring 1997), 53-71,
-
(1997)
Publius: The Journal of Federalism
, vol.27
, Issue.2
, pp. 53-71
-
-
Posner, P.L.1
-
45
-
-
0002183648
-
-
BVerfGE 72.398. For a detailed critical analysis of the perfectionism in fiscal equalization, see the report to the finance ministers of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria by Hans-Wolfgang Arndt, Finanzausgleich und Verfassungsrecht, 12, 36-42.
-
Finanzausgleich und Verfassungsrecht
, vol.12
, pp. 36-42
-
-
Arndt, H.-W.1
-
46
-
-
0001980728
-
-
This is a very common complaint in the literature. See, for example, ibid., 25-26; Rolf Peffekoven, "Reform des Länderfinanzausgleichs tut not," Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft II (1998), 81; a recent report by the "Reform Commission on the Social Market Economy" also makes this point: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 17 August 1998, 10.
-
Finanzausgleich und Verfassungsrecht
, pp. 25-26
-
-
-
47
-
-
0002946218
-
Reform des länderfinanzausgleichs tut not
-
This is a very common complaint in the literature. See, for example, ibid., 25-26; Rolf Peffekoven, "Reform des Länderfinanzausgleichs tut not," Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft II (1998), 81; a recent report by the "Reform Commission on the Social Market Economy" also makes this point: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 17 August 1998, 10.
-
(1998)
Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft
, vol.2
, pp. 81
-
-
Peffekoven, R.1
-
48
-
-
0004156153
-
-
17 August
-
This is a very common complaint in the literature. See, for example, ibid., 25-26; Rolf Peffekoven, "Reform des Länderfinanzausgleichs tut not," Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft II (1998), 81; a recent report by the "Reform Commission on the Social Market Economy" also makes this point: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 17 August 1998, 10.
-
(1998)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, pp. 10
-
-
-
49
-
-
0001972009
-
-
24 October
-
While the constitutional complaint was not brought officially before nie Federal Constitutional Court until the last week of July 1998, these two Länder made public their intention to sue in October 1997. See German Information Center, Deutschland Nachrichten (24 October 1997), 2.
-
(1997)
Deutschland Nachrichten
, pp. 2
-
-
-
51
-
-
11544331155
-
Länderfinanzausgleich: Grenzen der solidarität
-
The Bavarian Finance Minister has complained that the majority of Länder rejected the Bavarian and Baden-Württemberg proposals for reform in the January 1998 conference of financeministers. See Erwin Huber, "Länderfinanzausgleich: Grenzen der Solidarität," Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft 2 (1998), 73.
-
(1998)
Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft
, vol.2
, pp. 73
-
-
Huber, E.1
-
55
-
-
0002104654
-
Im gewirr der kompetenzen
-
31 October
-
Some experts are not persuaded by these rankings, because they do not reflect accurately enough the real financial situation of the Länder. Bremen, for example, receives large transfers of funds for a variety of "special needs" that Hesse does not have. See Stefan Homburg, "Im Gewirr der Kompetenzen," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31 October 1998, 15.
-
(1998)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, pp. 15
-
-
Homburg, S.1
-
56
-
-
0001972011
-
Es geht um aufholchancen! zehn thesen zum bundesstaatlichen finanzausgleich
-
Hartmut Perschau, "Es geht um Aufholchancen! Zehn Thesen zum bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleich," Wirtschaftsdient, Heft 2 (1998), pp. 74-75. See also Rolf Peffekoven, "Reform des Länderfinanzausgleichs tut not," Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft 2 (1998), 82-83.
-
(1998)
Wirtschaftsdient, Heft
, vol.2
, pp. 74-75
-
-
Perschau, H.1
-
57
-
-
0002946218
-
Reform des länderfinanzausgleichs tut not
-
Hartmut Perschau, "Es geht um Aufholchancen! Zehn Thesen zum bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleich," Wirtschaftsdient, Heft 2 (1998), pp. 74-75. See also Rolf Peffekoven, "Reform des Länderfinanzausgleichs tut not," Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft 2 (1998), 82-83.
-
(1998)
Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft
, vol.2
, pp. 82-83
-
-
Peffekoven, R.1
-
59
-
-
0002282150
-
Finanzverfassung
-
forthcoming (42 in manuscript)
-
Gisela Färber,"Finanzverfassung,"in 50 Jahre Bundesrat, forthcoming (42 in manuscript).
-
50 Jahre Bundesrat
-
-
Färber, G.1
-
62
-
-
0004156153
-
-
11 August
-
Ibid, 11 August 1998, 13; see also the arguments by Hartmut Perschau that the current system of Länder transfers is not nearly so bad as many critics suggest. "Es geht um Aufholchancen," 73-76.
-
(1998)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, pp. 13
-
-
-
63
-
-
0002262925
-
-
Ibid, 11 August 1998, 13; see also the arguments by Hartmut Perschau that the current system of Länder transfers is not nearly so bad as many critics suggest. "Es geht um Aufholchancen," 73-76.
-
Es Geht Um Aufholchancen
, pp. 73-76
-
-
Perschau, H.1
-
66
-
-
0001980738
-
-
Expertengespräch, Ed. Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg and Bayerisches Staatsministerium der Finanzen
-
A discussion among public finance experts concerning the initiative of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg was published in July 1998 under the title Die Reform des Finanzausgleichs -Föderale, ökonomische und verfassungsrechtliche Aspekte, Expertengespräch, Ed. Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg and Bayerisches Staatsministerium der Finanzen.
-
(1998)
Die Reform des Finanzausgleichs -föderale, Ökonomische und Verfassungsrechtliche Aspekte
-
-
Bavaria1
Baden-Württemberg2
-
67
-
-
0347784404
-
-
28 June
-
A similar proposal was made by the chairman of the finance committee of the parliament of Baden-Württemberg, Professor Dieter Puchta. See Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 June 1997; see also Homburg, "Im Gewirr," 15.
-
(1997)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
-
-
-
68
-
-
0002285291
-
-
A similar proposal was made by the chairman of the finance committee of the parliament of Baden-Württemberg, Professor Dieter Puchta. See Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 June 1997; see also Homburg, "Im Gewirr," 15.
-
Im Gewirr
, pp. 15
-
-
-
69
-
-
0004133888
-
-
5 August
-
Ibid., 5 August 1998,1-2. These proposals are rather similar to the recommendations and comments made by the OECD in a report issued in August 1998. See ibid., 7 August 1998, 13.
-
(1998)
Im Gewirr
, pp. 1-2
-
-
-
70
-
-
0004133888
-
-
7 August
-
Ibid., 5 August 1998,1-2. These proposals are rather similar to the recommendations and comments made by the OECD in a report issued in August 1998. See ibid., 7 August 1998, 13.
-
(1998)
Im Gewirr
, pp. 13
-
-
-
71
-
-
0002285291
-
-
Some experts, however, argue that the income tax revenue is just as stable as the VAT revenues. See Homburg, "Im Gewirr," 15.
-
Im Gewirr
, pp. 15
-
-
Homburg1
-
72
-
-
0004133888
-
-
11 August
-
Ibid., 11 August 1998, 13.
-
(1998)
Im Gewirr
, pp. 13
-
-
-
73
-
-
0002122985
-
Finanzverfassungsreform und steuergesetzgebungshoheit der länder
-
April
-
See, for example, the five proposals suggested by Reinhard Hendler, "Finanzverfassungsreform und Steuergesetzgebungshoheit der Länder," Die öffentliche Verwaltung, Heft 7 (April 1993), 292-299.
-
(1993)
Die Öffentliche Verwaltung, Heft
, vol.7
, pp. 292-299
-
-
Hendler, R.1
-
74
-
-
0002133481
-
-
Henke, "Möglichkeiten," 40 and p. 646, respectively; Wolfgang Renzsch, "Finanzausgleich und die Zukunft des Föderalismus," unpublished manuscript, October 1998.
-
Möglichkeiten
, vol.40
, pp. 646
-
-
Henke1
-
82
-
-
0001978994
-
-
Henke, "Möglichkeiten," 42-44.
-
Möglichkeiten
, pp. 42-44
-
-
-
83
-
-
0002182043
-
-
Paper presented at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Washington, D.C.
-
See the data cited in Franz Gress, "Similarities and Differences in the Development of American and German Federalism: Theory and Practice" (Paper presented at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Washington, D.C., 1997), 7 and Larsen, "States Federal," 461.
-
(1997)
Similarities and Differences in the Development of American and German Federalism: Theory and Practice
, pp. 7
-
-
Gress, F.1
-
84
-
-
0004349147
-
-
See the data cited in Franz Gress, "Similarities and Differences in the Development of American and German Federalism: Theory and Practice" (Paper presented at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Washington, D.C., 1997), 7 and Larsen, "States Federal," 461.
-
States Federal
, pp. 461
-
-
Larsen1
-
86
-
-
0001976401
-
Föderaler leistungswettbewerb auf getrennte rechnung
-
22 August
-
"Föderaler Leistungswettbewerb auf getrennte Rechnung," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22 August 1998, 14.
-
(1998)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, pp. 14
-
-
-
87
-
-
0002115275
-
Der spd-nahe managerkreis fordert eine reform des föderalsystems
-
31 October
-
Der SPD-nahe Managerkreis fordert eine Reform des Föderalsystems," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 31 October 1998, 13.
-
(1998)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, pp. 13
-
-
-
88
-
-
0002245993
-
-
25 December
-
Das Parlament, 25 December 1998, 1; some public finance experts have already made their comprehensive reform proposals. See, for example, Färber, "Finanzverfassung," 44-49 in manuscript.
-
(1998)
Das Parlament
, pp. 1
-
-
-
89
-
-
0001977258
-
-
in manuscript
-
Das Parlament, 25 December 1998, 1; some public finance experts have already made their comprehensive reform proposals. See, for example, Färber, "Finanzverfassung," 44-49 in manuscript.
-
Finanzverfassung
, pp. 44-49
-
-
Färber1
-
90
-
-
0002282154
-
-
12 November 1999, 1 and 13 November
-
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 12 November 1999, 1 and 13 November 1999,1; Die Zeit, 18 November 1999, 25; and Das Parlament, 26 November 1999, 9.
-
(1999)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, pp. 1
-
-
-
91
-
-
0002115277
-
-
18 November
-
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 12 November 1999, 1 and 13 November 1999,1; Die Zeit, 18 November 1999, 25; and Das Parlament, 26 November 1999, 9.
-
(1999)
Die Zeit
, pp. 25
-
-
-
92
-
-
0001975487
-
-
26 November
-
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 12 November 1999, 1 and 13 November 1999,1; Die Zeit, 18 November 1999, 25; and Das Parlament, 26 November 1999, 9.
-
(1999)
Das Parlament
, pp. 9
-
-
-
94
-
-
80054452832
-
-
For example, see Fischer-Menshausen, Grundgesetz-Kommentar, 883; Henke, "Möglichkeiten," 651.
-
Grundgesetz-kommentar
, pp. 883
-
-
-
95
-
-
0004344192
-
-
For example, see Fischer-Menshausen, Grundgesetz-Kommentar, 883; Henke, "Möglichkeiten," 651.
-
Möglichkeiten
, pp. 651
-
-
Henke1
-
96
-
-
4243667370
-
Deutscher föderalismus jenseits 2000: Reformiert oder deformiert?
-
Februar 7
-
For a strong argument for various reforms of German federalism, with territorial reform serving as "the key for the protection of German federalism against deformation," see Uwe Leonardy, "Deutscher Föderalismus jenseits 2000: Reformiert oder deformiert?" Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 30, Heft 1 (Februar 7 1999), 162.
-
(1999)
Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 30, Heft
, vol.1
, pp. 162
-
-
Leonardy, U.1
-
97
-
-
4243749565
-
Länder-neugliederung: Eine staatspolitische notwendigkeit
-
Hartmut Klatt, "Länder-Neugliederung: Eine staatspolitische Notwendigkeit," Zeitschrift für Beamtenrecht, Heft 5 (1997), 149.
-
(1997)
Zeitschrift für Beamtenrecht, Heft
, vol.5
, pp. 149
-
-
Klatt, H.1
-
98
-
-
0002133483
-
-
North-Rhine Westphalia, and Hesse were created after 1945 by the British and Americans, by consolidating several older territories, and Baden-Württemberg was created by the Germans in the early 1950s by consolidating three former territories
-
Lower Saxony, North-Rhine Westphalia, and Hesse were created after 1945 by the British and Americans, by consolidating several older territories, and Baden-Württemberg was created by the Germans in the early 1950s by consolidating three former territories.
-
-
-
Saxony, L.1
-
99
-
-
0003413007
-
-
Durham: Duke University Press, Chap 4
-
For descriptions and analyses in English of the local government territorial reforms in the western Länder, see Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986), Chap 4; "The Reorganization of Local Governments in the Federal Republic of Germany," in Local Government Reform and Reorganization: An International Perspective, ed. Arthur B. Gunlicks (Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1981), Chap. 10; and "Restructuring Service Delivery Systems in West Germany," in Comparing Urban Service Delivery Systems, ed. Vincent Ostrom and Frances Bish (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1977), 173-79.
-
(1986)
Local Government in the German Federal System
-
-
Gunlicks, A.B.1
-
100
-
-
0001972013
-
-
ed. Arthur B. Gunlicks Port Washington: Kennikat Press, Chap. 10
-
For descriptions and analyses in English of the local government territorial reforms in the western Länder, see Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986), Chap 4; "The Reorganization of Local Governments in the Federal Republic of Germany," in Local Government Reform and Reorganization: An International Perspective, ed. Arthur B. Gunlicks (Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1981), Chap. 10; and "Restructuring Service Delivery Systems in West Germany," in Comparing Urban Service Delivery Systems, ed. Vincent Ostrom and Frances Bish (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1977), 173-79.
-
(1981)
Local Government Reform and Reorganization: An International Perspective
-
-
-
101
-
-
85070653609
-
Restructuring service delivery systems in west germany
-
ed. Vincent Ostrom and Frances Bish Beverly Hills: Sage Publications
-
For descriptions and analyses in English of the local government territorial reforms in the western Länder, see Arthur B. Gunlicks, Local Government in the German Federal System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986), Chap 4; "The Reorganization of Local Governments in the Federal Republic of Germany," in Local Government Reform and Reorganization: An International Perspective, ed. Arthur B. Gunlicks (Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1981), Chap. 10; and "Restructuring Service Delivery Systems in West Germany," in Comparing Urban Service Delivery Systems, ed. Vincent Ostrom and Frances Bish (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1977), 173-79.
-
(1977)
Comparing Urban Service Delivery Systems
, pp. 173-179
-
-
-
103
-
-
0004351049
-
-
For a recent comprehensive review of the literature, developments, and need for Länder consolidation, see Klatt, "Länder-Neugliederung," 137-49.
-
Länder-neugliederung
, pp. 137-149
-
-
Klatt1
-
104
-
-
0002267629
-
Mehr länder, weniger föderalismus
-
Bernhard Vogel, "Mehr Länder, weniger Föderalismus," Staatswissenschaft und Staatsproxis, Heft 2 (1990), 129-31.
-
(1990)
Staatswissenschaft und Staatsproxis, Heft
, vol.2
, pp. 129-131
-
-
Vogel, B.1
-
105
-
-
0002282150
-
Finanzverfassung
-
forthcoming
-
A strong critique of Land boundary reform based on financial considerations can be found in Gesela Färber, "Finanzverfassung," in 50 Jahre Bundesrat, forthcoming.
-
50 Jahre Bundesrat
-
-
Färber, G.1
-
106
-
-
0004351049
-
-
Klatt points out that feelings of identity have much to do with the times. Thus, the artificial Länder created by the Allies after 1945 seem to have become a source of identity for most of their citizens. Klatt, "Länder-Neugliederung," 149. Hans-Wolfgang Arndt, on the other hand, suggests that a strong identity of people with the Länder never developed after the War and that the small Länder have no right to exist indefinitely at the expense of the others. See "Finanzverfassungsrechtlicher Reformbedarf - vom unitarischen Föderalismus zum Wettbewertbsföderalismus," Wirtschaftsdient, Heft 2 (1998), 77, 80.
-
Länder-neugliederung
, pp. 149
-
-
Klatt1
-
107
-
-
0002179546
-
Finanzverfassungsrechtlicher reformbedarf - Vom unitarischen föderalismus zum wettbewertbsföderalismus
-
Klatt points out that feelings of identity have much to do with the times. Thus, the artificial Länder created by the Allies after 1945 seem to have become a source of identity for most of their citizens. Klatt, "Länder-Neugliederung," 149. Hans-Wolfgang Arndt, on the other hand, suggests that a strong identity of people with the Länder never developed after the War and that the small Länder have no right to exist indefinitely at the expense of the others. See "Finanzverfassungsrechtlicher Reformbedarf - vom unitarischen Föderalismus zum Wettbewertbsföderalismus," Wirtschaftsdient, Heft 2 (1998), 77, 80.
-
(1998)
Wirtschaftsdient, Heft
, vol.2
, pp. 77
-
-
-
108
-
-
0002245997
-
Die finanzverfassung im wiedervereinigten deutschland
-
ed. Jörn Ipsen et al. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag
-
See, for example, Peter Badura,"Die Finanzverfassung im wiedervereinigten Deutschland," in Verfassungsrecht im Wandel, ed. Jörn Ipsen et al. (Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1995), 20.
-
(1995)
Verfassungsrecht Im Wandel
, pp. 20
-
-
Badura, P.1
|