Name your pleasure: The transformation of sexual language in nineteenth-century British pornography

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 395-419

  Sigel, Lisa Z ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034287209     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (88)

1. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983): xiii.
2. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London and New York: Ark Paperback, 1989), 5-6.
3. Many see the working classes as responsible for the rise of modern curse words. See: Edward Sagarin, The Anatomy of Dirty Words, introduction by Allen Walker Read (New York: Lyle Stuart, 1962), 33-35 and Ashley Montagu, The Anatomy of Swearing (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967), 318. John Chandos, in contrast, argues that the commercial middle class encouraged new standards. John Chandos, To Deprave and Corrupt: Original Studies in the Nature and Definition of Obscenity (New York: Association Press, 1962), 21-22. The ubiquity of these words in expensive pornography supports Chandos on this matter.
4. Many see the working classes as responsible for the rise of modern curse words. See: Edward Sagarin, The Anatomy of Dirty Words, introduction by Allen Walker Read (New York: Lyle Stuart, 1962), 33-35 and Ashley Montagu, The Anatomy of Swearing (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967), 318. John Chandos, in contrast, argues that the commercial middle class encouraged new standards. John Chandos, To Deprave and Corrupt: Original Studies in the Nature and Definition of Obscenity (New York: Association Press, 1962), 21-22. The ubiquity of these words in expensive pornography supports Chandos on this matter.
5. Many see the working classes as responsible for the rise of modern curse words. See: Edward Sagarin, The Anatomy of Dirty Words, introduction by Allen Walker Read (New York: Lyle Stuart, 1962), 33-35 and Ashley Montagu, The Anatomy of Swearing (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967), 318. John Chandos, in contrast, argues that the commercial middle class encouraged new standards. John Chandos, To Deprave and Corrupt: Original Studies in the Nature and Definition of Obscenity (New York: Association Press, 1962), 21-22. The ubiquity of these words in expensive pornography supports Chandos on this matter.
6. Geoffrey Hughes, Swearing, A Social History of Foul Languae, Oaths, and Profanity in English, 7 (London and New York: Penguin, 1991).
7. Hughes, Swearing, 25.
8. Quoted in James T. Henke, Gutter Life and Language in Early "Street" Literature of England: A Glossary of Terms and Topics Chiefly of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1988), 75-76.
9. Henke, Gutter Life and Language in Early "Street" Literature of England, 108.
10. Paula Findlen, "Humanism, Politics and Pornography in Renaissance Italy" in The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800, ed. Lynn Hunt (New York, Zone Books, 1996), 49-123.
11. John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997), 13-15.
12. Patrick J. Kearney, A History of Erotic Literature (Hong Kong: Dorset Press, 1993), 24-29; David O. Frantz, Festum Voluptatis: A Study of Renaissance Erotica (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1989).
13. Patrick J. Kearney, A History of Erotic Literature (Hong Kong: Dorset Press, 1993), 24-29; David O. Frantz, Festum Voluptatis: A Study of Renaissance Erotica (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1989).
14. Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century (London and New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 9.
15. I have tried to use not only the best examples, but also the more accessible examples. While Olympia Press, Grove Press, and Blue Moon Books have republished many British works of pornography, most have not been reissued and can only be examined at a few select libraries like the Kinsey Institute and the British Library. Whenever possible, I have used reprints so that other scholars can examine the sources first-hand. For descriptions of the works available at the British Library, please see: Patrick J. Kearney, The Private Case: An Annotated Bibliography of the Private Case Erotica Collection in the British (Museum) Library (London: Jay Landesman, 1981). The Kinsey Institute has an online catalogue that is fairly comprehensive. I also recommend the bibliography to my dissertation, not because of its completeness or its accuracy, but because I have tried to index where texts can be found. Lisa Z. Sigel, "Sexual Imaginings: The Cultural Economy of British Pornography, 1800-1914," Ph.D. Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
16. I have tried to use not only the best examples, but also the more accessible examples. While Olympia Press, Grove Press, and Blue Moon Books have republished many British works of pornography, most have not been reissued and can only be examined at a few select libraries like the Kinsey Institute and the British Library. Whenever possible, I have used reprints so that other scholars can examine the sources first-hand. For descriptions of the works available at the British Library, please see: Patrick J. Kearney, The Private Case: An Annotated Bibliography of the Private Case Erotica Collection in the British (Museum) Library (London: Jay Landesman, 1981). The Kinsey Institute has an online catalogue that is fairly comprehensive. I also recommend the bibliography to my dissertation, not because of its completeness or its accuracy, but because I have tried to index where texts can be found. Lisa Z. Sigel, "Sexual Imaginings: The Cultural Economy of British Pornography, 1800-1914," Ph.D. Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
17. Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure began its print history in 1749, and has been continuously republished since then. Ashbee lists over twenty editions in English by the time he wrote his bibliography in 1885. There are also at least fourteen French editions, at least two Italian, and one German translation. See H. S. Ashbee, Cantena Librorum Tacendorum (1885; reprint, New York: Documentary Books, Inc., 1962), 60-91.
18. Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure began its print history in 1749, and has been continuously republished since then. Ashbee lists over twenty editions in English by the time he wrote his bibliography in 1885. There are also at least fourteen French editions, at least two Italian, and one German translation. See H. S. Ashbee, Cantena Librorum Tacendorum (1885; reprint, New York: Documentary Books, Inc., 1962), 60-91.
19. John Cleland, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1749; reprint, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1963), 132-33. am using this version of Fanny Hill because it is readily available. However, a homosexual anal sex scene has been expurgated from this and most editions. The scene can be found in Ashbee, Catena Librorum Tacendorum, 60-61.
20. John Cleland, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1749; reprint, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1963), 132-33. am using this version of Fanny Hill because it is readily available. However, a homosexual anal sex scene has been expurgated from this and most editions. The scene can be found in Ashbee, Catena Librorum Tacendorum, 60-61.
21. Cleland, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, 54-55.
22. Quoted from Donald Thomas, A Long Time Burning: the History of Literary Censorship in England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), 375-76. There are more spurious copies of "An Essay on Woman" than true. Thomas's impeccable scholarship provides a complete version of the poem.
23. Venus School Mistress, or, Birchen Sports, by R. Birch, translator of "Manon's Memoirs" (London: n.p., 1808-1810), 35-36.
24. The Lustful Turk (1828; reprint, New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc, 1983), 39.
25. The Lustful Turk, 68.
26. The Lustful Turk, 74-75.
27. Of Cremorne: A Magazine of Wit, Facetiae, Parody, and Graphic Tales of Love, Etc. (London: Privately Printed [William Dugdale], Volume III, March 1851): 73-74.
28. The Cremorne, 87.
29. Romance of Lust, or Early Experiences (1873-1876; reprint, New York: Grove Press, 1968), 141.
30. Richard Chenevix Trench, D.D., On the Study of Words (1851; 29th edition revised by A. L. Mayhew, M.A., New York: The MacMillan Company, 1925), 14.
31. The Pearl: Journal of Facetive and Voluptuous Reading (1879; reprint, New York: Ballantine Books, 1988, 14th printing), 373.
32. The Pearl, 376.
33. The motif of corruption through language becomes a fairly standard device for portraying youthful sexuality. In Tips to Maidens, a similar scene occurs. "Again he took his horse in his hand, but this time he called it prick. I admire the name, and besides it has some hair growing round it. Harry is very proud of it, and explains to me that the name for my hole is cunt..." Tips to Maidens (London and New York: The Erotica Biblion Society of London and New York, 1901), 86.
34. The Pearl, 424.
35. The Pearl, 445.
36. While nineteenth-century reformers were not interested in liberating women's sexual voices, the increased use of curse language and the rise in women's concerns over pornography occurred in tandem. Male voluntary associations like the Society for the Suppression of Vice in England fought against the immorality of pornographic and obscene writings between 1802 and the mid-1880s. In the 1880s, the National Vigilance Association, the successor voluntary organization, was composed of both female and male members. Until the 1880s, both the Crown and the SSV censured pornography to maintain the purity of society as a whole and particularly to save the young from profligacy. Women's concerns about pornography from the 1880s onwards, heightened by the "modern Babylon" scandal and the "white slave trade," saw women as the victims of pornography. Coincidentally, or perhaps not so coincidentally, the rise in women's agitation against pornography came slightly after the rise of dirtied language.
37. Flossie, a Venus of Fifteen, by One Who Knew This Charming Goddess and Worshipped at Her Shrine, Social Studies of the Century (London and New York [Paris]: Printed for the Erotica Biblion Society [Charles Carrington?, c. 1900]), 23.
38. Flossie, 57.
39. Stephen Toan Hopkins, "The Erotic and Scatological Vocabulary of Nineteenth Century English," M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1977, 24-32,44.
40. My Secret Life (1888; reprint, New York: Blue Moon Books, 1988), 577.
41. My Secret Life, 568.
42. My Secret Life, 570.
43. Walter Kendrick, The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture (New York: Viking, 1987), 88-91.
44. Judith Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.)
45. Françoise Barret-Ducrocq, Love in the Time of Victoria: Sexuality and Desire Among Working-Class Men and Women in Nineteenth-Century London, translated by John Howe (New York: Penquin Books, 1989.)
46. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985); Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (1886; reprint, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1965); Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 6th edition, translated by James Strachley (Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke, 1925; reprint, New York: Basic Books, 1975).
47. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985); Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (1886; reprint, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1965); Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 6th edition, translated by James Strachley (Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke, 1925; reprint, New York: Basic Books, 1975).
48. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985); Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (1886; reprint, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1965); Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 6th edition, translated by James Strachley (Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke, 1925; reprint, New York: Basic Books, 1975).
49. Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985).
50. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 72, 110-11, 159, 466.
51. Leonore Davidoff, "Class and Gender in Victorian England: The Diaries of Arthur J. Munby and Hannah Cullwick," Feminist Studies 5 (1979), 89. See also, Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995), 152-58.
52. Leonore Davidoff, "Class and Gender in Victorian England: The Diaries of Arthur J. Munby and Hannah Cullwick," Feminist Studies 5 (1979), 89. See also, Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995), 152-58.
53. Barret-Ducrocq, Love in the Time of Victoria, 8.
54. Peter Fryer, Mrs. Grundy: Studies in English Prudery (New York: London House and Maxwell, 1963).
55. Maurice J. Quinlan, Victorian Prelude: A History of English Manners, 1700-1830 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941), 235.
56. Kendrick, The Secret Museum, 67.
57. Henry Vizatelly, Extracts Principally from English Classics: Showing That The Legal Suppression of M. Zola's Novels Would Logically Involve the Bowdlerizing of Some of the Greatest Works in English Literature (London: 1888), 2.
58. See Edward de Grazia, Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius (New York: Random House, 1992), 42.
59. PRO, King's Bench Papers, KB28/512/4 (1830); KB28/535/45 (1835), KB28/ 600/3 (1852).
60. A notable exception to this pattern of extremely limited access occurred between the 1810s and 1850s. William Dugdale, George Cannon, and the brothers Duncombe printed both revolutionary tracts and pornographic works. See: Iain McCalman, Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1988). As a group, these revolutionary pornographers sold slightly less expensive pornography out of republican sentiment, which might have increased working-class access. However, patterns of low literacy rates for the poor, unequal repression, and limited distribution continued even during their reign.
61. "Album 7," item 25 "Catalogue of Rare and Curious English Books" (London: n.p., 1903), British Museum, and Prospectuses "Catalogue of Rare, Curious, and Voluptuous Readings" (N.p.: 1897). For examples of prices, see: Peter Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction in English, 1800-1930, A Bibliographical Study (London: Scolar Press, 1993).
62. "Album 7," item 25 "Catalogue of Rare and Curious English Books" (London: n.p., 1903), British Museum, and Prospectuses "Catalogue of Rare, Curious, and Voluptuous Readings" (N.p.: 1897). For examples of prices, see: Peter Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction in English, 1800-1930, A Bibliographical Study (London: Scolar Press, 1993).
63. "Album 7," item 25 "Catalogue of Rare and Curious English Books" (London: n.p., 1903), British Museum, and Prospectuses "Catalogue of Rare, Curious, and Voluptuous Readings" (N.p.: 1897). For examples of prices, see: Peter Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction in English, 1800-1930, A Bibliographical Study (London: Scolar Press, 1993).
64. See Gillian Sutherland, "Education" in The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950, ed. F. M. L. Thompson, Vol. 3 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R. K. Webb, The British Working Class Reader, 1790-1848 (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1955); and Patrick Craig Scott and Pauline Fletcher, eds., Culture and Education in Victorian England (N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1990).
65. See Gillian Sutherland, "Education" in The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950, ed. F. M. L. Thompson, Vol. 3 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R. K. Webb, The British Working Class Reader, 1790-1848 (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1955); and Patrick Craig Scott and Pauline Fletcher, eds., Culture and Education in Victorian England (N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1990).
66. See Gillian Sutherland, "Education" in The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950, ed. F. M. L. Thompson, Vol. 3 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R. K. Webb, The British Working Class Reader, 1790-1848 (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1955); and Patrick Craig Scott and Pauline Fletcher, eds., Culture and Education in Victorian England (N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1990).
67. Before the 1830s, pornographers distributed their wares through fairs, itinerant vending, or corresponding societies. After the 1830s, they began to open their own shops. By one estimate in the mid-1830s, there were 57 pornographic bookshops in London. "Letter from Mr. Pritchard to Lord Campbell," Jan. 1858, Social Evil Extracts Album, Part 1, Fawcett Library.
68. For instance, as Ashbee explains, The Index Expurgatorius of Martial "was never regularly sold to the public, although Hotten and a few booksellers had some copies at 10 shillings for the small, and 1 pound for the large paper; it is now difficult to procure." Ashbee, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 280. Martial, "the joint production of 4 friends - three of who had just left Oxford," never reached an open audience (Quoted in Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction, 8). The quote comes from a letter from Reddie to Ashbee and is tipped into the British Library's copy of Martial.
69. For instance, as Ashbee explains, The Index Expurgatorius of Martial "was never regularly sold to the public, although Hotten and a few booksellers had some copies at 10 shillings for the small, and 1 pound for the large paper; it is now difficult to procure." Ashbee, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 280. Martial, "the joint production of 4 friends - three of who had just left Oxford," never reached an open audience (Quoted in Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction, 8). The quote comes from a letter from Reddie to Ashbee and is tipped into the British Library's copy of Martial.
70. For instance, as Ashbee explains, The Index Expurgatorius of Martial "was never regularly sold to the public, although Hotten and a few booksellers had some copies at 10 shillings for the small, and 1 pound for the large paper; it is now difficult to procure." Ashbee, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 280. Martial, "the joint production of 4 friends -three of who had just left Oxford," never reached an open audience (Quoted in Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction, 8). The quote comes from a letter from Reddie to Ashbee and is tipped into the British Library's copy of Martial.
71. Vendors sold pornographic literature to select clients at public schools and universities, in select bookstores and through mail order to clients listed in Social Directories. PRO, Home Office Papers, UnderSecretary of State, "Draft for Approval" Whitehall, Sept. 1894. HO144/192/A6657D; PRO, Home Office Papers, Metropolitan Police Report, E. Division, Jan. 27,1891. HO144/238/A52539. Pornographers sent advertisements and circulars for pornographic texts directly to the wealthy. "The advertisements in question were addressed to adult persons in the upper ranks of Society, some of them ladies, whose names and addresses had apparently been obtained from Directories." HO144/192/A6657D General Post Office to The UnderSecretary of State, 12 August 1896, 3.
72. "The keeping, or the reading, or the delighting in such things, must be left to taste, and was not a subject for legal interference; but when there were people who designedly and industriously manufactured books and prints with the intention of corrupting the public morals, and when they succeeded in their infamous purpose, he thought it was necessary for the Legislature to interpose and to save the public from the contamination to which they would otherwise be exposed." Hansard's Parliamentary Debates: Third Series, Commencing with the Accession of William IV, Vol. CXLVI, Second Volume of Session 1857 (b) (London: Published by Cornelius Buck, 1857) July 3, 1857; 865.
73. One pornographer reported that his readership included "aristocrats, judges, admirals, generals, and lawyers." Iain McCalman, Radical Underworld, 215. Other known buyers of pornography included "a young member of Parliament" and Prince Louis Battenberg. In an attempt to crack down on pornography, the Home Office began to write "warrants for the arrest" of the mail from known pornographers. They also began to arrest the mail going to these pornographers. PRO, Home Office Papers, Home Office chart of success of postal arrests, 1897-1898, no. 18, 5. HO45/9752/A59329 xc13898. Upper-class members of society could avoid any repercussions even if their tastes for pornography became known. Less fortunate were the run-of-the-mill who could afford pornography, but could not avoid the repercussions. One man, John Flewelling, ordered a number of pornographic photographs from Adolf Estinger, who operated out of Hungary and Amsterdam. Flewelling had a taste for young girls age 8-12, young boys and girls in interesting positions, and ballet girls. PRO, Home Office Papers, "Copy of Letter to Mr. Adolf Estinger from John Flewelling," Windsor, July 1894, HO144/238/A52539E. Flewelling avoided prosecution, but his name was bandied about the Home Office and the Post Office opened and examined his mail, both incoming and outgoing. As a known user of pornography, he warranted no privacy. Similarly, a Mr. Webb from Reading and a L.B. from Holloway also had their outgoing mail opened and scrutinized. HO144/238/A52539E xc13846. In contrast, the member of Parliament went unnamed and apparently unobstructed. In fact, when the postal authorities inadvertently caught the M.P.'s mail and made his name known to the Home Office, the Home Office dropped the policy of opening and examining outgoing mail to pornographers, but not before the Post Office opened and scrutinized 3,724 letters to dealers. HO45/9752/A59329 xc13898, No. 18.
74. The Flash Chanter, a Slashing, Dashing, Friskey and Delicious Collection of Gentleman's Songs, now sinking at Offley's, Cider Cellars, Coal Hole, &c., &c. ([London: William West, c. 1865]). Other guides to language also appeared during the time period like the Bibliotheca Arcana (London: George Redway, Dryden Press: J. Daxy & Sons, 137 Long Acre, 1885).
75. The Flash Chanter, a Slashing, Dashing, Friskey and Delicious Collection of Gentleman's Songs, now sinking at Offley's, Cider Cellars, Coal Hole, &c., &c. ([London: William West, c. 1865]). Other guides to language also appeared during the time period like the Bibliotheca Arcana (London: George Redway, Dryden Press: J. Daxy & Sons, 137 Long Acre, 1885).
76. Eric Partridge, Slang, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 273; Hughes, Swearing, 12-18.
77. Eric Partridge, Slang, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 273; Hughes, Swearing, 12-18.
78. Andrew St. George, The Descent of Manners: Etiquette, Rules & The Victorians (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993), 68.
79. Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London, 17 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
80. J. A. Mangan, "Social Darwinism and Upper-Class Education in Victorian and Edwardian England" in Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, ed. J. A. Mangan and James Walvin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), 135-59; P. J. Rich, Chains of Empire: English Public Schools, Masonic Cahalism, Historical Causality, and Imperial Clubdom (London: Regency Press, 1991); Jonathon Rutherford, Forever England: Reflections on Masculinity and Empire (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1997).
81. J. A. Mangan, "Social Darwinism and Upper-Class Education in Victorian and Edwardian England" in Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, ed. J. A. Mangan and James Walvin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), 135-59; P. J. Rich, Chains of Empire: English Public Schools, Masonic Cahalism, Historical Causality, and Imperial Clubdom (London: Regency Press, 1991); Jonathon Rutherford, Forever England: Reflections on Masculinity and Empire (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1997).
82. J. A. Mangan, "Social Darwinism and Upper-Class Education in Victorian and Edwardian England" in Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, ed. J. A. Mangan and James Walvin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), 135-59; P. J. Rich, Chains of Empire: English Public Schools, Masonic Cahalism, Historical Causality, and Imperial Clubdom (London: Regency Press, 1991); Jonathon Rutherford, Forever England: Reflections on Masculinity and Empire (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1997).
83. Jonathon Rutherford, Forever England, 15. See also: Ian Gibson, The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After (London: Duckworth, 1978), 99-143.
84. Jonathon Rutherford, Forever England, 15. See also: Ian Gibson, The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After (London: Duckworth, 1978), 99-143.
85. th May addressed to the Postmaster of Winchester" HO144/238/ A52539E xc 13846.
86. Angus McClaren, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 31.
87. Robert Graves, Lars Porsena (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Tubner, & Co., Ltd., New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1927, revised edition 1927), 42.
88. Paul Fussell, in his discussion the literary language of WWI, notes that "fucking" developed new uses. "Even the unremitting profanity and obscenity were managed so as to achieve literary effects. The intensifier of all work was fucking, pronounced fuckin', and one exhibited one's quasi-poetic talents by treating it with the greatest possible originality as a movable "internal" modifier and placing it well within the word to be modified. As in 'I can't stand no more of that Mac-bloody-fuckin'-Conochie.'" Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1975), 179.