Feminism and eugenics in Germany and Britain, 1900-1940: A comparative perspective

German Studies Review

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 477-505

  Allen, Ann Taylor ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034287101     PISSN: 01497952     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1432830     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Doris Stevenson, "The Eugenic Vote," Common Cause, August 31, 1911.
2. For example: Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1995), 221-258; Richard Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1890-1933 (London: Sage, 1976), 169; Heinz Niggemann, Emanizpation zwischen Sozialismus und Feminismus (Wuppertal:Peter Hammer, 1981), 271; Ute Gerhard, Unerhört: Die Geschichte der deutschen Frauenbewegung (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995), 271-72; Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop (1978): 11-65; Carolyn Burdett, "The Hidden Romance of Sexual Science: Eugenics, the Nation, and the Making of Modern Feminism," in Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, ed. Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 60-59.
3. For example: Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1995), 221-258; Richard Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1890-1933 (London: Sage, 1976), 169; Heinz Niggemann, Emanizpation zwischen Sozialismus und Feminismus (Wuppertal:Peter Hammer, 1981), 271; Ute Gerhard, Unerhört: Die Geschichte der deutschen Frauenbewegung (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995), 271-72; Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop (1978): 11-65; Carolyn Burdett, "The Hidden Romance of Sexual Science: Eugenics, the Nation, and the Making of Modern Feminism," in Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, ed. Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 60-59.
4. For example: Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1995), 221-258; Richard Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1890-1933 (London: Sage, 1976), 169; Heinz Niggemann, Emanizpation zwischen Sozialismus und Feminismus (Wuppertal:Peter Hammer, 1981), 271; Ute Gerhard, Unerhört: Die Geschichte der deutschen Frauenbewegung (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995), 271-72; Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop (1978): 11-65; Carolyn Burdett, "The Hidden Romance of Sexual Science: Eugenics, the Nation, and the Making of Modern Feminism," in Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, ed. Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 60-59.
5. For example: Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1995), 221-258; Richard Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1890-1933 (London: Sage, 1976), 169; Heinz Niggemann, Emanizpation zwischen Sozialismus und Feminismus (Wuppertal:Peter Hammer, 1981), 271; Ute Gerhard, Unerhört: Die Geschichte der deutschen Frauenbewegung (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995), 271-72; Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop (1978): 11-65; Carolyn Burdett, "The Hidden Romance of Sexual Science: Eugenics, the Nation, and the Making of Modern Feminism," in Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, ed. Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 60-59.
6. For example: Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1995), 221-258; Richard Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1890-1933 (London: Sage, 1976), 169; Heinz Niggemann, Emanizpation zwischen Sozialismus und Feminismus (Wuppertal:Peter Hammer, 1981), 271; Ute Gerhard, Unerhört: Die Geschichte der deutschen Frauenbewegung (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995), 271-72; Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop (1978): 11-65; Carolyn Burdett, "The Hidden Romance of Sexual Science: Eugenics, the Nation, and the Making of Modern Feminism," in Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, ed. Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 60-59.
7. For example: Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1995), 221-258; Richard Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1890-1933 (London: Sage, 1976), 169; Heinz Niggemann, Emanizpation zwischen Sozialismus und Feminismus (Wuppertal:Peter Hammer, 1981), 271; Ute Gerhard, Unerhört: Die Geschichte der deutschen Frauenbewegung (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995), 271-72; Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop (1978): 11-65; Carolyn Burdett, "The Hidden Romance of Sexual Science: Eugenics, the Nation, and the Making of Modern Feminism," in Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, ed. Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 60-59.
8. Cf. Rhonda Copelon, "From Privacy to Autonomy: The Conditions for Sexual and Reproductive Freedom," in From Abortion to Reproductive Freedom: Transforming a Movement, ed. Marlene Gerber Fried (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 27-43 for a view of the contemporary dimensions of this problem.
9. For example, Atina Grossmann, Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform (New York: Oxford, 1995), 70-75 and passim; Cornelie Usbome, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (London: Macmillan, 1992), 102-36 and passim; Richard Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain (Chapel Hill:UNC Press, 1990), passim; Michael Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik: Eugenische Sozialtechnologien in Debatten und Politik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie (Bonn: Dietz Verlag, 1995), passim; Lesley Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics," in Essays in the History of Eugenics: Proceedings of a Conference organized by the Galton Institute, ed. Robert A. Peel (London: Galton Institute, 1997), 36-51.
10. For example, Atina Grossmann, Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform (New York: Oxford, 1995), 70-75 and passim; Cornelie Usbome, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (London: Macmillan, 1992), 102-36 and passim; Richard Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain (Chapel Hill:UNC Press, 1990), passim; Michael Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik: Eugenische Sozialtechnologien in Debatten und Politik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie (Bonn: Dietz Verlag, 1995), passim; Lesley Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics," in Essays in the History of Eugenics: Proceedings of a Conference organized by the Galton Institute, ed. Robert A. Peel (London: Galton Institute, 1997), 36-51.
11. For example, Atina Grossmann, Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform (New York: Oxford, 1995), 70-75 and passim; Cornelie Usbome, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (London: Macmillan, 1992), 102-36 and passim; Richard Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain (Chapel Hill:UNC Press, 1990), passim; Michael Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik: Eugenische Sozialtechnologien in Debatten und Politik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie (Bonn: Dietz Verlag, 1995), passim; Lesley Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics," in Essays in the History of Eugenics: Proceedings of a Conference organized by the Galton Institute, ed. Robert A. Peel (London: Galton Institute, 1997), 36-51.
12. For example, Atina Grossmann, Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform (New York: Oxford, 1995), 70-75 and passim; Cornelie Usbome, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (London: Macmillan, 1992), 102-36 and passim; Richard Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain (Chapel Hill:UNC Press, 1990), passim; Michael Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik: Eugenische Sozialtechnologien in Debatten und Politik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie (Bonn: Dietz Verlag, 1995), passim; Lesley Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics," in Essays in the History of Eugenics: Proceedings of a Conference organized by the Galton Institute, ed. Robert A. Peel (London: Galton Institute, 1997), 36-51.
13. For example, Atina Grossmann, Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform (New York: Oxford, 1995), 70-75 and passim; Cornelie Usbome, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (London: Macmillan, 1992), 102-36 and passim; Richard Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain (Chapel Hill:UNC Press, 1990), passim; Michael Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik: Eugenische Sozialtechnologien in Debatten und Politik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie (Bonn: Dietz Verlag, 1995), passim; Lesley Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics," in Essays in the History of Eugenics: Proceedings of a Conference organized by the Galton Institute, ed. Robert A. Peel (London: Galton Institute, 1997), 36-51.
14. Examples of works on feminism or individual feminists that do not discuss their support for eugenics: Barbara Greven-Aschoff, Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung in Deutschland 1894-1933 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1981); Pamela M. Graves, Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Martin Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-1959 (London: Macmillan, 1992); Diana Hopkinson, Family Inheritance: A Life of Eva Hubback (London: Staples Press, 1954).
15. Examples of works on feminism or individual feminists that do not discuss their support for eugenics: Barbara Greven-Aschoff, Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung in Deutschland 1894-1933 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1981); Pamela M. Graves, Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Martin Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-1959 (London: Macmillan, 1992); Diana Hopkinson, Family Inheritance: A Life of Eva Hubback (London: Staples Press, 1954).
16. Examples of works on feminism or individual feminists that do not discuss their support for eugenics: Barbara Greven-Aschoff, Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung in Deutschland 1894-1933 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1981); Pamela M. Graves, Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Martin Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-1959 (London: Macmillan, 1992); Diana Hopkinson, Family Inheritance: A Life of Eva Hubback (London: Staples Press, 1954).
17. Examples of works on feminism or individual feminists that do not discuss their support for eugenics: Barbara Greven-Aschoff, Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung in Deutschland 1894-1933 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1981); Pamela M. Graves, Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Martin Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-1959 (London: Macmillan, 1992); Diana Hopkinson, Family Inheritance: A Life of Eva Hubback (London: Staples Press, 1954).
18. Christl Wickert, Helene Stöcker 1869-1943:Frauenrechtlerin, Sexualreformerin und Pazifistin: Eine Biographie (Bonn: J.W. Dietz, 1991), 80.
19. Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993), 318; John Macnicol, "The Voluntary Sterilization Campaignm Britain," in Forbidden History: The State, Society, and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John C. Fout (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 328; Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists (New York: The New Press, 1995), 222-49.
20. Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993), 318; John Macnicol, "The Voluntary Sterilization Campaignm Britain," in Forbidden History: The State, Society, and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John C. Fout (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 328; Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists (New York: The New Press, 1995), 222-49.
21. Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993), 318; John Macnicol, "The Voluntary Sterilization Campaignm Britain," in Forbidden History: The State, Society, and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John C. Fout (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 328; Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists (New York: The New Press, 1995), 222-49.
22. An early attempt to analyze the relationship of feminism and eugenics is my own article, Ann Taylor Allen, "German Radical Feminism and Eugenics, 1890-1918," German Studies Review 11 (1988): 31-36.
23. Richard Evans, "In Search of German Social Darwinism," in Public Health and Medical Care in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany, ed. Manfred Berg and Geoffrey Cocks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 55-80;
24. Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 145-70; Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazis, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Linda Gordon's now classic work. Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Viking Press, 1975).
25. Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 145-70; Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazis, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Linda Gordon's now classic work. Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Viking Press, 1975).
26. Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 145-70; Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazis, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Linda Gordon's now classic work. Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Viking Press, 1975).
27. Daniel J. Kevles, "Eugenics and Human Rights," British Medical Journal 319 (August 14, 1999): 435-38, quotation 435.
28. On the founding and early history of this organization see Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 142-47.
29. Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 174-79; "Die Gründung des Bundes für Mutterschutz," Mutterschutz 1 (1905): 47.
30. Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 174-79; "Die Gründung des Bundes für Mutterschutz," Mutterschutz 1 (1905): 47.
31. Evans, Feminist Movement, 129; Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics, 146.
32. Evans, Feminist Movement, 129; Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics, 146.
33. Archive of the Eugenics Education Society, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London (Hereinafter EES), SA/Eug./B.1: Early Papers re formation; see also Pauline Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics, and Human Failings (London: Routledge, 1992), 7-57.
34. Eugenics Education Society, Fifth Annual Report, 1912/1913,London (Eugenics Education Society), 1913.
35. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 4; John E. Knodel, The Decline of Fertility in Germany, 1871-1939 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 39.
36. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 4; John E. Knodel, The Decline of Fertility in Germany, 1871-1939 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 39.
37. See Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," passim; and Sigrid Stöckel, Säuglingsfürsorge zwischen sozialer Hygiene und Eugenik: Das Beispiel Berlins im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996), 1-260.
38. Allen, "German Radical Feminism and Eugenics;" Wickert, Helene Stöcker, 55-83.
39. Allen, "German Radical Feminism and Eugenics;" Wickert, Helene Stöcker, 55-83.
40. Cf. Copelon, "From Privacy to Autonomy."
41. Frances Swiney, The Bar of Isis, or The Law of the Mother (London: C.W. Daniel, 1909), 43.
42. Ellen Key, Über Liebe und Ehe (Berlin: S. Fischer, 1906), 459.
43. Sybil Gotto, proposal for the Moral Education League, 1907, quoted by Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics, and Human Failings, 29.
44. "Motherhood," The Common Cause, September 8, 1910.
45. Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," 30-44; Stöckel, Säuglingsfürsorge, 170-260.
46. Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," 30-44; Stöckel, Säuglingsfürsorge, 170-260.
47. Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 70-79; Sheila FaithWeiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 114-25; Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 85-92.
48. Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 70-79; Sheila FaithWeiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 114-25; Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 85-92.
49. Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 70-79; Sheila FaithWeiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 114-25; Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 85-92.
50. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 155-280; Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 38-109.
51. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 155-280; Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 38-109.
52. "Bund für Mutterschutz," Archiv für Rassen-und Gesellschaftsbiologie 1 (1905): 164.
53. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood, 173-88; "Die Gründung des Bundes für Mutterschutz," Mutterschutz, 1 (1905): 47.
54. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood, 173-88; "Die Gründung des Bundes für Mutterschutz," Mutterschutz, 1 (1905): 47.
55. Agnes Bluhm, "Mutterschutz und Rassenhygiene," Archiv für Rassen-und Gesellschaftsbiologie 5 (1909): 134.
56. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics, 209.
57. Pamela Graves, "An Experiment in Woman-Centered Socialism: Labour Women in Britain," in Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women, ed. Helmut Graber and Pamela Graves (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1998), 180-215; Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 86-109.
58. Pamela Graves, "An Experiment in Woman-Centered Socialism: Labour Women in Britain," in Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women, ed. Helmut Graber and Pamela Graves (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1998), 180-215; Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 86-109.
59. Bessie Drysdale, "Der Bund für Mutterschutz," The Freewoman 1 (30 November 1911): 35-36.
60. Cicely Hamilton, Marriage as a Trade (London: Chapman and Hall, 1910).
61. Lily Braun, Die Mutterschaftsversicherung; Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Fürsorge für Schwangere und Wöchnerinnen (Berlin: Buchhandlung Vorwärts), 23.
62. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood, 173-187.
63. See Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," 22-24, for a more complete account of British welfare legislation of this period.
64. For example, Anna Martin, The Mother and Social Reform (Birmingham: Templar Press, 1913), 8-50.
65. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood, 188-205.
66. B Rep. 235-0, Helene-Lange Archiv, Bund deutscher Frauenvereine, Landesarchiv Berlin (hereinafter BDF):Stenogramm des 8. Generalversammlung, 420.
67. Helene Stöcker, "Von neuer Ethik," Mutterschutz 2 (1906): 9-10.
68. Christabel Pankhurst, "Concerning Damaged Goods," The Suffragette, February 20, 1914; Bland, Banishing the Beast, 242-46.
69. Christabel Pankhurst, "Concerning Damaged Goods," The Suffragette, February 20, 1914; Bland, Banishing the Beast, 242-46.
70. See Ann Taylor Allen, "Feminism, Venereal Diseases, and the State in Germany, 1890-1918," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993): 27-50.
71. Camilla Jellinek, "Die venerische Ansteckung und das Strafgesetz,"Centralblatt des Bundes deutscher Frauenvereine 12 (November 1, 1909): 115-18.
72. Matthew Thomson, The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain c. 1870-1959 (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1998), 23-52; Ellen Hume Pinsent, "Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded," The Nineteenth Century 67 (1910): 43-57;ES, Eug/B3: Feeblemindedness.
73. Matthew Thomson, The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain c. 1870-1959 (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1998), 23-52; Ellen Hume Pinsent, "Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded," The Nineteenth Century 67 (1910): 43-57;ES, Eug/B3: Feeblemindedness.
74. Great Britain, 3+4 Geo Ch. 28: Mental Deficiency Act, 1913.
75. Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, "Can the Cats Legislate for the Mice?" Votes for Women, August22, 1913; Dora Marsden,"The Poor and the Rich," The Freewoman 2 (July25, 1912).
76. Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, "Can the Cats Legislate for the Mice?" Votes for Women, August22, 1913; Dora Marsden,"The Poor and the Rich," The Freewoman 2 (July25, 1912).
77. Mrs. Edward Francis, "Race Suicide," The Vote, January 21, 1911.
78. "Die achte Generalversammlung," Centralblatt des Bundes deutscher Frauenvereine, 15 December 1908; see also the favorable reference to Schreiber's speech in Archiv für Rassenund Gesellschaftsbiologie 5 (1909): 134-35.
79. "Die achte Generalversammlung," Centralblatt des Bundes deutscher Frauenvereine, 15 December 1908; see also the favorable reference to Schreiber's speech in Archiv für Rassenund Gesellschaftsbiologie 5 (1909): 134-35.
80. Ellen Key, Das Jahrhundert des Kindes (Berlin: S.Fischer, 1905), 13.
81. Helene Lange, "Zur Wiederaufnahme der Bevölkerungspolitik," Die Frau 23 (1915/16): 100; Henriette Fürth, "Die Frauen und die Bevölkerungs-und Schutzmittelfrage," reprint from Archiv für soziale Hygiene und Demographie, in Nachlaß Henriette Fürth, Internationaal Institut vor sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.
82. Helene Lange, "Zur Wiederaufnahme der Bevölkerungspolitik," Die Frau 23 (1915/16): 100; Henriette Fürth, "Die Frauen und die Bevölkerungs-und Schutzmittelfrage," reprint from Archiv für soziale Hygiene und Demographie, in Nachlaß Henriette Fürth, Internationaal Institut vor sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.
83. Gertrud Bäumer, "Der seelische Hintergrund der Bevölkerungsfrage," Die Frau 23 (1917): 129-33; quotation 132.
84. Gertrud Bäumer, "Gewaltsame Bevölkerungspolitik," Die Frauenfrage, October 1, 1918.
85. Beschlüsse der Kriegstagung und der Gesamtsvorstandssitzung des BDF in Weimar am 25-30 Juni 1916: Zur Bevölkerungspolitik," Die Frauenfrage, July 16, 1916.
86. Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 172;
87. see also Schreiber's many articles on this subject, for example, Schreiber, "Gesundheitszeugnisse zur Eheschließung," Die Frauenfrage, Feb. 16, 1917.
88. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 291-95, see also R/18: Reichsgesundheitsamt: 3272: Gesundheitszeugnisse für Ehebewerber, Bundesarchiv Lichterfelde.
89. The Declining Birth-Rate: Its Couses and its Effects: Report of National Birth-Rate Commission (London: Chapman and Hall, 1916); testimony of Mary Scharlieb, 267-68.
90. K.D. Courtney, H.N. Brailsford, Eleanor Rathbone, Elinor Burns, and Emile Bums, Equal Pay and the Family: A Proposal for the National Endowment of Motherhood (London:Headley Brothers, 1918).
91. Compare Michael Schwartz's account of a similar change in socialist arguments: Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 14-35.
92. For an excellent discussion of these debates, see Usborne, The Politics of the Body.
93. A statement of this group's position by one of its chief spokesmen is Friedrich Burgdoerfer, Familie und Volk (Berlin: Deutscher Schriftenverlag, 1930).
94. Gertrud Bäumer, "Rede zum sozialen Teil des Regierungsprogramms," Die Frau 26 (April 7,1919): 201-2.
95. Henriette Fürth, "Zur Sozialisierung der öffentlichen Wohlfahrtspflege, Teil III," Die Gleichheit 29 (1919): 154-55; see also Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 182.
96. Henriette Fürth, "Zur Sozialisierung der öffentlichen Wohlfahrtspflege, Teil III," Die Gleichheit 29 (1919): 154-55; see also Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 182.
97. Usborne, Politics of the Body, 164; Grossmann, Reforming Sex, 46-77.
98. Usborne, Politics of the Body, 164; Grossmann, Reforming Sex, 46-77.
99. Luise Scheffen-Doering, Frauen von Heute (Leipzig: Quelle und Meyer, 1929), 246.
100. BDF, Veranstaltungen des Bundes, Generalversammlung 1925: Maschinenschriftliche Stenogramme der 14. Generalversammlung von 4 bis 7 Okt. in Dresden, 164-78, Fiche no. 3032-3035.
101. Edward Ross Dickinson, "Welfare, Democracy and Fascism: The Political Crisis in German Child Welfare, 1922-1933," German Studies Review 22 (February, 1999): 43-66.
102. Compare Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 23-35.
103. Angelika Ebbinghaus, "Helene Wessel und die Verwahrung," in Ebbinghaus, ed., Opfer und Täterinnen: Frauenbiographien des Nationalsozialismus (Nördlingen: Franz Greno, 1987), 152-73.
104. Henriette Fürth, Die Regelung der Nachkommenschaft als eugenisches Problem (Stuttgart Julius Püttmann: 1929), 45. Schwarz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 265-310.
105. Henriette Fürth, Die Regelung der Nachkommenschaft als eugenisches Problem (Stuttgart Julius Püttmann: 1929), 45. Schwarz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 265-310.
106. Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 293-327; Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 441-88.
107. Schwartz, Sozialistische Eugenik, 293-327; Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 441-88.
108. Anne Marie Durand-Wever, "Umfang und Ursache der Geburtenbeschränkung," Die Medizinische Welt (1931): 1-27; quotation 18.
109. Anne-Marie Durand-Wever, Mitglieder des Auschusses für Eheberatung, April 18, 1931, BDF, Ausschuss für Eheberatung: Correspondenzen, Sitzungsprotokolle, Fiche no. 2122-32.
110. Niederschrift über die Sitzung des Ausschusses für Eheberatung," October 3, 1931; Durand-Wever, "An den Ausschuss für Bevölkerungspolitik," April 2, 1932; Luise Scheffen-Doering, "An die Mitglieder des bevölkerungspolitischen Ausschusses,"March 2, 1933; BDF, Ausschuss für Eheberatung, Fiche no. 2126-2127.
111. Niederschrift über die Sitzung des Ausschusses für Eheberatung," October 3, 1931; Durand-Wever, "An den Ausschuss für Bevölkerungspolitik," April 2, 1932; Luise Scheffen-Doering, "An die Mitglieder des bevölkerungspolitischen Ausschusses,"March 2, 1933; BDF, Ausschuss für Eheberatung, Fiche no. 2126-2127.
112. Niederschrift über die Sitzung des Ausschusses für Eheberatung," October 3, 1931; Durand-Wever, "An den Ausschuss für Bevölkerungspolitik," April 2, 1932; Luise Scheffen-Doering, "An die Mitglieder des bevölkerungspolitischen Ausschusses,"March 2, 1933; BDF, Ausschuss für Eheberatung, Fiche no. 2126-2127.
113. Greven-Aschoff, Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung, 185-89.
114. Scheffen-Doering, "Bevölkerungspolitischer Ausschuss,"May 10, 1932; "Bund deutscher Frauenvereine: Richtlinien zur Familienpolitik," (attached to this memo), BDF, Ausschuss für Eheberatung, Fiche no. 2122-32.
115. Scheffen-Doering, "Bevölkerungspolitischer Ausschuss,"May 10, 1932; "Bund deutscher Frauenvereine: Richtlinien zur Familienpolitik," (attached to this memo), BDF, Ausschuss für Eheberatung, Fiche no. 2122-32.
116. Luise Scheffen-Doering, "Die Familie im Volksaufbau," Die Frau, 40 (1933): 530-35; quotations 530, 533, 535.
117. Ebbinghaus, "Helene Wessel und die Verwahrung," 166-67.
118. For background on this political situation, see Pamela Graves, "An Experiment in Woman-Centered Socialism: Labour Women in Britain," in Pamela Graves and Helmut Gruber, eds., Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women: Europe between the Two World Wars (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1998): 180-214; and Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 138-223. I am indebted to Pedersen's analysis of French and British debates on family allowances, which points out the differences between British and continental European pronatalist politics.
119. For background on this political situation, see Pamela Graves, "An Experiment in Woman-Centered Socialism: Labour Women in Britain," in Pamela Graves and Helmut Gruber, eds., Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women: Europe between the Two World Wars (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1998): 180-214; and Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 138-223. I am indebted to Pedersen's analysis of French and British debates on family allowances, which points out the differences between British and continental European pronatalist politics.
120. On the society's network of supporters, see Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics, and Human Failings, 7-57.
121. EES, SA/Eug./C77: "People: Mrs.C.B.S. Hodson;" on Hodson see also Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 178.
122. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
123. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
124. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
125. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
126. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
127. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
128. On NUSEC, its program, and its role in feminist organizing see Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement and Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement 1918-1928 (London: Tauris, 1997). The organization's archive is held in the Fawcett Library, London. On Rathbone's background see Petersen, Family, Dependence, 135-52 and Mary Danvers Stocks, Eleanor Rathbone: A Biography (London: Gollancz, 1949); on Hubback see Hopkinson, Family Inheritance. "Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 178-233; Graves, Labour Women, 135-38; Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 236-49; Law, Suffrage and Power, 161-67.
129. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 292-301.
130. Eleanor Rathbone, "Family Endowment in its Bearing on the Question of Population," text of lecture to Eugenics Society, 1924, in Teresa Billington Greig Papers, Box 408, Fawcett Library, London; Rathbone, The Disinherited Family (London: Edward Arnold, 1924), 247; Rathbone The Ethics and Economics of Family Endowment (London: Epworth Press, 1927), 112
131. Eleanor Rathbone, "Family Endowment in its Bearing on the Question of Population," text of lecture to Eugenics Society, 1924, in Teresa Billington Greig Papers, Box 408, Fawcett Library, London; Rathbone, The Disinherited Family (London: Edward Arnold, 1924), 247; Rathbone The Ethics and Economics of Family Endowment (London: Epworth Press, 1927), 112
132. Eleanor Rathbone, "Family Endowment in its Bearing on the Question of Population," text of lecture to Eugenics Society, 1924, in Teresa Billington Greig Papers, Box 408, Fawcett Library, London; Rathbone, The Disinherited Family (London: Edward Arnold, 1924), 247; Rathbone The Ethics and Economics of Family Endowment (London: Epworth Press, 1927), 112
133. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 163-225; Marie Carmichael Slopes, Married Love: a New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties (London: A.C.Fitfield, 1918); and Radient Motherhood: A Book for Those Who Are Creating the Future, (London: G.P. Putnam, 1920);
134. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 163-225; Marie Carmichael Slopes, Married Love: a New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties (London: A.C.Fitfield, 1918); and Radient Motherhood: A Book for Those Who Are Creating the Future, (London: G.P. Putnam, 1920);
135. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 163-225; Marie Carmichael Slopes, Married Love: a New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties (London: A.C.Fitfield, 1918); and Radient Motherhood: A Book for Those Who Are Creating the Future, (London: G.P. Putnam, 1920);
136. Richard Soloway, "The Gallon Lecture 1996: Marie Slopes, Eugenics, and the Birth Control Movement," in Marie Stopes and the English Birth-Control Movement, ed. Robert A Peel (London: Galton Institute, 1997), 49-76.
137. "Is Birth Control a Feminist Reform?" The Woman's Leader, October 2, 1925; see also Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 249-256; and Law, Suffrage and Power, 168-71.
138. "Is Birth Control a Feminist Reform?" The Woman's Leader, October 2, 1925; see also Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 249-256; and Law, Suffrage and Power, 168-71.
139. "Is Birth Control a Feminist Reform?" The Woman's Leader, October 2, 1925; see also Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, 249-256; and Law, Suffrage and Power, 168-71.
140. Richard Soloway, "From Mainline to Reform Eugenics - Leonard Darwin and C.P. Blacker," in Essays in the History of Eugenics, 52-80.
141. National Conference of Labour Women, Report of the Work of the Labour Party in Women's Interest at Home and Abroad, May to April, 1924 (London: Labour Party, 1924), 96;
142. see also Graves, Labour Women, 80-97.
143. Report of the National Conference of Labour Women, May 16 and 17, 1928 (London: Labour Party, 1928), 26-27; see also Graves, Labour Women, 90-97.
144. Report of the National Conference of Labour Women, May 16 and 17, 1928 (London: Labour Party, 1928), 26-27; see also Graves, Labour Women, 90-97.
145. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, 188;
146. Graves, Labour Women, 97-98.
147. Macnicol, "The Voluntary Sterilization Campaign in Britain"; Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization between the Wars," The Society for the Social History of Medicine (1989): 147-69. C.P. Blacker, "Voluntary Sterilization: The Last Sixty Years," Eugenics Review 54 (1962): 9-23.
148. Macnicol, "The Voluntary Sterilization Campaign in Britain"; Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization between the Wars," The Society for the Social History of Medicine (1989): 147-69. C.P. Blacker, "Voluntary Sterilization: The Last Sixty Years," Eugenics Review 54 (1962): 9-23.
149. Macnicol, "The Voluntary Sterilization Campaign in Britain"; Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization between the Wars," The Society for the Social History of Medicine (1989): 147-69. C.P. Blacker, "Voluntary Sterilization: The Last Sixty Years," Eugenics Review 54 (1962): 9-23.
150. Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics."
151. Blacker-Askwith, November 7, 1932.EES, SA/ Eug./C.7: Eugenics Society: People: Lady Askwith.
152. Reports of these meetings, submitted by the speakers, are contained in numerous files: EES, Eug./D236: Eugenics Society: General Voluntary Sterilization. Joint Committee on Voluntary Sterilization: Specimens of Circular Letters sent 1934 to 1936; SA/Eug./D214: Eugenics Society: General Voluntary Sterilization; SA/Eug./D 132: Eugenics Society: General: National Council of Women; SA/Eug./C.5: Propaganda and Publicity: Reports on Lectures and Meetings, Women's Cooperative Guilds, 1927-39; SA/Eug./G6; Eugenics Society: Propaganda and Publicity: Reports on Lectures and Meetings, Women's Insitutes 1931-1940; SA/Eug./G4 ES: Propaganda and Publicity: Reports on Lectures and Meetings, National Council of Women; SA/Eug./D.132: General: National Council of Women 1926-1931; SA/Eug./D 147: National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship, 1921-1937.
153. On NUSEC endorsement, see EES, SA/Eug./D147: General: National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship. Text of the endorsements of NUSEC and of the Women's Cooperative Guild are quoted in Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization, Better Unborn, London, 1932, 16. See also Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics." Report of the Seventeenth National Conference of Labour Women, May 19, 20, and 21, 1936 (London: Labour Party, 1936), 92; see also Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization," 164.
154. On NUSEC endorsement, see EES, SA/Eug./D147: General: National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship. Text of the endorsements of NUSEC and of the Women's Cooperative Guild are quoted in Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization, Better Unborn, London, 1932, 16. See also Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics." Report of the Seventeenth National Conference of Labour Women, May 19, 20, and 21, 1936 (London: Labour Party, 1936), 92; see also Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization," 164.
155. On NUSEC endorsement, see EES, SA/Eug./D147: General: National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship. Text of the endorsements of NUSEC and of the Women's Cooperative Guild are quoted in Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization, Better Unborn, London, 1932, 16. See also Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics." Report of the Seventeenth National Conference of Labour Women, May 19, 20, and 21, 1936 (London: Labour Party, 1936), 92; see also Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization," 164.
156. On NUSEC endorsement, see EES, SA/Eug./D147: General: National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship. Text of the endorsements of NUSEC and of the Women's Cooperative Guild are quoted in Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization, Better Unborn, London, 1932, 16. See also Hall, "Women, Feminism, and Eugenics." Report of the Seventeenth National Conference of Labour Women, May 19, 20, and 21, 1936 (London: Labour Party, 1936), 92; see also Macnicol, "Eugenics and the Campaign for Voluntary Sterilization," 164.
157. "St. Joan's Society and Political Alliance, 24th Annual Report," The Catholic Citizen, March 15, 1935;
158. Review of Letitia Fairfield, The Case against Sterilisation, The Catholic Citizen, November 15, 1934.
159. For a list of the organizations that endorsed the sterilization law, see EES, SA/Eug./ D 387: Resolutions.
160. "Sterilisation: Report of Departmental Committee," The Shield, March 1934. For a Catholic dissent, see Letitia Fairfield, The Case against Sterilisation, (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1936).
161. "Sterilisation: Report of Departmental Committee," The Shield, March 1934. For a Catholic dissent, see Letitia Fairfield, The Case against Sterilisation, (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1936).
162. Blacker-Ruggles Gates, February 22, 1933: EES, SA/Eug./C. 120; Crew quoted in Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 177.
163. Blacker-Ruggles Gates, February 22, 1933: EES, SA/Eug./C. 120; Crew quoted in Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 177.
164. Blacker-Ruggles Gates, February 22, 1933: EES, SA/Eug./C. 120; Crew quoted in Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 177.
165. Pedersen, Family, Dependence, 413-26.
166. Claudia Koonz, "Ethical Dilemmas and Nazi Eugenics: Single-Issue Dissent in Religious Contexts," in Resistance against the Third Reich, ed.Michael Geyer and Charles W. Boyer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 15-38.
167. United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10, 1948, Article 16.
168. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 292.
169. Ruth Hubbard, The Politics of Women's Biology (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 198.
170. Jean E. McEwen, "Public and Private Eugenics," Genewatch: A Bulletin for the Council for Responsible Genetics, 12 (June 1999): 2-3; quotation p 3.