Diplomacy and decolonization

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 5-24

  Darwin, John ^a,b  

^a British Commonwealth   (United Kingdom)

^b NUFFIELD COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034259281     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086530008583096     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. J. A. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982).
2. Gerrit W. Gong, The 'Standard of Civilisation' in International Society (Oxford, 1984).
3. This concept was given classic expression in A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (London, 1973).
4. M. Lipton, 'Neither Partnership nor Dependence: Pre-decolonisation, Inertia, Diversification and Paraprotectionism in Indo-British Relations since 1947', in W. H. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980), 158-92.
5. Charles Lipson, Standing Guard: Protecting Foreign Capital in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1985).
6. For a pioneering study of this transition in a major ex-colonial economy, M. Lipton and J. Firn, The Erosion of a Relationship: Britain and India since 1960 (London, 1973).
7. Baron Meyendorff (ed.), Correspondance Diplomatique de M. De Staal, vol.2 (Paris, 1929), 441, 450; N. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol.2 (Cambridge, 1965), 617.
8. Baron Meyendorff (ed.), Correspondance Diplomatique de M. De Staal, vol.2 (Paris, 1929), 441, 450; N. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol.2 (Cambridge, 1965), 617.
9. For an expression of this view by the doyen of proconsuls. Earl of Cromer, 'The government of subject races', Political and Literary Essays 1908-1913, first series (London, 1913).
10. Sir Walter Townley, British Minister, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, British Foreign Secretary, 21 Dec. 1913, in D. Gillard, K. Bourne and D. C. Watt (eds.), British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from Foreign Office Confidential Print, part 1, series B, vol.14 (London, 1984), 358 ff.
11. J. Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East (London, 1981), 123.
12. Memo. by Sir Beilby Alston, British ambassador to Peking, 1 Aug. 1920, in R. Butler and J. P. T. Bury (eds.), Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, vol.14 (London, 1966), 83-5.
13. A. Carthill, The Lost Dominion (London, 1924).
14. A recent study is B. Gökay, A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism 1918-1923 (London, 1997).
15. H. R. G. Greaves, The League Committees and World Order (London, 1931), 176-7.
16. F. C. Jones, Japan's New Order in Asia 1937-45 (London, 1954).
17. For the preoccupation of an Indian governor with the consequences of depression, Sir Malcolm Hailey, Governor of the United Provinces, to Lionel Curtis, 28 June 1934, Lionel Curtis Papers MSS 91, Bodleian Library, Oxford.
18. Though Hitler was notably cautious about attacking the British empire. See Milan Hauner, India in Axis Strategy (Stuttgart, 1981).
19. J. Darwin, 'An Undeclared Empire: the British in the Middle East 1918-1939', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27 (1999), 169-73.
20. P. A. Shambrook, French Imperialism in Syria 1927-1936 (Reading, 1998), 203-4.
21. The retrocession of the sanjak of Alexandretta, remarked the French Foreign Minister, 'c'est uniquement en raison de la situation général de l'Europe'. Georges Bonnet to René Massigli, French ambassador to Ankara, 5 May 1939, Documents Diplomatiques Français 1932-39, second series (Paris, 1983), tome XVI, no.63.
22. M. J. Cohen, Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate 1936-1939 (London, 1978).
23. B. J. C. McKercher, Transition of Power: Britain's Loss of Global Pre-eminence to the United States 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1999), 259.
24. For the strength of this belief in the fiercest of anti-appeasers, Churchill's memo. on sea power, 27 March 1939, in M. Gilbert (ed.), Churchill Companion, vol.5, part 3 (London, 1982), 1414 ff.
25. Gary R. Hess, The United States' Emergence as a Southeast Asian Power 1940-1950 (New York, 1987), 78.
26. The authoritative account is W. R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay (Oxford, 1977).
27. For Bevin's views, W. R. Louis and R. E. Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 22 (1994), 439.
28. For an outline of this pre-war regime in Egypt, J. Darwin, 'Imperialism in Decline?: Tendencies in British Imperial policy between the wars', Historical Journal, 23 (1980), 657-79.
29. For an excellent recent study, Dieter Brötel, 'Indochina (Vietnam) between National Independence and Colonial Continuity, 1940-54', in G. Krebs and C. Oberlander (eds.), 1945 in Europe and Asia (Munich, 1997).
30. See R. H. Fifield, The Diplomacy of South East Asia 1945-1958 (New York, 1958).
31. Under British rule some 60-70,000 British troops (i.e. one third of the British army) were stationed in India at Indian expense. There was also an Indian regular army of some 140,000 men.
32. The indispensable account of British interests and policy in Cyprus is now R. F. Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus (Oxford, 1999).
33. Brötel, 'Indochina', 359.
34. Britain's fundamental economic interest, proclaimed the Radcliffe Committee on monetary policy in 1959, still lay in complementary exchanges with the primary producing countries of the Commonwealth. See J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London, 1988), 239.
35. Both Ghana and Malaya agreed to remain in the Sterling Area on independence and bank their dollar earnings in London.
36. For an early account, P. Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez (London, 1973); but see below the chapter by John Subritzky.
37. António José Telo, Economia e Império no Portugal Contemporânea (Lisbon, 1994), 267.
38. F. Rosas, Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra 1939-1945 (Lisbon, 1995), 239-59, especially 242, 246-7, 251.
39. António Josée Telo, Os Açôres e o Controlo do Atlântico (Lisbon, 1993), 453.
40. Telo, Economia e Império, 261.
41. For a suggestive analysis of the Soviet Union's imperial politics, P. Roeder, 'Soviet federalism and ethnic mobilisation', World Politics, 43 (1991), 196-232.