메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 209-221

Risking ethical insolvency: A survey of trends in criminal DNA databanking

(1)  Kimmelman, Jonathan a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; CANADA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFIDENTIALITY; CRIMINAL LAW; DNA FINGERPRINTING; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; GOVERNMENT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; LEGAL APPROACH; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL ETHICS; NUCLEIC ACID DATABASE; STATISTICS; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034278483     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2000.tb00661.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (22)

References (79)
  • 2
    • 0030954468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA Fingerprints from Fingerprints
    • R.A.H. Van Oorschot and M.K. Jones, "DNA Fingerprints from Fingerprints." Nature, 387 (1997): 767.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 767
    • Van Oorschot, R.A.H.1    Jones, M.K.2
  • 3
    • 0025817815 scopus 로고
    • PCR-based Typing of DNA Extracted from Cigarette Butts
    • M.N. Hochmeister, et al., "PCR-based Typing of DNA Extracted from Cigarette Butts," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 104 (1991): 229-233; D. Sweet and D. Hildebrand, "Saliva from Cheese Bite Yields DNA Profile of Burglar: A Case Report," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 112 (1999): 201-3; and D.J. Walsh, et al., "Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) from Saliva and Forensic Science Samples Containing Saliva," Journal of Forensic Science, 37 (1992): 387-395.
    • (1991) International Journal of Legal Medicine , vol.104 , pp. 229-233
    • Hochmeister, M.N.1
  • 4
    • 0032921006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saliva from Cheese Bite Yields DNA Profile of Burglar: A Case Report
    • M.N. Hochmeister, et al., "PCR-based Typing of DNA Extracted from Cigarette Butts," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 104 (1991): 229-233; D. Sweet and D. Hildebrand, "Saliva from Cheese Bite Yields DNA Profile of Burglar: A Case Report," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 112 (1999): 201-3; and D.J. Walsh, et al., "Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) from Saliva and Forensic Science Samples Containing Saliva," Journal of Forensic Science, 37 (1992): 387-395.
    • (1999) International Journal of Legal Medicine , vol.112 , pp. 201-203
    • Sweet, D.1    Hildebrand, D.2
  • 5
    • 0026575612 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) from Saliva and Forensic Science Samples Containing Saliva
    • M.N. Hochmeister, et al., "PCR-based Typing of DNA Extracted from Cigarette Butts," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 104 (1991): 229-233; D. Sweet and D. Hildebrand, "Saliva from Cheese Bite Yields DNA Profile of Burglar: A Case Report," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 112 (1999): 201-3; and D.J. Walsh, et al., "Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) from Saliva and Forensic Science Samples Containing Saliva," Journal of Forensic Science, 37 (1992): 387-395.
    • (1992) Journal of Forensic Science , vol.37 , pp. 387-395
    • Walsh, D.J.1
  • 7
    • 0028301284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Review of State Legislation on DNA Forensic Data Banking
    • J.E. McEwen and P.R. Reilly, "A Review of State Legislation on DNA Forensic Data Banking," American Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1994): 941-958; and J.E. McEwen, "DNA Data Banks," in M.A. Rothstein, ed., Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997): 231-251.
    • (1994) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.54 , pp. 941-958
    • McEwen, J.E.1    Reilly, P.R.2
  • 8
    • 0028301284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA Data Banks
    • M.A. Rothstein, ed., New Haven: Yale University Press
    • J.E. McEwen and P.R. Reilly, "A Review of State Legislation on DNA Forensic Data Banking," American Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1994): 941-958; and J.E. McEwen, "DNA Data Banks," in M.A. Rothstein, ed., Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997): 231-251.
    • (1997) Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era , pp. 231-251
    • McEwen, J.E.1
  • 9
    • 18944394897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • All US federal and state statute citations discussed in this text are shown in Table 1.
  • 10
    • 0026126038 scopus 로고
    • The Secrets of the Genome Revealed: Threats to Genetic Privacy
    • G.M. Doot, "The Secrets of the Genome Revealed: Threats to Genetic Privacy," Wayne Law Review, 37 (1991): 1615-1645; N.L. Wilker, et al., "DNA Data Banking and the Public Interest," in Paul R. Billings, ed., DNA on Trial: Genetic Identification and Criminal Justice (Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1992): 141-149; and G.J. Annas, "Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks: Protecting Coded 'Future Diaries'," JAMA, 270 (1993): 2346-2350.
    • (1991) Wayne Law Review , vol.37 , pp. 1615-1645
    • Doot, G.M.1
  • 11
    • 0026126038 scopus 로고
    • DNA Data Banking and the Public Interest
    • Paul R. Billings, ed., Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Press
    • G.M. Doot, "The Secrets of the Genome Revealed: Threats to Genetic Privacy," Wayne Law Review, 37 (1991): 1615-1645; N.L. Wilker, et al., "DNA Data Banking and the Public Interest," in Paul R. Billings, ed., DNA on Trial: Genetic Identification and Criminal Justice (Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1992): 141-149; and G.J. Annas, "Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks: Protecting Coded 'Future Diaries'," JAMA, 270 (1993): 2346-2350.
    • (1992) DNA on Trial: Genetic Identification and Criminal Justice , pp. 141-149
    • Wilker, N.L.1
  • 12
    • 0027482439 scopus 로고
    • Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks: Protecting Coded 'Future Diaries'
    • G.M. Doot, "The Secrets of the Genome Revealed: Threats to Genetic Privacy," Wayne Law Review, 37 (1991): 1615-1645; N.L. Wilker, et al., "DNA Data Banking and the Public Interest," in Paul R. Billings, ed., DNA on Trial: Genetic Identification and Criminal Justice (Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1992): 141-149; and G.J. Annas, "Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks: Protecting Coded 'Future Diaries'," JAMA, 270 (1993): 2346-2350.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 2346-2350
    • Annas, G.J.1
  • 13
    • 0003700234 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April
    • A.J. Beck and B.E. Shipley, "Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983," U.S. Department of Justice, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 1989): at 7.
    • (1989) Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983 , pp. 7
    • Beck, A.J.1    Shipley, B.E.2
  • 14
    • 18944389080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unabomber Case Files Trace Trail that Led to Kaczynski
    • June 14
    • A. Goldman, "Unabomber Case Files Trace Trail that Led to Kaczynski," Los Angeles Times, June 14, 1996, at 1.
    • (1996) Los Angeles Times , pp. 1
    • Goldman, A.1
  • 15
    • 0032511644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F.B.I. Set to Open its DNA Database for Fighting Crime
    • Oct. 12
    • N. Wade, "F.B.I. Set to Open its DNA Database for Fighting Crime," New York Times, Oct. 12, 1998, at A1; and G. Gugliotta, "A Rush to DNA Sampling: Vital Police Tool? Affront to Liberty? Both?", Washington Post, July 7, 1999, at A1.
    • (1998) New York Times
    • Wade, N.1
  • 16
    • 18944393939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Rush to DNA Sampling: Vital Police Tool? Affront to Liberty? Both?
    • July 7
    • N. Wade, "F.B.I. Set to Open its DNA Database for Fighting Crime," New York Times, Oct. 12, 1998, at A1; and G. Gugliotta, "A Rush to DNA Sampling: Vital Police Tool? Affront to Liberty? Both?", Washington Post, July 7, 1999, at A1.
    • (1999) Washington Post
    • Gugliotta, G.1
  • 17
    • 18944390683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FBI DNA Dragnet to Track Fugitives in 50 States
    • Oct. 19
    • M. Pezzella, "FBI DNA Dragnet to Track Fugitives in 50 States," Biotechnology Newswatch, Oct. 19, 1998, at 1.
    • (1998) Biotechnology Newswatch , pp. 1
    • Pezzella, M.1
  • 18
    • 18944367057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing Laws and Policies Governing Juvenile Justice Records
    • Washington, D.C., Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice
    • For reviews of recent developments in the juvenile justice system, see J.M. Chaikin, "Changing Laws and Policies Governing Juvenile Justice Records," in National Conference on Juvenile Justice Records: Appropriate Criminal and Noncriminal Justice Uses, (Washington, D.C., Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 1997): 11-14; and I.M. Schwartz, "Will the Juvenile Court System Survive?", American Academy of Political and Social Science, 564 (1999): 8-9 and essays that follow.
    • (1997) National Conference on Juvenile Justice Records: Appropriate Criminal and Noncriminal Justice Uses , pp. 11-14
    • Chaikin, J.M.1
  • 19
    • 34249702687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will the Juvenile Court System Survive?
    • For reviews of recent developments in the juvenile justice system, see J.M. Chaikin, "Changing Laws and Policies Governing Juvenile Justice Records," in National Conference on Juvenile Justice Records: Appropriate Criminal and Noncriminal Justice Uses, (Washington, D.C., Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 1997): 11-14; and I.M. Schwartz, "Will the Juvenile Court System Survive?", American Academy of Political and Social Science, 564 (1999): 8-9 and essays that follow.
    • (1999) American Academy of Political and Social Science , vol.564 , pp. 8-9
    • Schwartz, I.M.1
  • 20
    • 18944398486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice: Sept. 26-27
    • T. Callaghan, Testimony, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice: Sept. 26-27, 1999; and National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board of Biology, DNA Technology in Forensic Science, (Washington, D.C.: National Acadamy Press, 1992), at 120.
    • (1999) Testimony, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference
    • Callaghan, T.1
  • 21
    • 0003849297 scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C.: National Acadamy Press
    • T. Callaghan, Testimony, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice: Sept. 26-27, 1999; and National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board of Biology, DNA Technology in Forensic Science, (Washington, D.C.: National Acadamy Press, 1992), at 120.
    • (1992) DNA Technology in Forensic Science , pp. 120
  • 22
    • 0038241934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA Banking in the Military: An Ethical Analysis
    • R.F. Weir, ed., Iowa City: University of Iowa Press
    • See McEwen, 1997, supra note 5; and K. Kipnis, "DNA Banking in the Military: An Ethical Analysis," in R.F. Weir, ed., Stored Tissue Samples: Ethical, Legal, and Public Policy Implications, (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998): 329-344.
    • (1998) Stored Tissue Samples: Ethical, Legal, and Public Policy Implications , pp. 329-344
    • Kipnis, K.1
  • 24
    • 18944369580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Callaghan, supra note 13
    • See Callaghan, supra note 13.
  • 25
    • 0002845357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forensics: Analysis of Short Tandem Repeat Loci by Multiplex PCR and Real Time Fluorescence Detection during Capillary Electrophoresis
    • J.T. Epplen and T. Lubjuhn, eds., Boston: Birkhäuser Verlag
    • B. Budowle and T.R. Moretti, "Forensics: Analysis of Short Tandem Repeat Loci by Multiplex PCR and Real Time Fluorescence Detection During Capillary Electrophoresis," in J.T. Epplen and T. Lubjuhn, eds., DNA Profiling and DNA Fingerprinting, (Boston: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999): 101-115.
    • (1999) DNA Profiling and DNA Fingerprinting , pp. 101-115
    • Budowle, B.1    Moretti, T.R.2
  • 26
    • 0031690730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R.F. Weir, supra note 14
    • See McEwen, 1997, supra note 5; J. McEwen, "Storing Genes to Solve Crimes: Legal, Ethical, and Public Policy Considerations," in R.F. Weir, supra note 14, at 311-28; and P.R. Reilly and D.C. Page, "We're off to see the genome," Nature Genetics, 20, no. 9 (1998): 15-17.
    • Storing Genes to Solve Crimes: Legal, Ethical, and Public Policy Considerations , pp. 311-328
  • 27
    • 0031690730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We're off to see the genome
    • See McEwen, 1997, supra note 5; J. McEwen, "Storing Genes to Solve Crimes: Legal, Ethical, and Public Policy Considerations," in R.F. Weir, supra note 14, at 311-28; and P.R. Reilly and D.C. Page, "We're off to see the genome," Nature Genetics, 20, no. 9 (1998): 15-17.
    • (1998) Nature Genetics , vol.20 , Issue.9 , pp. 15-17
    • Reilly, P.R.1    Page, D.C.2
  • 28
    • 18944379874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Right to Privacy Protected by Massachusetts Decision
    • Sept. 7
    • Anonymous, "Right to Privacy Protected by Massachusetts Decision," Biotechnology Newswatch, Sept. 7, 1998.
    • (1998) Biotechnology Newswatch
  • 29
    • 18944366581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 13
    • See supra note 13.
  • 30
    • 18944405877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 4 at 66
    • See supra note 4 at 66.
  • 31
    • 18944384058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 32
    • 0028858472 scopus 로고
    • American College of Medical Genetics Statement on the Storage and Use of Genetic Materials
    • J.A. Phillips III, et al., "American College of Medical Genetics Statement on the Storage and Use of Genetic Materials," American Journal of Human Genetics, 57 (1995): 1499-1500.
    • (1995) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.57 , pp. 1499-1500
    • Phillips III, J.A.1
  • 33
    • 18944403015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See McEwen, 1994 supra note 4
    • See McEwen, 1994 supra note 4.
  • 34
    • 18944370793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CrimTrac to Provide Speedy Suspect Identification
    • July 22
    • K. Lawson, "CrimTrac to Provide Speedy Suspect Identification," Canberra Times, July 22, 1999, at A1.
    • (1999) Canberra Times
    • Lawson, K.1
  • 35
    • 18944407782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • China: Law Enforcement DNA Database Established
    • Sept. 9
    • Anonymous, "China: Law Enforcement DNA Database Established," BBC World Wide Monitoring - Asia Pacific, Sept. 9, 1999.
    • (1999) BBC World Wide Monitoring - Asia Pacific
  • 36
    • 18944403248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La France se dote d'un fichier national d'empreintes genetiques
    • March 21
    • C. Pascal, "La France se dote d'un fichier national d'empreintes genetiques," Le Monde, March 21, 2000.
    • (2000) Le Monde
    • Pascal, C.1
  • 37
    • 18944406870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, Part IV, 1994
    • Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, Part IV, 1994.
  • 38
    • 18944364588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Code RSC 1985, Chapter C-46, s.487 et seq. (1996)
    • Criminal Code RSC 1985, Chapter C-46, s.487 et seq. (1996).
  • 39
    • 0030978699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA Typing in Forensic Medicine and Criminal Investigations: A Current Survey
    • M. Benecke, "DNA Typing in Forensic Medicine and Criminal Investigations: A Current Survey," Naturwissenschaften, 84 (1997): 181-8; and E. Peerenboom, "Central Criminal DNA Database Created in Germany," Nature Biotechnology, 16 (1998): 510-11.
    • (1997) Naturwissenschaften , vol.84 , pp. 181-188
    • Benecke, M.1
  • 40
    • 0032090364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central Criminal DNA Database Created in Germany
    • M. Benecke, "DNA Typing in Forensic Medicine and Criminal Investigations: A Current Survey," Naturwissenschaften, 84 (1997): 181-8; and E. Peerenboom, "Central Criminal DNA Database Created in Germany," Nature Biotechnology, 16 (1998): 510-11.
    • (1998) Nature Biotechnology , vol.16 , pp. 510-511
    • Peerenboom, E.1
  • 42
    • 18944386233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police Chiefs Join in Call for More DNA Sampling
    • Aug. 16
    • J. Blair, "Police Chiefs Join in Call for More DNA Sampling," New York Times, Aug. 16, 1999, at B5.
    • (1999) New York Times
    • Blair, J.1
  • 44
    • 18944377925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fed: Mass DNA Screenings OK if Voluntary, says Williams
    • Apr. 16
    • Anonymous, "Fed: Mass DNA Screenings OK if Voluntary, says Williams," AAP Newsfeed, Apr. 16, 2000.
    • (2000) AAP Newsfeed
  • 45
    • 18944391144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Forensic Blood Bank? RCMP solve a murder by soliciting DNA samples, but have not returned them
    • Sept. 13
    • W.A.Thompson, "A Forensic Blood Bank? RCMP solve a murder by soliciting DNA samples, but have not returned them," British Columbia Report, Sept. 13, 1999, at 43.
    • (1999) British Columbia Report , pp. 43
    • Thompson, W.A.1
  • 46
    • 18944404228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Peerenboom, supra note 30
    • See Peerenboom, supra note 30.
  • 47
    • 18944401689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testimony, "Technology Development: DNA from Fingerprints"
    • Boston, National Institute of Justice, July 25-26
    • L. Fereday, Testimony, "Technology Development: DNA from Fingerprints," National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Boston, National Institute of Justice, July 25-26, 1999.
    • (1999) National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference
    • Fereday, L.1
  • 48
    • 18944405416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Code RSC 1985, Chapter C-46, s.487 et seq. (1996)
    • Criminal Code RSC 1985, Chapter C-46, s.487 et seq. (1996).
  • 50
    • 29444432187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics
    • C.J. DeFrances and G.W. Steadman, Prosecutions in State Courts, 1996, (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998); J.W. Hicks and V. Weedn, "The Unrealized Potential of DNA Testing," in NIJ: Research in Action, (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, June, 1998); and supra note 33.
    • (1996) Prosecutions in State Courts
    • DeFrances, C.J.1    Steadman, G.W.2
  • 51
    • 18944381487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NIJ: Research in Action, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, June, and supra note 33
    • C.J. DeFrances and G.W. Steadman, Prosecutions in State Courts, 1996, (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998); J.W. Hicks and V. Weedn, "The Unrealized Potential of DNA Testing," in NIJ: Research in Action, (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, June, 1998); and supra note 33.
    • (1998) The Unrealized Potential of DNA Testing
    • Hicks, J.W.1    Weedn, V.2
  • 52
    • 18944396352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 8 at 6
    • See supra note 8 at 6.
  • 53
    • 18944399984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 54
    • 0001509925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA Databanks: Law Enforcement's Greatest Surveillance Tool?
    • Hibbert 1999; McEwen 1997
    • See McEwen, 1997 supra note 5; and M. Hibbert, "DNA Databanks: Law Enforcement's Greatest Surveillance Tool?", Wake Forest Law Review, 34 (1999): at 782-786. (Hibbert 1999; McEwen 1997)
    • (1999) Wake Forest Law Review , vol.34 , pp. 782-786
    • Hibbert, M.1
  • 55
    • 18944402913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Hibbert, id.
    • See Hibbert, id.
  • 56
    • 18944368138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guiliani Backs DNA Testing of Newborns for ID
    • Dec. 17
    • B. Lambert, "Guiliani Backs DNA Testing of Newborns for ID," New York Times, Dec. 17, 1998, at B4; and M. Smith, Remarks, "Legal Issues Working Group Report: Constitutional Analysis of Arrestee DNA Sampling," National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice, July 26-27, 1999.
    • (1998) New York Times
    • Lambert, B.1
  • 57
    • 18944384536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remarks, "Legal Issues Working Group Report: Constitutional Analysis of Arrestee DNA Sampling"
    • Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice, July 26-27
    • B. Lambert, "Guiliani Backs DNA Testing of Newborns for ID," New York Times, Dec. 17, 1998, at B4; and M. Smith, Remarks, "Legal Issues Working Group Report: Constitutional Analysis of Arrestee DNA Sampling," National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice, July 26-27, 1999.
    • (1999) National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference
    • Smith, M.1
  • 58
    • 18944397355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 (S. Ct. 1969)
    • Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 (S. Ct. 1969).
  • 59
    • 18944380125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thom v. New York Stock Exchange, 306 F.Supp. 1002, (S.D.N.Y 1969)
    • Thom v. New York Stock Exchange, 306 F.Supp. 1002, (S.D.N.Y 1969).
  • 60
    • 0031288201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biometric Scanning, Law and Policy: Identifying the Concerns - Drafting the Biometric Blueprint
    • J.D Woodward, "Biometric Scanning, Law and Policy: Identifying the Concerns - Drafting the Biometric Blueprint," University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 59, no.3 (1997): 97-152.
    • (1997) University of Pittsburgh Law Review , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 97-152
    • Woodward, J.D.1
  • 61
    • 18944374755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perkey v. Department of Motor Vehicles, 721 P.2d 50, 55-56 (Cal. 1986)
    • Perkey v. Department of Motor Vehicles, 721 P.2d 50, 55-56 (Cal. 1986).
  • 62
    • 0001601662 scopus 로고
    • Privacy
    • C. Fried, "Privacy," Yale Law Journal, 77 (1968): 475-93.
    • (1968) Yale Law Journal , vol.77 , pp. 475-493
    • Fried, C.1
  • 63
    • 18944404940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 486
    • See id. at 486.
  • 64
    • 0032893492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Consequences of DNA Profile Mismatches for Close Relatives of an Excluded Suspect
    • M. Sjerps and A.D. Kloosterman, "On the Consequences of DNA Profile Mismatches for Close Relatives of an Excluded Suspect," International Journal of Legal Medicine, 112 (1999): 176-180.
    • (1999) International Journal of Legal Medicine , vol.112 , pp. 176-180
    • Sjerps, M.1    Kloosterman, A.D.2
  • 65
    • 84992775360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation into Police is Broadened in Los Angeles
    • Feb. 24
    • J. Sterngold, "Investigation into Police is Broadened in Los Angeles," New York Times, Feb. 24, 2000, at A12.
    • (2000) New York Times
    • Sterngold, J.1
  • 67
    • 2942673119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Disparities Seen as Pervasive in Juvenile Justice
    • April 26
    • F. Butterfield, "Racial Disparities Seen as Pervasive in Juvenile Justice," New York Times, April 26, 2000, at A1; and M. Males and D. Macallair, "The Color of Justice: An Analysis of Juvenile-Adult Court Transfers in California," (San Francisco: Justice Policy Institute, 2000).
    • (2000) New York Times
    • Butterfield, F.1
  • 71
    • 18944374516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Justice Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April, at Table 1.28
    • Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Correctional Populations in the US, 1996," Department of Justice (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April, 1999), at Table 1.28.
    • (1999) Correctional Populations in the US, 1996
  • 72
    • 18944385760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993)
    • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993).
  • 73
    • 18944396598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See National Academy of Sciences, supra note 13, at 120
    • See National Academy of Sciences, supra note 13, at 120.
  • 74
    • 18944406628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As DNA Use Rises, so Do Concerns
    • March 3
    • L. Trischitta, "As DNA Use Rises, So Do Concerns," The Times Union, March 3, 2000, at A1; and Callaghan, supra note 13.
    • (2000) The Times Union
    • Trischitta, L.1
  • 75
    • 0031897410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid PCR for Identity Testing Using a Battery-Powered Miniature Thermal Cycler
    • P. Belgrader, at al., "Rapid PCR for Identity Testing Using a Battery-Powered Miniature Thermal Cycler," Journal of Forensic Science, 43, (1998): 315-19.
    • (1998) Journal of Forensic Science , vol.43 , pp. 315-319
    • Belgrader, P.1
  • 76
    • 0028192137 scopus 로고
    • Rapid Analysis of the Short Tandem Repeat HUMTHO1 by Capillary Electrophoresis
    • J.M. Butler, at al., "Rapid Analysis of the Short Tandem Repeat HUMTHO1 by Capillary Electrophoresis," Biotechniques, 17, (1994): 1062-70.
    • (1994) Biotechniques , vol.17 , pp. 1062-1070
    • Butler, J.M.1
  • 77
    • 0034164575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid, high fidelity analysis of simple sequene repeats on an electronically active DNA microchip
    • R. Radtkey, et al., "Rapid, high fidelity analysis of simple sequene repeats on an electronically active DNA microchip," Nucleic Acids Research, 28, no. 7, (2000): e17i-vi.
    • (2000) Nucleic Acids Research , vol.28 , Issue.7
    • Radtkey, R.1
  • 78
    • 18944371907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 17
    • See supra note 17.
  • 79
    • 0008693142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeking Answers, Census is Stirring Privacy Questions
    • April 1
    • D.E. Rosenblum, "Seeking Answers, Census is Stirring Privacy Questions," New York Times, April 1, 2000, at A1.
    • (2000) New York Times
    • Rosenblum, D.E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.