Is acne an infection of blocked pilosebaceous follicles? Implications for antimicrobial treatment

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 201-209

  Eady, E Anne ^a   Cove, Jonathan H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ACNE VULGARIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HAIR FOLLICLE; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEBACEOUS GLAND DISEASE;

ACNE VULGARIS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; HAIR FOLLICLE; HUMANS; SEBACEOUS GLAND DISEASES; SKIN DISEASES, BACTERIAL;

EID: 0034232582     PISSN: 11750561     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200001040-00001     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Stewart ME, Downing DT, Cook JS, et al. Sebaceous gland activity and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in boys and girls. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1345-8
2. Yamamoto A, Ito M. Sebaceous gland activity and urinary androgen levels in children. J Dermatol Sci 1992; 4: 98-104
3. Lavker RM, Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ. The relationship between bacteria and the abnormal follicular keratinisation in acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1981; 77: 325-30
4. Pierard GE, Pierard-Franchimont C, Le T. Seborrhoea in acne-prone and acne-free patients. Dermatologica 1987; 175: 5-9
5. Guy R, Kealey T. Modelling the infundibulum in acne. Dermatology 1998; 196: 32-7
6. Walters CE, Ingham E, Eady EA, et al. In vitro modulation of keratinocyte-derived interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived IL-β release in response to cutaneous commensal microorganisms. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1223-8
7. Marples RR, Williamson P. Effects of systemic demethylchlortetracycline on human cutaneous microflora. Appl Microbiol 1969; 18: 228-34
8. Miskin JE, Farrell AM, Cunliffe WJ, et al. Propionibacterium acnes, a resident of lipid-rich human skin, produces a 33 kDA extracellular lipase encoded by gehA. Microbiology 1997; 143: 1745-55
9. Fulton JE, Noble NL, Bradley S, et al. The glycerol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.3) from Corynebacterium acnes: a serine lipase. Biochemistry 1974; 13: 2320-7
10. Puhvel SM, Sakamoto M. A reevaluation of fatty acids as inflammatory agents in acne. J Invest Dermatol 1977; 68: 93-7
11. Weeks JG, McCarty L, Fulton JE. The inability of a bacterial lipase inhibitor to control acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1977; 69: 236-43
12. Leeming JP, Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ. The pathological and ecological significance of microorganisms colonising acne vulgaris comedones. J Med Microbiol 1985; 20: 11-6
13. Pochi PE, Strauss JS, Downing DT. Skin surface lipid composition, acne, pubertal development and urinary excretion of testosterone and 17-ketosteroids in children. J Invest Dermatol 1977; 69: 485-9
14. Lucky AW, Biro FM, Huster GA, et al. Acne vulgaris in early adolescent boys: correlations with pubertal maturation and age. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 210-6
15. Lucky AW, Biro FM, Simbartl LA, et al. Predictors of severity of acne vulgaris in young adolescent girls: results of a five-year longitudinal study. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 30-9
16. Aldana OL, Holland DB, Cunliffe WJ. Precomedonal events in acne. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 104: 488
17. Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, et al. Essential fatty acids and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14: 221-5
18. Bomalaski JS, Steiner MR, Simon PL, et al. IL-1 increases phospholipase A2 activating-protein, and release of linoleic acid from murine T helper cell line EL-4. J Immunol 1992; 148: 15-60
19. Camacho M, Godessart N, Vila L. IL-1 increases the ability of human endothelial cells to transform linoleic acid into monohydroxy-isomers and their incorporation into lipid. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 400B: 647-54
20. Baldie G, Kaimakamis D, Rotondo D. Fatty acid modulation of cytokine release from human monocytic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1179: 125-33
21. Stewart ME. Sebaceous gland lipids. Semin Dermatol 1992; 11: 100-5
22. Kirschbaum JD, Kligman AM. The pathogenic role of Corynebacterium acnes in acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 1963; 88: 832-3
23. De Young LM, Young JM, Ballaron SJ, et al. Intradermal injection of Propionibacterium acnes: a model of inflammation relevant to acne. J Invest Dermatol 1984; 83: 394-8
24. De Young LM, Spires DA, Ballaron SJ, et al. Acne-like chronic inflammatory activity of Propionibacterium acnes preparations in an animal model: correlation with ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85: 255-8
25. Dalziel K, Dykes PJ, Marks R. Inflammation due to intra-cutaneous implantation of stratum corneum. Br J Exp Pathol 1984; 65: 107-15
26. Dalziel K, Dykes PJ, Marks R. The effect of tetracycline and erythromycin in a model of acne-type inflammation. Br J Exp Pathol 1987; 68: 67-70
27. Norris JFB, Cunliffe WJ. A histological and immunocytochemical study of early acne lesions. Br J Dermatol 1988; 118: 651-9
28. Layton AM, Morris C, Cunliffe WJ, et al. Immunohistochemical investigation of evolving inflammation in lesions of acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 1998; 7: 191-7
29. Roszkowski W, Roszkowski K, Ko HL, et al. Immunomodulation by propionibacteria. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1990; 274: 289-98
30. Webster GF, Leyden JJ, Musson RA, et al. Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to killing and degradation by human neutrophils and monocytes in vitro. Infect Immun 1985; 49: 116-21
31. Kersey P, Sussman M, Dahl M. Delayed skin test reactivity to Propionibacterium acnes correlates with severity of inflammation in acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1980; 103: 651-5
32. Ingham E. The immunology of Propionibacterium acnes and acne. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1999; 12: 191-7
33. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Mills OH, et al. Age-related changes in the resident bacterial flora of the human face. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 65: 379-81
34. Agache P, Blanc D, Barrand C, et al. Sebum levels during the first years of life. Br J Dermatol 1980; 103: 643-9
35. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Mills OH, et al. Propionibacterium levels in patients with and without acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 65: 382-4
36. Pochi PE, Strauss JS, Downing DT. Age-related changes in sebaceous gland activity. J Invest Dermatol 1979; 73: 108-11
37. Puhvel SM, Reisner RM, Amirian DA. Quantification of bacteria in isolated pilosebaceous follicles in normal skin. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 65: 525-31
38. Leeming JP, Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ. The microbial colonisation of inflamed acne vulgaris lesions. Br J Dermatol 1988; 118: 203-8
39. Bojar RA, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. The short-term treatment of acne vulgaris with benzoyl peroxide: effects on the surface and follicular cutaneous microflora. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 204-8
40. Eady EA, Cove JH, Holland KT, et al. Superior anti-bacterial action and reduced incidence of bacterial resistance in minocycline compared to tetracycline-treated acne patients. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122: 233-44
41. Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. Acne vulgaris: is the bacterial population size significant? Br J Dermatol 1980; 102: 277-80
42. Garner SE, Eady EA, Popescu C, et al. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2: CD002086
43. Pulverer G, Ko HL, Beuth J, et al. Tetracycline and 13-cis retinoic acid inhibit production and activity of granulocyte activating factor (GAF) from Propionibacterium acnes. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1990; 273: 362-8
44. van Vlem B, Vanholder R, de Paepe P, et al. Immunomodulating effects of antibiotics: literature review. Infection 1996; 24: 275-91
45. Humbert P, Treffel P, Chapuis JF, et al. The tetracyclines in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 691-7
46. Labro MT. Anti-inflammatory activity of macrolides: a new therapeutic potential? J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41 Suppl. B: 37-46
47. Webster GF, Toso SM, Hegemann L. Inhibition of a model of granuloma formation by tetracyclines and ciprofloxacin. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130: 748-52
48. Plewig G, Schöpf E. Anti-inflammatory effects of antimicrobial agents: an in vivo study. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 65: 532-6
49. Miyachi Y, Yoshioka A, Imamura S, et al. Effect of antibiotics on the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Invest Dermatol 1986; 86: 449-53
50. Golub LM, Lee HM, Ryan ME, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit connective tissue breakdown by multiple non-antimicrobial mechanisms. Adv Dent Res 1998; 12: 12-26
51. Meneguzzi G, Partouche O, Ortonne JP. Effect of minocycline on proliferation and differentiation of cultured normal human keratinocytes [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108: 377
52. Saint-Marie I, Tenaud I, Jumbou O, et al. Minocycline modulation of alpha-MSH production by keratinocytes in vitro. Arch Dermatol Venereol 1999; 79: 265-7
53. Eady EA, Cove JH, Holland KT, et al. Erythromycin resistant propionibacteria in antibiotic-treated acne patients: association with therapeutic failure. Br J Dermatol 1989; 121: 51-7
54. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Cavalieri S, et al. Propionibacterium acnes resistance to antibiotics in acne patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8: 41-5
55. Bojar RA, Eady EA, Jones CE, et al. Inhibition of erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients by topical erythromycin with and without zinc. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130: 329-36
56. Eady EA, Bojar RA, Jones CE, et al. The effects of acne treatment with a combination of benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin on skin carriage of erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 107-13
57. Verschoore M, Poncet M, Krebs B, et al. Circadian variations in the number of actively secreting sebaceous follicles and androgen circadian rhythms. Chronobiol Int 1993; 10: 349-59
58. McGinley KJ, Webster GF, Ruggieri MR, et al. Regional variations in density of cutaneous propionibacteria: correlation of Propionibacterium acnes populations with sebaceous secretion. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 12: 672-5
59. Cove JH, Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ. An analysis of sebum excretion rate, bacterial population and the production rate of free fatty acids on human skin. Br J Dermatol 1980; 103: 383-6
60. Kearney JN, Ingham E, Cunliffe WJ, et al. Correlations between human skin bacteria and skin lipids. Br J Dermatol 1984; 110: 593-9
61. Stewart ME, Downing DT. Measurement of sebum secretion rates in young children. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 84: 59-61
62. Green SC, Stewart ME, Downing DT. Variations in sebum fatty acid composition among adult humans. J Invest Dermatol 1984; 83: 114-7
63. Williams M, Cunliffe WJ. Explanation for pre-menstrual acne. Lancet 1973; 2 (7837): 1055-7
64. Gardner KJ, Cunliffe WJ, Eady EA, et al. Variation in comedonal antibiotic concentrations following application of topical tetracycline for acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131: 649-54
65. Guin JD, Lummis WL. Comedonal levels of free clindamycin following topical treatment with a 1% solution of clindamycin phosphate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982; 7: 265-8
66. Standing Medical Advisory Committee. The path of least resistance: main report. London: Department of Health, 1998