Teraflops supercomputer: architecture and validation of the fault tolerance mechanisms

IEEE Transactions on Computers

Volumn 49, Issue 9, 2000, Pages 886-894

  Constantinescu, Cristian ^a,b  

^a IEEE

^b INTEL CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE; COMPUTER HARDWARE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; COMPUTER SOFTWARE; COMPUTER SYSTEM RECOVERY; ERROR CORRECTION; ERROR DETECTION; FAULT TOLERANT COMPUTER SYSTEMS; FIRMWARE;

ACCELERATED STRATEGIC COMPUTING INITIATIVE; ERROR HANDLING; FAULT HANDLING; FAULT INJECTION;

SUPERCOMPUTERS;

EID: 0034273865     PISSN: 00189340     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/12.869320     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.C. Laprie, "Faul Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems," Proc. 19th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 348-355, 1989.
2. J. Arlat et al., "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation: A Methodology and Some Applications," IEEE Trans. Software Eng., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 166-182, Feb. 1990.
3. J. Barton, E. Czeck, Z. Segall, and D. Siewiorek, "Fault Injection Experiments Using FIAT," IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 575-582, Apr. 1990.
4. J. Carreira, H. Madeira, and J.G. Silva, "Xception: A Technique for the Experimental Evaluation of Dependability in Modern Computers," IEEE Trans. Software Eng., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 125-136, Feb. 1998.
5. R. Chillarege and N. Bowen, "Understanding Large Systems Failures - A Fault Injection Experiment," Proc. 19th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 356-363, 1989.
6. C. Constantinescu, "Using Physical and Simulated Fault Injection to Evaluate Error Detection Mechanisms," Proc. Pacific Rim Int'l Symp. Dependable Computing, pp. 186-192, Dec. 1999.
7. C. Constantinescu, "Assessing Error Detection Coverage by Simulated Fault Injection," Proc. Third European Dependable Computing Conf., pp. 161-170, Sept. 1999.
8. C. Constantinescu, "Validation of the Fault/Error Handling Mechanisms of the Teraflops Supercomputer," Proc. 28th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 382-389, 1998.
9. C. Constantinescu, "Using Multi-Stage & Stratified Sampling for Inferring Fault Coverage Probabilities," IEEE Trans. Reliability, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 632-639, 1995.
10. C. Constantinescu, "Estimation of Coverage Probabilities for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems," Proc. Ninth Ann. Conf. Computer Assurance, pp. 101-106, 1994.
11. K. Echtle and M. Leu, "The EFA Fault Injector for Fault Tolerant Distributed System Testing," Proc. Fault Tolerant Parallel and Distributed Systems Workshop, pp. 28-35, 1992.
12. P. Folkesson, S. Svensson, and J. Karlsson, "A Comparison of Simulated Based and Scan Chain Implemented Fault Injection," Proc. 28th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 284-293, 1998.
13. A. Ghosh and B. Johnson, "System-Level Modeling in the ADEPT Environment of a Distributed Computer System for Real-Time Applications," Proc. IEEE Int'l Computer Performance and Dependability Symp., pp. 194-203, 1995.
14. K. Goswami, R.K. Iyer, and L. Young, "DEPEND: A Simulation Based Environment for System Level Dependability Analysis," IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 60-74, Jan. 1997.
15. S. Han, K. Shin, and H. Rosenberg, "DOCTOR: An Integrated Software Fault Injection Environment for Distributed Real-Time Systems," Proc. IEEE Int'l Computer Performance and Dependability Symp., pp. 204-213, 1995.
16. M.C. Hsueh, T.K. Tsai, and R.K. Iyer, "Fault Injection Techniques and Tools," Computer, pp. 75-82, Apr. 1997.
17. R.K. Iyer, "Experimental Evaluation," Proc. 25th Fault-Tolerant Computer Sytems Symp., pp. 115-132, 1995.
18. E. Jenn et al., "Fault Injection into VHDL Models: The MEFISTO tool," Proc. 24th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 66-75, 1994.
19. G. Kanawati, N. Kanawati, and J. Abraham, "FERRARI: A Tool for the Validation of System Dependability Properties," Proc. 22nd Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 336-344, 1992.
20. J. Karlsson et al., "Application of Three Physical Fault Injection Techniques to the Experimental Assessment of the MARS Architecture," Proc. Fifth Dependable Computing for Critical Applications Conf., pp. 150-161, 1995.
21. J. Karlsson et al., "Using Heavy-Ion Radiation to Validate Fault Handling Mechanisms," IEEE Micro, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 8-32, 1994.
22. P.K. Lala, Fault Tolerant and Fault Testable Hardware Design. New York: Prentice Hall Int'l, 1985.
23. J.C. Laprie, "Dependability - Its Attributes, Impairments and Means," Predictably Dependable Computing Systems, B. Randell, J.C. Laprie, H. Kopetz, and B. Littlewood, eds., pp. 1-28, Springer-Verlag, 1995.
24. T.Y. Lin and D.P. Siewiorek, "Error Log Analysis: Statistical Modeling and Heuristic Trend Analysis," IEEE Trans. Reliability, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 419-432, 1990.
25. H. Madeira, M. Rela, F. Moreira, and J.G. Silva, "A General Purpose Pin-Level Fault Injector," Proc. First European Dependable Computing Conf., pp. 199-216, 1994.
26. G. Mattson, D. Scott, and S. Wheat, "A TeraFLOP Supercomputer in 1996: The ASCI TFLOP System," Proc. 10th Int'l Parallel Processing Symp., pp. 84-93, 1996.
27. D. Powel, M. Cukier, and J. Arlat, "On Stratified Sampling for High Coverage Estimators," Proc. Second European Dependable Computing Conf., pp. 37-54, 1996.
28. D. Powel, E. Martins, J. Arlat, and Y. Crouzet, "Estimators for Fault Tolerance Coverage Evaluation," IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 261-274, Feb. 1995.
29. J.R. Samson Jr., W. Moreno, and F. Falquez, "A Technique for Automated Validation of Fault Tolerant Designs Using Laser Fault Injection (LFI)," Proc. 28th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 162-167, 1998.
30. D.T. Scott, G. Ries, M. Hsueh, and R.K. Iyer, "Dependability Analysis of a High-Speed Network Using Software-Implemented Fault Injected and Simulated Fault Injection," IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 108-119, Jan. 1998.
31. Z. Segal and T. Lin, "FIAT: Fault Injection Based Automated Testing Environment," Proc. 18th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 102-107, 1988.
32. J.G. Silva et al., "Experimental Assessment of Parallel Systems," Proc. 26th Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems Symp., pp. 415-424, 1996.
33. D.P. Siewiorek and R.S. Swarz, Reliable Computer Systems - Design and Evaluation. Natick, Mass.: A.K. Peters Ltd., 1998.
34. K.S. Trivedi, Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications, chapter 10. Prentice Hall, 1982.
35. C.J. Walter, "Evaluation and Design of an Ultra Reliable Distributed Architecture for Fault Tolerance," IEEE Trans. Reliability, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 492-499, 1990.
36. S.R. Wheat, R. Riesen, A.B. Maccabe, D.W. van Dresser, and T.M. Stallcup, "Puma: An Operating System for Massively Parallel Systems," Proc. 27th Hawaii Int'l Conf. Systems Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 56-65, 1994.