Processes in high-Mg, high-T magmas: Evidence from olivine, chromite and glass in palaeogene picrites from West Greenland

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 41, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 1071-1098

  Larsen, Lotte M ^a   Pedersen, Asger K ^b  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Chromite; Glass; Greenland; Olivine; Picrite

Indexed keywords

CHROMITE; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; OLIVINE; PICRITE;

GREENLAND;

EID: 0034234387     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/41.7.1071     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Aitken, B. G. & Echeverria, L. M. (1984). Petrology and geochemistry of komatiites and tholeiites from Gorgona Island, Colombia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 66, 415-427.
2. Albarède, F. (1992). How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate? Journal of Geophysical Research 97(B), 10997-11009.
3. Albarède, F., Luais, B., Fitton, J. G., Semet, M., Kaminski, E., Upton, B. G. J., Bachelèry, P. & Cheminée, J.-L. (1997). The geochemical regimes of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion) during the last 530 000 years. Journal of Petrology 38, 171-201.
4. Allan, J. F. (1992). Cr-spinel as a petrogenetic indicator: deducing magma composition from spinels in highly altered basalts from the Japan Sea, Sites 794 and 797. In: Tamaki, K., Suyehiro, K., Allan, J. F. & McWilliams, M. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 127/128. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 837-847.
5. Allan, J. F. (1994). Cr-rich spinel in depleted basalts from the Lau Basin backarc: petrogenetic history from Mg-Fe crystal-liquid exchange. In: Hawkins, J., Parson, L. & Allan, J. F. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 135. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 565-583.
6. Allan, J. F. & Dick, H. J. B. (1996). Cr-rich spinel as a tracer for melt migration and melt-wall rock interaction in the mantle: Hess Deep, Leg 147. In: Mével, C., Gillis, K. M., Allan, J. F. & Meyer, P. S. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 157-172.
7. Arai, S. (1994a). Compositional variation of olivine-chromian spinel in Mg-rich magmas as a guide to their residual spinel peridotites. Journal of Vokanology and Geothermal Research 59, 279-293.
8. Arai, S. (1994b). Characterization of spinel peridotites by olivine-spinel compositional relationships: review and interpretation. Chemical Geology 113, 191-204.
9. Ariskin, A. & Nikolaev, G. S. (1996). An empirical model for the calculation of spinel-melt equilibria in mafic igneous systems at atmospheric pressure: 1. Chromian spinels. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 123, 282-292.
10. Ariskin, A. A., Frenkel, M. Y., Barmina, G. S. & Nielsen, R. L. (1993). COMAGMAT: a FORTRAN program to model magma differentiation processes. Computers and Geosciences 19, 1155-1170.
11. Arndt, N. T. (1986). Differentiation of komatiite flows. Journal of Petrology 27, 279-301.
12. Arndt, N. T., Naldrett, A. J. & Pyke, D. R. (1977). Komatiitic and iron-rich tholeiitic lavas of Munro Township, northeast Ontario. Journal of Petrology 18, 319-369.
13. Baker, M. B., Alves, S. & Stolper, E. (1996). Petrography and petrology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project lavas: inferences from olivine phenocryst abundances and compositions. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(B), 11715-11727.
14. Balhaus, C., Berry, R. F. & Green, D. H. (1991). High pressure experimental calibration of the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 107, 27-40.
15. Barnes, S. J. (1998). Chromite in komatiites, 1. Magmatic controls on crystallization and composition. Journal of Petrology 39, 1689-1720.
16. Bernstein, S., Kelemen, P. B. & Brooks, C. K. (1998). Depleted spinel harzburgite xenoliths in Tertiary dykes from East Greenland: restites from high-degree melting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 154, 221-235.
17. Bristow, J. W. (1984). Picritic rocks of the North Lebombo and South-East Zimbabwe. In: Erlank, A. K. (ed.) Petrogenesis of the Volcanic Rocks of the Karoo Province. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication 13, 105-123.
18. Campbell, I. H. & Griffiths, R. W. (1990). Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 99, 79-93.
19. Campbell, I. H. & Griffiths, R. W. (1992). The changing nature of mantle hotspots through time: implications for the chemical evolution of the mantle. Journal of Geology 92, 497-523.
20. Chalmers, J. A., Pulvertaft, T. C. R., Marcussen, C. & Pedersen, A. K. (1999). New insight into the structure of the Nuussuaq Basin, central West Greenland. Marine and Petroleum Geology 16, 197-224.
21. Chen, C.-Y. (1993). High-magnesium primary magmas from Haleakala Volcano, east Maui, Hawaii: petrography, nickel, and major-element constraints. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 55, 143-153.
22. Christie, D. M., Carmichael, I. S. E. & Langmuir, C. H. (1986). Oxidation states of mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 397-411.
23. Clarke, D. B. (1970). Tertiary basalts of the Baffin Bay: possible primary magma from the mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 25, 203-224.
24. Clarke, D. B. & O'Hara, M. J. (1979). Nickel and the existence of high-MgO liquids in nature. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 44, 153-158.
25. Clarke, D. B. & Pedersen, A. K. (1976). Tertiary volcanic province of West Greenland. In: Escher, A. & Watt, W.S. (eds) Geology of Greenland. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Greenland, pp. 364-385.
26. Cox, K. G. (1980). A model for flood basalt volcanism. Journal of Petrology 21, 629-650.
27. Cox, K. G., Duncan, A. R., Bristow, J. W., Taylor, S. R. & Erlank, A. J. (1984). Petrogenesis of the basic rocks of the Lebombo. In: Erlank, A. K. (ed.) Petrogenesis of the Volcanic Rocks of the Karoo Province. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication 13, 149-169.
28. Dick, H. J. B. & Bullen, T. (1984). Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86, 54-76.
29. Donaldson, C. H. (1976). An experimental investigation of olivine morphology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 57, 187-213.
30. Donaldson, C. H. & Brown, R. W. (1977). Refractory megacrysts and magnesium-rich melt inclusions within spinel in oceanic tholeiites; indicators of magma mixing and parental magma composition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37, 81-89.
31. Drever, H. I. & Johnston, R. (1957). Crystal growth of forsteritic olivine in magmas and melts. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 63, 289-315.
32. Echeverria, L. M. (1980). Tertiary or Mesozoic komatiites from Gorgona Island, Colombia: field relations and geochemistry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 253-266.
33. Eggins, S. M. (1993). Origin and differentiation of picritic arc magmas, Ambae (Aoba), Vanuatu. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 114, 79-100.
34. Elliott, T. R., Hawkesworth, C. J. & Grönvold, K. (1991). Dynamic melting of the Iceland plume. Nature 351, 201-206.
35. Elthon, D. & Ridley, W. I. (1979). Comments on: "The partitioning of nickel between olivine and silicate melt" by S. R. Hart and K. E. Davis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 44, 162-164.
36. Escher, J. C. & Pulvertaft, T. C. R. (1995). Geological Map of Greenland 1:2 500 000. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Greenland.
37. 2+, Ca and Mn. Journal of Petrology 24, 256-265.
38. Fram, M. S. & Lesher, C. E. (1997). Generation and polybaric differentiation of East Greenland Early Tertiary flood basalts. Journal of Petrology 38, 231-275.
39. Francis, D. (1985). The Baffin Bay lavas and the value of picrites as analogues of primary magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 89, 144-154.
40. Francis, D. (1995). The implications of picritic lavas for the mantle sources of terrestrial volcanism. Lithos 34, 89-105.
41. Frost, B. R. (1991). Introduction to oxygen fugacity and its petrological significance. In: Lindsley, D. H. (ed.) Oxide Minerals: Petrologic and Magnetic Significance. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 25, 1-9.
42. Garcia, M. O. (1996). Petrography and olivine and glass chemistry of lavas from the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(B), 11701-11713.
43. Gill, R. C. O., Pedersen, A. K. & Larsen, J. G., (1992). Tertiary picrites in West Greenland: melting at the periphery of a plume? In: Storey, B. C., Alabaster, T. & Pankhurst, R. J. (eds) Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 68, 335-348.
44. Goodrich, C. A. & Patchett, P. J. (1991). Nd and Sr isotope chemistry of metallic iron-bearing, sediment-contaminated Tertiary volcanics from Disko Island, Greenland. Lithos 27, 13-27.
45. Gurenko, A. A., Hansteen, T. H. & Schmincke, H.-U. (1996). Evolution of parental magmas of Miocene shield basalts of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands): constraints from crystal, melt and fluid inclusions in minerals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 89, 422-435.
46. Haggerty, S. E. (1976). Opaque mineral oxides in terrestrial igneous rocks. In: Rumble, D. (ed.) Oxide Minerals. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 3, Hg101-Hg300.
47. Haggerty, S. E. (1991). Oxide mineralogy of the upper mantle. In: Lindsley, D. H. (ed.) Oxide Minerals: Petrologic and Magnetic Significance. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 25, 355-416.
48. Hansen, H. & Nielsen, T. F. D. (1999). Crustal contamination in Palaeogene East Greenland flood basalts: plumbing system evolution during continental rifting. Chemical Geology 157, 89-118.
49. 2+ partitioning between olivine and liquid in the presence of spinel. American Mineralogist 83, 669-684.
50. Hart, S. R. & Davis, K. E. (1978). Nickel partitioning between olivine and silicate melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 40, 203-219.
51. Hart, S. R. & Davis, K. E. (1979). Reply to D. B. Clarke and M. J. O'Hara, "Nickel and the existence of high-MgO liquids in nature". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 44, 159-161.
52. Helz, R. T. (1987). Diverse olivine types in lava of the 1959 eruption of Kilauea volcano and their bearing on eruption dynamics. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1350, 691-722.
53. Herzberg, C. (1995). Generation of plume magmas through time: an experimental perspective. Chemical Geology 126, 1-16.
54. Herzberg, C. & O'Hara, M. J. (1998). Phase equilibrium constraints on the origin of basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Earth-Science Reviews 44, 39-79.
55. Herzberg, C. & Zhang, J. (1996). Melting experiments on anhydrous peridotite KLB-1: compositions of magmas in the upper mantle and transition zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(B), 8271-8295.
56. Hill, R. I. (1991). Starting plumes and continental break-up. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104, 398-416.
57. Holm, P. M., Gill, R. C. O., Pedersen, A. K., Larsen, J. G., Hald, N., Nielsen, T. F. D. & Thirlwall, M. F. (1993). The Tertiary picrites of West Greenland: contributions from 'Icelandic' and other sources. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 115, 227-244.
58. Jurewich, A. J. G. & Watson, E. B. (1988). Cations in olivine, part 1: Calcium partitioning and calcium-magnesium distribution between olivines and coexisting melts, with petrological applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 99, 176-185.
59. Kamenetsky, V., Métrich, N. & Cioni, R. (1995a). Potassic primary melts of Vulsini (Roman Province): evidence from mineralogy and melt inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 120, 186-196.
60. Kamenetsky, V., Sobolev, A. V., Joron, J.-L. & Semet, M. P. (1995b). Petrology and geochemistry of Cretaceous ultramafic volcanics from eastern Kamchatka. Journal of Petrology 36, 637-662.
61. Kamenetsky, V. S., Eggins, S. M., Crawford, A. J., Green, D. H., Gasparon, M. & Falloon, T. J. (1998). Calcic melt inclusions in primitive olivine at 43°N MAR: evidence for melt-rock reaction/ melting involving clinopyroxene-rich lithologies during MORB generation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160, 115-132.
62. Kent, A. J. R., Stolper, E. M., Woodhead, J., Hutcheon, I. D. & Francis, D. (1998). Using glass inclusions to investigate a heterogeneous mantle: an example from N-and EMORB-like lavas from Baffin Island. Mineralogical Magazine 62A(Goldschmidt Conference), 765-766.
63. Kilinc, A., Carmiehael, I. S. E., Rivers, M. L. & Sack, R. O. (1983). The ferric-ferrous ratio of natural silicate liquids equilibrated in air. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 83, 136-140.
64. Krishnamurthy, P. & Cox, K. G. (1977). Picrite basalts and related lavas from the Deccan traps of Western India. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 62, 53-75.
65. Langmuir, C. H., Klein, E. M. & Plank, T. (1992). Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges. In: Phipps Morgan, J., Blackman, D. K. & Sinton, J. M. (eds) Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-ocean Ridges. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union 71, 183-280.
66. Le Bas, M. J. (ed.) (2000). A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms. Recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific (in press).
67. Lesher, C. M. (1989). Komatiite-associated nickel sulfide deposits. In: Whitncy, J. A. & Naldrett, A. J. (eds) Ore Deposition Associated with Magmas. Remeivs in Economic Geology 4, 45-101.
68. 2-Cr-O in equilibrium with metallic Cr, and their significance for the petrochemistry of chromium. Journal of Petrology 36, 107-132.
69. Lightfoot, P. C., Hawkesworth, C. J., Olshevsky, K., Green, A., Doherty, W. & Keays, R. R. (1997). Geochemistry of Tertiary tholeiites and picrites from Qeqertarssuaq (Disko Island) and Nuussuaq, West Greenland with implications for the mineral potential of comagmatic intrusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128, 139-163.
70. Maaløe, S. (1973). Temperature and pressure relations of ascending primary magmas. Journal of Geophysical Research 78, 6877-6886.
71. Maaløe, S. (1979). Compositional range of primary tholeiitic magmas evaluated from major-element trends. Lithos 12, 59-72.
72. Maaløe, S. & Hansen, B. (1982). Olivine phenocrysts of Hawaiian olivine tholeiite and oceanite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 81, 203-211.
73. Maaløe, S., Tumyr, O. & James, D. (1989). Population density and zoning of olivine phenocrysts in tholeiites from Kauai, Hawaii. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 176-186.
74. 3+ dans les spinelles chromifères et les liquides silicatés basiques coexistants, à 1 atm. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 295, 209-212.
75. McKenzie, D. & Bickle, M. J. (1988). The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology 29, 625-679.
76. Melluso, L., Beccaluva, L., Brotzu, P., Gregnanin, A., Gupta, A. K., Morbidelli, L. & Traversa, G. (1995). Constraints on the mantle sources of the Deccan Traps from the petrology and geochemistry of the basalts of Gujarat State (western India). Journal of Petrology 36, 1393-1432.
77. Murck, B. W. & Campbell, I. H. (1986). The effects of temperature, oxygen fugacity and melt composition on the behaviour of chromium in basic and ultrabasic melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1871-1887.
78. Nielsen, T. F. D., Soper, N. J., Brooks, C. K., Faller, A. M., Higgins, A. C. & Matthews, D. W. (1981). The pre-basaltic sediments and the Lower Basalts at Kangerdlugssuaq, East Greenland: their stratigraphy, lithology, palaeomagnetism and petrology. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience 6, 28 pp.
79. Nisbet, E. G., Cheadle, M. J., Arndt, N. T. & Bickle, M. J. (1993). Constraining the potential temperature of the Archaean mantle: a review of the evidence from komatiites. Lithos 30, 291-307.
80. Nisbet, E. G., Bickle, M. J. & Martin, A. (1977). The mafic and ultramafic lavas of the Belingwe greenstone belt. Rhodesia. Journal of Petrology 18, 521-566.
81. Pearce, T. H. (1984). The analysis of zoning in magmatic crystals with emphasis on olivine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86, 149-154.
82. Pedersen, A. K. (1979a). A shale buchite xenolith with armalcolite and native iron in a lava from Asuk, Disko, central West Greenland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69, 83-94.
83. Pedersen, A. K. (1979b). Basaltic glass with high-temperature equilibrated immiscible sulphide bodies with native iron from Disko, central West Greenland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69, 397-407.
84. Pedersen, A. K. (1985). Reaction between picrite magma and continental crust: early Tertiary silicic basalts and magnesian andesites from Disko, West Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 152, 126 pp.
85. Pedersen, A. K. & Pedersen, S. (1987). Sr isotope chemistry of contaminated Tertiary volcanic rocks from Disko, central West Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 36, 315-336.
86. Pedersen, A. K., Larsen, L. M. & Dueholm, K. S. (1993). Geological section along the south coast of Nuussuaq, central West Greenland, 1:20 000 Coloured Geological Sheet. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Greenland.
87. Pedersen, A. K., Larsen, L. M., Pedersen, G. K. & Dueholm, K. S. (1996). Filling and plugging of a marine basin by volcanic rocks: the Tunoqqu Member of the Lower Tertiary Vaigat Formation on Nuussuaq, central West Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 171, 5-28.
88. Pedersen, G. K., Larsen. L. M., Pedersen, A. K. & Hjortkjær, B. F. (1998). The synvolcanic Naajaat lake, Paleocene of West Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 140, 271-287.
89. Roeder. P. L. & Emslie, R. F. (1970). Olivine-liquid equilibrium. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 29, 275-289.
90. Saunders, A. D., Fitton, J. G., Kerr, A. C., Norry, M. J. & Kent, R. W. (1997). The North Atlantic Igneous Province. In: Mahoney, J. J. & Coffin, M. L. (eds) Large Igneous Provinces. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union 100, 45-93.
91. Sinton, J. M. & Detrick, R. S. (1992). Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(B), 197-216.
92. Sobolev, A. V. & Nikogosian, I. K. (1994). Petrology of long-lived mantle plume magmatism: Hawaii. Pacific, and Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. Petrology 2, 111-144.
93. Sobolev, A. V. & Shimizu, N. (1994). The origin of typical N-MORB: the evidence from a melt inclusions study. Mineralogical Magazine 58A, 862-863.
94. 39Ar geochronology of the West Greenland Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160, 569-586.
95. 2+-Mg cations-partitioning between olivine and basaltic liquid on pressure, temperature and composition. An experimental study to 30 kbars. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 261-273.
96. Upton, B. G. J. (1988). History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. In: Morton, A. C. & Parson, L. M. (eds) Early Tertiary Volcanism and the Opening of the NE Atlantic. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 39, 429-453.
97. White, R. & McKenzie, D. (1989). Magmatism at rift zones: the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 94(B), 7685-7729.
98. Yang, H.-J., Frey, F., Garcia, M. O. & Clague, D. A. (1994). Submarine lavas from Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii: implications for Hawaiian shield stage processes. Journal of Geophysical Research 99(B), 15577-15594.
99. Zhou, M.-F. & Kerrich, R. (1992). Morphology and composition of chromite in komatiites from the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Canadian Mineralogist 30, 303-317.