Overview of polymer latex film formation and properties

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

Volumn 86, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 195-267

  Steward, P A ^a   Hearn, J ^a   Wilkinson, M C ^b  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b OakApple House   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; ENERGY TRANSFER; LATEXES; MORPHOLOGY; NEUTRON SCATTERING; PLASTICIZERS; SOLVENTS; SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS; VOLUME FRACTION;

SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING;

PLASTIC FILMS;

LATEX; PLASTICIZER; POLYMER; SOLVENT; SURFACTANT; WATER;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; MATHEMATICS; SURFACE PROPERTY;

LATEX; MATHEMATICS; PLASTICIZERS; POLYMERS; SOLVENTS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS; WATER;

EID: 0034228379     PISSN: 00018686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00037-8     Document Type: Review

References (339)

1. Keddie J.L. Film formation of latex. Mater. Sci. Eng. R21(3):1997;101-170.
2. Winnik M.A. Latex film formation. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2(2):1997;192-199.
3. Amalvy J.I., Soria D.B. Vibrational spectroscopic study of distribution of sodium dodecyl sulfate in latex films. Prog. Org. Coat. 28(4):1996;279-283.
4. Bradford E.B., Vanderhoff J.W. Morphological changes in later films. J. Macromol. Chem. 1(2):1966;335-360.
5. Miles I.S. Multicomponent Polymer Systems. 1992;Longman.
6. J.C. Padget, Polymers for water based coatings - a systematic overview, Proceedings International Conference Organic Coatings Science and Technology, 19th vol. 19, 1993 pp. 387-416.
7. Satguru R., McMahon J., Padget J.C., Coogan R.C. Aqueous polyurethanes - polymer colloids with unusual colloidal morphological and application characteristics. J. Coat. Technol. 66(830):1994;47-55.
8. Wilkinson M.C., Sherwood R., Hearn J., Goodall A.R. The influence of residual styrene monomer, benzaldehyde and microbial activity on the surface properties of polystyrene latices. Br. Polym. J. 11:1979;1-6.
9. J.W. Nicholson, E.A. Wasson, Film spreading and film formation by waterborne coatings, in: Surface Coatings ch. 2, vol. 3, 1990, pp. 91-123.
10. Rharbi Y., Boué F., Joanicot M., Cabane B. Deformation of cellular polymeric films. Macromolecules. 29(12):1996;4346-4359.
11. Y. Rharbi, F. Boué, M. Joanicot, B. Cabane, Structures of stretched films, ch. 17 in: Provder, Winnik, Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series no. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, p. 255-270.
12. Kientz E., Charmeau J.Y., Holl Y., Nanse G. Adhesion of latex films, 1. Poly(2-ethyl-hexyl methacrylate) on glass. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 10(8):1996;745-759.
13. Charmeau J.Y., Kientz E., Holl Y. Adhesion of latex films - influence of surfactants. Prog. Organ. Coat. 27(14):1996;87-93.
14. Charmeau J.Y., Berthet R., Gringreay C., Holl Y., Kientz E. Effects of film structure on mechanism and adhesion properties of latex films. Int. J. Adhes. Adhesives. 17(2):1997;169-176.
15. M. Chainey, Permeation through polymer latex films, CNAA PhD Thesis, Trent Polytechnic, 1984.
16. Chainey M., Wilkinson M.C., Hearn J. Preparation of polymer latex films by a flash costing technique. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 30:1985;4273-4285.
17. Spitael J., Kinget R. Preparation and evaluation of free-films: influence of method of preparation and solvent composition upon permeability. Pharm. Acta Helv. 52(3):1977;47-50.
18. B.J. Roulstone, Permeation through polymer latex films, CNAA PhD Thesis, Trent Polytechnic, 1989.
19. Yaseen M., Raju V.S.N. A critical analysis of various methods for preparation of free films of organic coatings. Prog. Organ. Coat. 10:1982;125-155.
20. Sosnowski S., Li L., Winnik M.A., Clubb B., Shivers R. Morphology of melt-pressed latex film examined by scanning and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. J. Polym. Sci., Part B, Polym. Phys. 32(15):1994;2499-2508.
21. Standard Test Method for Minimum Film Formation Temperature of Emulsion Vehicles. 1993;American Society For Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
22. H.W. Talen, P.F. Hover, On film formation by emulsion paints and some properties of these films, Deutsche Farben Z, 13, (1959) 50-55 (Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment Translation).
23. Canpolat M., Pekcan Ö. Photon diffusion study in films formed from high-T latex particles. Polymer. 36(23):1995;4433-4438.
24. Pekcan Ö., Canpolat M. Direct fluorescence technique to study evolution in transparency and crossing density at polymer-polymer interface during film formation from high-T latex particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 59(2):1996;277-285.
25. Canpolat M., Pekcan Ö. The effect of solid content on latex coalescence and film formation: steady-state energy transfer study with fluorescent labelled polymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 59(11):1996;1699-1707.
26. Ö. Pekcan, M. Canpolat, Steady-state fluorescence method to study film formation from latex particles having a high glass-transition temperature, ch. 5 in: Provder, Winnik, Urban (Eds), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coming, 1996, 64-78.
27. Canpolat M., Pekcan Ö. Photon diffusion and energy transfer processes during chain interdiffusion in films formed from fluorescence labelled high-T latex particles. Polymer. 38(11):1997;2595-2602.
28. Pekcan Ö., Canpolat M. Void closure by viscous flow during coalescence of hard latex particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 63(5):1997;651-659.
29. Pekcan Ö., Canpolat M., Göçmen A. Characteristics of chain diffusion during latex film formation using steady-state fluorescence technique. Eur. Polym. J. 29(1):1993;115-120.
30. Pekcan Ö., Canpolat M., Göçmen A. Variation in optical density during latex film formation - interdiffusion of fluorescence-labelled polymers. Polymer. 34:1993;3319.
31. Canpolat M., Pekcan Ö. Measuring chain diffusion coefficients and activation energy during coalescence of fluorescence-labelled hard latex particles. Acta Polymer. 48(8):1997;326-333.
32. Pekcan Ö., Canpolat M. Fluorescence method of studying void closure kinetics during film formation from high-T latex particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 66(4):1997;655-661.
33. Canpolat M., Pekcan Ö. Healing and interdiffusion processes at the particle-particle junction during film formation from high-T latex-particles. Polymer. 36(10):1995;2025-2031.
34. Myers R.R., Schultz R.K. Acrylic latex film formation in the critical temperature range. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 8:1964;755-764.
35. Eckersley S.T., Rudin A. Mechanism of film formation from polymer latexes. J. Coat. Technol. 62(780):1990;89-100.
36. Jensen D.P., Morgan L.W. Particle size as it relates to the minimum film formation temperature of latexes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42:1991;2845-2849.
37. Ellgood B. Recent advances in vinylidene chloride copolymers for surface coatings. J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. 68:1985;164-169.
38. Aerdts A.M., Theelen S.J.C., Smit T.M.C., German A.L. Grafting of styrene and methyl methacrylate onto polybutadiene in semi-continuous emulsion processes and determination of copolymer microstructure. Polymer. 35(8):1994;1648-1653.
39. M. Chainey, J. Hearn, M.C. Wilkinson, Preparation of overcoated polymer latices by a 'shot growth' technique, Br. Polym. J., (1981) 132-136.
40. Chainey M., Wilkinson M.C., Hearn J. Preparation of overcoated polymer latices by a 'shot-growth' technique. Ind. Eng. Prod. Res. Dev., No. 2 Am. Chem. Soc. 21(2):1982;171-176.
41. J.H. Kim, Sulfonated Polystyrene Model Colloids: Preparation, Characterization and Application as a Heterogeneous Catalyst., PhD Thesis, Lehigh University, Microfilm 8705030, 1956.
42. Cox R.A., Creasey J.M., Wilkinson M.C. Anomalies in particle shape during seeded growth of polystyrene latices. Nature. 252(5483):1974;468-469.
43. Okubo M., Katsuta Y., Matsumoto T. Studies on suspension and emulsion: peculiar morphology of composite polymer particles produced by seeded emulsion polymerisation. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed. 20:1982;45-51.
44. Lee S., Rudin A. Synthesis of core-shell latexes by redox initiation at ambient temperatures. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 30:1992;2211-2216.
45. Lee S., Rudin A. The mechanism of core-shell inversion in two-stage latexes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Part A, Polym. Chem. 30:1992;865-871.
46. Sundberg D., Casassa P., Pontazopoulos J., Muscato M.R., Kronberg B., Berg J. Morphology development of polymeric microparticles in aqueous dispersions. 1. thermodynamic considerations. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 41(7-8):1990;1425-1442.
47. Cao T., Xu Y., Wang Y., Chen X., Zheng A. Effects of monomer feed methods in emulsion polymerizations and hydrophilicity, of monomers on morphology of latex particles and their minimum film formation temperatures. Polym. Int. 32(1993):1990;153-158.
48. Devon M.J., Gardon J.L., Roberts G., Rudin A. Effects of core-shell latex morphology on film forming behaviour. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 39:1990;2119-2128.
49. Brodnyan J.G., Konen T. Experimental study of the mechanism of film formation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 8:1964;687-697.
50. H. Kast, Aspects of film formation with emulsion copolymers, Makromolecular Chem., Supplement 10/11, 1985, 447-461.
51. Eckersley S.T., Rudin A. The effect of plasticisation and pH on film formation of acrylic latexes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48:1993;1369-1381.
52. Vijayendran B.R., Bone T. Effects of surfactants on film formation of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) latexes. J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 3(1):1982;81-97.
53. B.R. Vijayendran, T. Bone, C. Gajria, in: Some Studies on Vinyl Acrylic Latex - Surfactant Interactions, Emulsion Polymer Vinyl Acetate Pap. Symposium J., Meeting 1980, Ed. El Aasser, 1980, p. 253-283.
54. Sperry P.R., Snyder B.S., O'Dowd M.L.m, Lesko P.M. Role of water in particle deformation and compaction in latex particle film formation. Langmuir. 10:1994;2619-2628.
55. Williams M.L., Landell R.F., Ferry J.D. The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass forming liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77:1955;3701-3707.
56. Forrest J.A., Dalnokiveress K., Stevens J.R., Dutcher J.R. Effect of free surfaces in the glass transition temperature of thin polymer films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(19):1996;4108.
57. Mansfield K.F., Theodorou D.N. Molecular-dynamic simulation of a glassy polymer surface. Macromolecules. 24(23):1991;6283-6294.
58. Evers O.A., Ley G., Hadicke E. Statistical thermodynamics of polymer aggregates in solution-modelling of single polymer dispersion particles. Macromolecules. 26(11):1993;2885-2894.
59. Clay P.A., Gilbert R.G. Molecular-weight distributions in free-radical polymerization. 1. Model development and implications for data interpretations. Macromolecules. 29(2):1995;552-569.
60. Mayes A.M. Glass transition of amorphous polymer surface. Macromolecules. 27(11):1994;3114-3115.
61. Cansell F., Henry F., Pichot C. Study of polymer latex by dielectric measurements in the microwave domain: influence of latex characteristics. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 41:1990;547-563.
62. Poehlein G.W., Vanderhoff J.W., Witmeyer R. Drying of latex films. J. Polym. Preprints. 16(1):1975;268-273.
63. Vanderhoff J.W., Bradford E.B., Carrington W.K. Transport of water through latex films. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp. 41:1973;155-174.
64. Pramojaney N., Poehlein G.W., Vanderhoff J.W. A mathematical model for the drying of latex film. Drying. 80(2):1980;93-100.
65. S.X. Pan, H.T. Davis, L.E. Scriven, Substrate effects on binder migration in drying porous coatings, Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, Georgia, 1996, pp. 115-133.
66. R.A. Cairncross, Modelling Drying During Low-Speed Coating of Porous and Continuous Films, IS&TS 50th Annual Conference, 1997, 554-558.
67. Croll S.G. Drying of latex paint. J. Coat. Technol. 58(734):1986;41-49.
68. Sheetz D.P. Fomation of films by drying of latex. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9:1965;3759-3773.
69. R.M. Fitch (Ed.), Polymer Colloids: A Comprehensive Introduction, Pub. Academic Press, 1997.
70. Dobler F., Pith T., Lambla M., Holl Y. Coalescence mechanisms of polymer colloids. 1. Coalescence under the influence of particle water interfacial-tension. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 152(1):1992;1-11.
71. Hearn J., Steward P.A., Chainey M., Roulstone B.J., Wilkinson M.C. Permeation through polymer latex films made from model colloids. Goodwin J.W., Buscall R. Colloidal Polymer Particles. 1995;137-179 Academic Press Pub.
72. P.H. List, G. Kassis, Permeability of Various Tablet Coatings to Water Vapour and Oxygen, Acta Pharm. Technol., 28(1) (1982) 21 (Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment translation).
73. Chevalier Y., Pichot C., Graillat C. et al. Film formation with latex particles. Colloid Polym. Sci. 270(8):1992;806-821.
74. Crowley T.L., Sanderson A.R., Morrison J.D., Barry M.D., Morton-Jones A.J., Rennie A.R. Formation of bilayers and plateau borders during the drying of film-forming latexes as investigated by small-angle neutron-scattering. Langmur. 8(9):1992;2110-2123.
75. Ming Y., Takamura K., Davis H.T., Scriven L.E. Microstructure evolution in latex coatings. TAPPI J. 78(11):1995;151-159.
76. C. Gauthier, A. Guyot, J. Perez, O. Sindt, Film formation and mechanical behaviour of polymer latexes, ch. 10, in: Provder, Winnik, Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No, 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 163-178.
77. Croll S.G. Heat and mass transfer in latex paints during drying. J. Coat. Technol. 59(751):1987;81-92.
78. Eckersley S.T., Rudin A. Drying behaviour of acrylic latexes. Prog. Organ. Coat. 23:1994;387-402.
79. S.T. Eckersley, A. Rudin, Film formation of acrylic copolymer latexes: a model of Stage II film formation, ch. 1 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 359-402.
80. Danilatos G. Review and outline of environmental SEM at present. J. Microsc. 162:1991;391-402.
81. Meredith P., Donald A.M. Study of 'wet' polymer latex systems in environmental scanning electron microscopy: some imaging considerations. J. Microsc. 181(1):1996;23-35.
82. Keddie J.L., Meredith P., Jones R.A.L., Donald A.M. Kinetics of film formation in acrylic latexes studied with multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometry and environmental SEM. Macromolecules. 28(8):1995;2673-2682.
83. J.L. Keddie. P. Meredith, R.A.L. Jones, A.M. Donald, Rate-limiting steps in film formation of acrylic latexes as elucidated with ellipsometry and environmental scanning electron microscopy, Ch. 21 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 332-348.
84. Bierwagon G.P. Film formation and mud cracking in latex coatings. J. Coat. Technol. 51(658):1979;117-126.
85. Winnik M.A., Feng J.R. Latex blends: an approach to zero VOC coatings. J. Coat. Technol. 68(852):1996;39-50.
86. P.A. Steward, J. Hearn, M.C. Wilkinson, A.J. Wilson, B.J. Roulstone, Studies of permeation and morphology in polymer latex films containing leachable additives, ch. 23 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, p. 359-402.
87. Okubo M., Takeya T., Tsutsumi Y., Kadooka T., Matsumoto T. Asymmetric porous emulsion film. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 19:1981;1-8.
88. P.A. Steward, Modification of the Permeability of Polymer Latex Films, Nottingham Trent University PhD Thesis, 1995.
89. Butt H.-J., Kuropka R., Christensen B. Latex film formation studies with the atomic force microscope: influence of aging and annealing. Colloid Polym. Sci. 272(10):1994;1218-1223.
90. Butt H.-J., Gerharz B. Imaging homogeneous composite latex particles with an atomic force microscope. Langmuir. 11:1995;4735-4741.
91. Hwa J.C.H. Mechanism of film formation from latexes. Phenomenon of flocculation. J. Polym. Sci. Part A. 2:1964;785-796.
92. Okubo M., He Y. Preparation of asymmetric film by blending two kinds of polymer emulsions having greatly different storage stabilities. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42(8):1991;2205-2208.
93. Armstrong R.D., Wright J.D. Impedance studies of poly(ethyl methacrylate) coatings formed upon tin-free steel. Corros. Sci. 33(10):1992;1529-1539.
94. Joanicot M., Wong K., Maquet J. et al. Ordering of latex particles during film formation. Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 81:1990;175-183.
95. Deegan R.D., Bakajin D., DuPont T.F., Huber G., Nagel S.R., Witten T.A. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid droplets. Nature. 389:1997;827.
96. Denkov N.D., Velev O.D., Kralchevsky P.A., Ivanov I.B., Yoshimura H., Nagayama K. Mechanism of formation of 2-dimensional crystals from latex particles on substrates. Langmuir. 8(12):1992;3183-3190.
97. Juhué D., Wang Y., Lang J., Leung O.M., Goh M.C., Winnik M.A. Surfactant exudation in latex films. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 73:1995;86-87.
98. Winnik M.A. The formation and properties of latex films, ch. 14. Lovell P.A., El-Aasser M.S. Emulsion Polymerisation and Emulsion Polymers. 1997;John Wiley.
99. Feng J.R., Winnik M.A., Shivers R.R., Clubb B. Polymer blend latex films - morphology and transparency. Macromolecules. 28(23):1995;7671-7682.
100. Routh A.F., Russel W.B. Horizontal drying fronts during solvent evaporation from latex films. AIChE J. 44(9):1998;2088-2099.
101. Sheehan J.G., Takamura K., Davis H.T., Scriven L.E. Microstructure development in particulate coatings examined with high-resolution cryogenic scanning electron microscopy. TAPPI J. 76(12):1993;93-101.
102. Dillon R.E., Matheson L.A., Bradford E.B. Sintering of synthetic latex particles. J. Colloid Sci. 6:1951;108-117.
103. Frenkel J. Viscous flow of crystalline bodies under the action of surface tension. J. Phys. (USSR). 9:1943;385-1338.
104. Brown G.L. Formation of films from polymer dispersions. J. Polym. Sci. 22:1956;423-434.
105. Vanderhoff J.W., Tarkowski H.L., Jenkins M.C., Bradford E.B. Theoretical consideration of the interfacial forces involved in the coalescence of latex particles. J. Macromol. Chem. 1(2):1966;361-397.
106. Vanderhoff J.W. Mechanism of film formation of latexes. Br. Polym. J. 2:1970;161-172.
107. J.W. Vanderhoff, Mechanism of latex film formation, Paint Varnish Prod. (1970) 25-37.
108. Kendall K., Padget J.C. Latex coalescence. Int. J. Adhes. Adhesives. 2:1982;149-154.
109. Pekcan Ö., Kemeroglu F. Photon transmission method for studying void closure kinetics during coalescence of hard latex particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 72(8):1999;981-988.
110. Pekcan Ö., Canplat M., Arda E. Fluorescence and UV techniques for studying neck growth and equilibration processes during latex film formation. Polym. Int. 47(4):1998;451-458.
111. Ferry J.D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed. 1980;John Wiley and Sons, NY.
112. Dobler F., Pith T., Lambla M., Holl Y. Coalescence mechanism of polymer colloids II. Coalescence with evaporation of water. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 152:1992;12.
113. Mason G. Formation of films from polymer latexes: a theoretical treatment. Br. Polym. J. 5:1973;101-108.
114. C.S. Kan, Latex film formation: determination of deforming forces during coalescence, Adv. Coat. Fund. TAPPI Notes, 1993, pp. 101-107.
115. Stewart C.W., Johnson P.R. Coalescence of viscoelastic latex particles. Macromolecules. 3(6):1970;755-757.
116. Voyutskii S.S. Amendment to the papers by Bradford, Brawn, and co-worker, 'concerning mechanisms of film formation from high polymer dispersions'. J. Polym. Sci. 32(125):1958;528-530.
117. Voyutskii S.S. Autohesion and adhesion of high polymers. Polymer Reviews, vol. 4. 1963;Wiley Interscience, NY.
118. Voyutskii S.S., Vakula V.L. Effects of self-diffusion and inter-diffusion in polymer systems. Rubber Chem. Technol. 37:1964;1153-1177.
119. Johnson K.L., Kendall K., Roberts A.D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. London A. 324:1971;301-313.
120. J. Lamprecht, New criterion for film formation in aqueous dispersions of polymers, Colloid Polymer Sci., 258(8) (1980) 960-967 (Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment translation by B.C.H. Warren.).
121. Eckersley S.T., Rudin A. The film formation of acrylic latexes: a comprehensive model of film coalescence. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53:1994;1133-1147.
122. Richard J. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of polymer latex films. Trends Polym. Sci. 4(8):1996;272-279.
123. Mazur S., Plazek D.J. Viscoelastic effects in the coalescence of polymer particles. Prog. Organ. Coat. 24(1-4):1994;225-236.
124. Kim H.-B., Winnik M.A. Effects of surface acid groups neutralisation on interdiffusion rates in latex films. Macromolecules. 27(1994):1994;1007-1012.
125. Visschers M., Laven J., van der Linde R. Forces operating during film formation from latex dispersions. Prog. Organ. Coat. 31:1997;311-323.
126. Keddie J.L., Meredith P., Jones R.A.L., Donald A.M. Rate-limiting steps in the film formation of water-borne acrylic latexes as elucidated with ellipsometry and environmental-SEM. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 73:1995;144-145.
127. Lin F., Meier D.J. A study of latex film formation by atomic force microscopy. I. A comparison of wet and dry conditions. Langmuir. 11(7):1995;2726-2733.
128. Visschers M., Laven J., German A.L. Current understanding of the deformation of latex particles during film formation. Prog. Organ. Coat. 30(1-2):1997;39-49.
129. F. Dobler, Y. Hall, Mechanisms of particle deformation during latex film formation, ch. 2, in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 22-43.
130. Dobler F., Holl Y. Mechanisms of latex film formation. Trends Polym. Sci. 4(5):1996;145-151.
131. H.R. Kruyt (Ed.), Colloid Science, vol. 1, Irreversible Systems, Elsevier, 1952.
132. Lissant K.J. The geometry of high-internal-phase-ratio emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 22:1966;462-468.
133. Roulstone B.J., Wilkinson M.C., Hearn J., Wilson A.J. Studies on polymer latex film: I. A study of latex film morphology. Polym. Int. 24:1991;87-94.
134. Wung Y., Kats A., Juhué D., Winnik M.A. Freeze-fracture studies of latex films formed in the absence and presence of surfactant. Langmuir. 8:1992;1435-1442.
135. Rieger J., Dippel O., Hädicke E., Ley G., Lindner R. Crystals made of close packed polymeric spheres. A small angle neutron scattering study. Goodwin J.W., Buscall R. Colloidal Polymer Particle. 1995;29-48 Academic Press, London.
136. Reiger J., Hadicke E., Ley G., Lindner P. Crystals made of close-packed polymeric spheres - a neutron-scattering study of latex films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(18):1992;2782-2785.
137. Zallen R. The Physics of Amorphous Solids. 1983;Wiley Interscience, NY.
138. E.F. Meyer, Geometric considerations in latex film formation, ch. 3 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 44-50.
139. Joanicot M., Granier V., Wong K. Structure of polymer with the coating: an atomic force microscopy and small angle neutron scattering study. Prog. Organ. Coat. 32:1997;109-118.
140. Mulvihill J., Toussaint A., DeWilde M. Onset, follow up and assessment of coalescence. Prog. Organ. Coat. 30(3):1997;127-139.
141. Goh M.C., Juhué D., Leung O.M., Wang Y.C., Winnik M.A. Annealing effects on the surface structure of latex films studies by atomic force microscopy. Langmuir. 9(5):1993;1319-1322.
142. Goudy A., Gee M.L., Biggs S., Underwood S. Atomic force microscopy study of polystyrene latex film morphology - effects of aging and annealing. Langmuir. 9(5):1995;4454-4459.
143. Wang Y., Juhué D., Winnik M.A., Leung O.M., Goh M.C. Atomic force microscopy study of latex film formation. Langmuir. 8(3):1992;760-762.
144. Perez E., Lang J. Flattening of latex film surface: theory and experiments by atomic force microscopy. Macromolecules. 32(5):1999;1626-1636.
145. Pekcan Ö., Arda E. Molecular weight dependent changes with time during latex film formation: a photon transmission study. Polym. Int. 47(2):1998;231-236.
146. Pekcan Ö., Kemeroglu F., Arda E. Measuring backbone activation energy at polymer-polymer interfaces during latex film formation by using a photon transmission method. Eur. Polym. J. 34(9):1998;1371-1378.
147. Pekcan Ö., Arda E. Effect of molecular weight on latex film formation: photon transmission study. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70(2):1998;339-351.
148. Pekcan Ö., Arda E. Void closure and interdiffusion in latex film formation by photon transmission and fluorescence methods. Colloids Surf. A, Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 153(1-3):1999;537-549.
149. Arde E., Bulmus V., Piskin E., Pektan Ö. Molecular weight effect on latex film formation from polystyrene particles: a photon transmission study. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 213(1):1999;160-168.
150. Du Chesne A., Bajkova A., Stockelmann E., Kreiger S., Heldmann C. Determining the compacting of latex films upon drying by interference measurements - an approach for the investigation of film formation. Acta Polym. 49(7):1998;346-355.
151. Josefowitz D., Mark H. Stickiness, tackiness and spinnability - a possible molecular interpretation... India Rubber World. 106(1):1942;33.
152. Bradford E.B., Vanderhoff J.W. Additional studies of morphological changes in latex films. J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. B6:1972;671-694.
153. Kim Y.H., Wool R.P. A theory of healing at a polymer-polymer interface. Macromolecules. 16:1983;1115-1120.
154. Yoo J.N., Sperling L.H., Glinka C.J., Klein A. Characterization of film formation from polystyrene latex particles via SANS. 1. Moderate molecular weight. Macromolecules. 23:1990;3962-3967.
155. Yoo J.N., Sperling L.H., Glinka C.J., Klein A. Characterization of film formation from polystyrene latex particles via SANS. 2. High molecular weight. Macromolecules. 24:1991;2868-2876.
156. Chevalier Y. Small-angel neutron scattering for studying latex film structure. Trends Polym. Sci. 4(6):1996;197-203.
157. M.-d. Eu, R. Ullman, Small-angle neutron scattering studies of polymer interdiffusion during latex film formation, ch. 6 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 79-95.
158. Sperling L.H., Klein A., Yoo J.N., Kim K.D., Mohammadi N. The utilization of SANS to solve polymer latex structural problems: basic science and engineering. Polym. Adv. Technol. 1(3-4):1990;263-273.
159. Wang Y., Zhao C.-L., Winnik M.A. Molecular diffusion and latex film formation: an analysis of direct nonradiative energy transfer experiments. J. Chem. Phys. 95(3):1991;2143-2153.
160. Pekcan Ö., Winnik M.A., Croucher M.D. Latex film formation. 3. Effect of a coalescing aid on polymer diffusion in latex films. Macromolecules. 23(21):1990;4731-4732.
161. Zhao C.L., Wang Y., Hruska Z., Winnik M.A. Molecular aspects of latex film formation - an energy trust study. Macromolecules. 23:1990;4082.
162. Pekcan Ö., Winnik M.A., Croucher M.D. Phosphorescence from covalently labelled non-aqueous dispersions insights into the swelling of microdomains. 2. Luminescence from polymer colloids. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 95(2):1983;420-427.
163. Prager S., Tirrell M. The healing-process at polymer-polymer interfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 75(10):1981;5l94-5198.
164. M. Tirrell, D. Adolf, S. Prager, Orientation and motion at a polymer-polymer interface: interdiffusion of fluorescent-labelled macromolecules, Lecture Notes Math., (1984) 37-45.
165. Feng J., Pham H., Stoeva V., Winnik M.A. Polymer diffusion in latex film at ambient temperatures. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 36:1998;1129-1139.
166. A.G. Gilicinski, C.R. Hegedus, Mechanical studies of film formation in waterborne coatings by atomic force microscopy, ch. 19 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 286-300.
167. J. Richard, Film Formation, NATO Polymer Colloids Meeting, 1996, pp. 1-26.
168. Zosel A., Ley G. Film formation of latexes with crosslinked particles. Polym. Bull. 27(4):1992;459-464.
169. Zosel A., Ley G. Influence of cross-linking or structure, mechanical properties and strength of latex films. Macromolecules. 26(9):1993;2222-2227.
170. A. Zosel, G. Ley, Role of interdiffusion in film formation of polymer latexes, ch. 9 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 154-162.
171. R. Satguru, J.C. Padget, P.J. Moreland, The relationship between film formation and anticorrosion properties of latex polymers, ch. 22 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 349-358.
172. Hahn K., Ley G., Schuller H., Oberthür R. On particle coalescence in latex films. Colloid Polym. Sci. 264:1986;1092-1096.
173. Hahn K., Ley G., Oberthür R. Colloid science: on particle coalescence in latex films (II). J. Colloid Polym. Sci. 266(7):1988;631-639.
174. Zhang H., Wool R.P. Concentration profile for a polymer-polymer interface. 1. Identical chemical composition and molecular weight. Macromolecules. 22(7):1989;3018-3032.
175. Linné M.A., Klein A., Miller G.A., Sperling L.H., Wignall G.D. Film formation from latex: hindered initial interdiffusion of constrained polystyrene chains characterised by small angle neutron scattering. J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. b27(2 and 3):1988;217-231.
176. Wang Y., Winnik M.A. Polymer diffusion across interfaces in latex film. J. Phys. Chem. 97:1993;2507-2515.
177. Kim K.D., Sperling L.H., Klein A., Wignall G.D. Chararterisation of film formation from direct mini-emulsified polystyrene latex particles via SANS. Macromolecules. 26(17):1993;4624-4631.
178. Padget J.C., Moreland P.J. Use of AC impedance in the study of anticorrosive properties of chlorine containing vinyl acrylic latex polymers. J. Coat. Technol. 55:1983;39-51.
179. D. Distler, G. Kanig, Fine structures of polymers from an aqueous dispersion, Colloid Polymer Sci., 256 (1978) 1052-1060 (Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment translation).
180. Distler D., Kanig G. Morphology of (meth-)acrylic latex films. Organ. Coat. Plast. Chem. 43:1980;506-610.
181. G. Kanig, H. Neff, Contrast method for the electron microscope examination of polymer films containing acidic and ester groups, Colloid Polym. Sci., 253 (1975) 29 (Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment translation).
182. Kim H.-B., Wang Y., Winnik M.A. Synthesis, structure and film-forming properties of poly(butyl methacrylate)-poly(methacrylic acid) core-shell latex. Polymer. 35(8):1994;1779-1786.
183. M.A. Winnik, Influence of polar substituents at the latex surface on polymer interdiffusion rates in latex films, ch. 4 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 51-63.
184. Kawaguchi S., Odrobina E., Winnik M.A. Nonionic surfactant effects on polymer diffusion poly(butyl methacrylate) latex films. Macromol. Rapid Comm. 16(11):1995;861-868.
185. Kim H.B., Winnik M.A. Factors affecting interdiffusion rates in films prepared from latex particles with a surface rich in acid groups and their salts. Macromolecules. 28:1995;2033-2041.
186. Feng J.R., Winnik M.A. Effect of water on polymer diffusion in latex films. Macromolecules. 30(15):1997;4324-4331.
187. Richard J., Maquet J. Dynamic micromechanical investigations into particle/particle interfaces in latex films. Polymer. 33(19):1992;4164-4173.
188. Kan C.S., Blackson J.H. Effect of ionomeric behaviour of the viscoelastic properties and morphology of carboxylated latex films. Macromolecules. 29(21):1996;6853-6865.
189. Aten W.C., Wassenburg T.C. Influence of the surfactant distribution on the water resistance of clear latex films. Plastics Rubber Proc. App. 3(2):1983;99-104.
190. J. Richard, Dynamic viscoelastic properties of polymer latex films, ch. 8 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 118-153.
191. Zosel A. Mechanical-properties of films from polymer latexes. Polym. Adv. Technol. 6(5):1995;263-269.
192. Richard J. Thermodynamic behaviour of composite polymer films obtained from poly(vinyl acetate) latexes sterically stabilized by poly(vinyl alcohol). Polymer. 34(18):1993;3823-3831.
193. Joanicot M., Wong K., Richard J., Maquet J., Cabane B. Ripening of cellular latex films. Macromolecules. 26(12):1993;3168-3175.
194. Joanicot M., Wong K., Cabane B. Interdiffusion in cellular latex films. Macromolecules. 29(14):1996;4976-4984.
195. Richard J., Mignaud C., Wong K. Water vapour permeability diffusion and solubility in latex films. Polym. Int. 30:1993;431.
196. Richard J., Wong K. Interdiffusion of polymer chains and molecular dynamics in dried latex films. J. Polym. Sci., Part B Polym. Phys. 33:1995;1395-1407.
197. Richard J. Structure-property relationships of latex films: a special emphasis on viscoelastic behaviour and water vapor permeability. Polym. Adv. Technol. 6(5):1995;270-275.
198. Yoo S., Harelle L., Daniels E.S., El-Aasser M.S., Klein A. Interfacial aspects of strength development in poly(methyl methacrylate)-based latex systems. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 58(2):1995;367-374.
199. Mohammed S., Daniels E.S., Sperling L.H., Klein A., El-Aasser M.S. Isocyanate-functionalized latexes: film formation and tensile properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 66(10):1997;1869-1884.
200. Xu J.T., Dimonie V.L., Sudol E.D., Shaffer O.L., El-Aasser M.S. Crosslinking of isocyanate functional acrylic latex with telechelic polybutadiene. II. Film formation/crosslinking. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69(5):1998;944-984.
201. Ferg J.R., Pham H., MacDonald P. et al. Formation and crosslinking of latex films through the reaction of acetoacetoxy group with diamines under ambient conditions. J. Coat. Technol. 70(881):1998;57-68.
202. Inaba Y., Daniels E.S., El-Aasser M.S. Film formation from conventional and miniemulsion latex systems containing dimethyl meta-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate (TMI) - a functional monomer crosslinking agent. J. Coat. Technol. 66(1994):1832;63-74.
203. J.M. Geurts, J.J.G.S. van Es, A.L. German, Latexes with intrinsic crosslinking activity, Proceedings 21st International Conference in Organic Coatings Science and Technology, Athens, 1995, pp. 221-233.
204. de Gennes P.G. Reptation of polymer chains in presence of fixed obstacles. J. Chem. Phys. 55(2):1971;572-579.
205. de Gennes P.G. Interpenetration of polymers at an interface. C. R. Hebd. Sci. Acad. Sci. Ser. B. B291(9):1980;219-221.
206. de Gennes P.G. Compatible polymer systems - special properties for mutual diffusion and adhesion. C. R. Hebd. Sci. Acad. Sci. 292(23):1981;1505-1507.
207. Doi M., Edwards S.F. Dynamics of concentrated polymer systems. Part 1. Brownian motion in the equilibrium state. Faraday Trans. 2. 74(10):1978;1789-1801.
208. Wool R.P., O'Conner K.M. A theory of crack healing in polymers. J. Appl. Phys. 52(10):1981;5953-5963.
209. Wool R.P., Yuan B.L., McGarel O. Welding and polymer interfaces. J. Polym. Eng. Sci. 29(19):1989;1340-1367.
210. Whitlow S.J., Wool R.P. Diffusion of polymers at interfaces - a secondary ion-mass spectroscopy study. Macromolecules. 24(22):1991;5926-5938.
211. Prager S., Tirrell M. The healing process at polymer-polymer interfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 75:1981;5194.
212. Prager S., Adolf D., Tirrell M. Welding of polymers of non-uniform molecular weight. J. Chem. Phys. 78(11):1983;7015-7016.
213. Adolf D., Tirrell M., Prager S. Molecular-weight dependence of healing brittle-fracture in amorphous polymer above the entanglement molecular weight. J. Polym. Sci. Part B. Polym. Phys. 23(2):1985;413-427.
214. Prager S., Adolf D., Tirrell M. Welding of polymer networks. J. Chem. Phys. 84(9):1986;5152-5154.
215. Jud K., Kausch H., Williams J.G. Fracture-mechanics studies of crack healing and welding of polymers. J. Mater. Sci. 16(1):1981;204-210.
216. Sperling L.H., Klein A., Sambasivam M., Kim K.D. Molecular basis of healing and fracture at polymer interfaces. Polym. Adv. Technol. 5:1994;453-472.
217. Sambasivam M., Klein A., Sperling L.H. The molecular-basis of fracture in polystyrene films - role of molecular weight. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 58(2):1995;357-366.
218. Sambasivam M., Klein A., Sperling L.H. Energy-consuming micromechanisms in the fracture of glassy polymers. 2. Effect of molecular weight on the fracture of polystyrene. Macromolecules. 28:1995;152-159.
219. M. Sambasivam, A. Klein, L.H. Sperling, Healing and fracture studies in incompletely annealed latex films, ch. 11 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 179-199.
220. Sambasivam M., Klein A., Sperling L.H. The molecular-basis of fracture in poly(methyl methacryalte) latex films. Polym. Adv. Technol. 7(5-6):1996;507-513.
221. Sperling L.H., Klein A., Sambasivam M. A molecular approach to the healing and fracture at polymer interfaces - current status of the literature. J. Polym. Mater. 13(1):1996;1-13.
222. Mohammadi N., Klein A., Sperling L.H. Polymer chain rupture and the fracture behaviour of glassy polystyrene. Macromolecules. 26:1993;1019-1026.
223. Napper D.H. Conformation of macromolecules. A physical chemistry experiment. J. Chem. Ed. 46:1969;305-307.
224. W. Funke, U. Zorll, New aspects of lacquer films with heterogeneous structure, Defazet 29(4) (1975) 146-153 (Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment translation).
225. R.F. Gould, in: Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Advances in Chemistry, Series 43, ACS, 1964.
226. Kesting R.E. Membrane polymers, ch. 4. Synthetic Polymeric Membranes - A Structural Perspective, 2nd ed. 1985;106-179.
227. Sphael J., Kinget R. Influence of solvent composition upon film-coating. Pharm. Acta Helv. 55(6):1980;157-160.
228. Charmeau J.Y., Kientz E., Holl Y. Effects of film structure on mechanical and adhesion properties of latex film. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 73:1995;48-49.
229. Billmeyer jr F.W. Textbook of Polymer Science, 2nd ed. 1971;John Wiley and Son, New York.
230. Blandin H.P., David J.C., Vergnaud J.M., Illien J.P., Malizewicz M. Modelling the drying process of coatings with various layers. J. Coat. Technol. 59(746):1987;27-32.
231. Vezin W.R., Florence A.T. Diffusive desorption of small solute molecules from amorphous polymers, PMMA, PVA, PACA. Eur. Polym. J. 17:1981;93-99.
232. List P.H., Laun G. Relationship between solvent residues and the permeability of Eudragit L films. Pharm. Ind. 42(4):1980;399-401.
233. Sullivan D.A. Water and solvent evaporation from latex and latex paint films. J. Paint Technol. 47(610):1975;60-67.
234. Hansen C.M. The air drying of latex coatings. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 13(2):1974;150-152.
235. S.A.M. Abdel-Aziz, Studies in Permeability in Polymeric Films, PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1976.
236. Abdel-Aziz S.A.M., Anderson W. The influence of casting solvent composition on structure and permeability of acrylic-methacrylic ester copolymer films. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 28:1976;801-805.
237. Isaacs P.K. Influence of emulsifiers on film formation from latexes. J. Macromol. Chem. 1(1):1966;163-185.
238. D.A. Wood, Polymeric Materials used in Drug Delivers Systems, pp. 71-123.
239. Balik C.M., Said M.A., Hare T.M. Residual porosity in polymeric latex films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 38:1989;557-569.
240. R.S. Okor, Study of Certain Factors which Influence Solute Permeability of Polymer Film, PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1980.
241. I.U.P.A.C. Manual of Symbols and Terminology, Appendix 2, Part 1, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 31 (1972) 578.
242. Kodani T., Sakai H., Takayama A., Nomura M. Effect of storage on film-formation property of vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate terpolymer latex. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69(3):1998;573-579.
243. Steward P.A., Hearn J., Wilkinson M.C. Studies in permeation through polymer latex film. I. Films containing no or only low levels of additives. Polym. Int. 38(1):1995;1-12.
244. Steward P.A., Hearn J., Wilkinson M.C. Studies in permeation through polymer latex films. II. Permeation modification by sucrose addition. Polym. Int. 38(1):1995;13-22.
245. Steward P.A., Hearn J., Wilkinson M.C. Studies in permeation through polymer latex films. III. Modification using soluble polymeric additives. Polym. Int. 38(1):1995;23-32.
246. Wilkinson M.C., Hearn J., Steward P.A. The cleaning of polymer colloids. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 81:1999;77-165.
247. Guyot A. Editorial: morphology control of polymer colloids: a route to improving the mechanical properties of polymeric materials. Polym. Adv. Technol. 6:1995;259-261.
248. Marion P., Beinert G., Juhué D., Lang J. Core-shell latex particles containing a fluorinated polymer in the shell: I. Film formation studied by fluorescence non-radiative energy transfer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64(12):1997;2409-2419.
249. Rajatapiti P., Dimonie V., El-Aasser M.S., Vratsanos M.S. Effects of compatibilizing, agents in poly(n-butyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite latexes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 63:1997;205-219.
250. Patel A.A., Feng J.R., Winnik M.A., Vancso G.J., McBain C.B.D. Characterization of latex blend films by atomic-force microscopy. Polymer. 37(25):1996;5577-5582.
251. Peters A.C.I.A., Overbeek G.C., Buckmann A.J.P., Padget J.C., Annable T. Bimodal dispersion in coating applications. Prog. Organ. Coat. 29(1-4):1996;183-194.
252. Cavaillé J.Y., Vassoille R., Thollet G., Rios L., Pichot C. Structural morphology of poly(styrene)-poly(butyl acrylate) polymer-polymer composites studied by dynamical mechanical measurements. Colloid Polym. Sci. 269:1991;248-258.
253. Hidalgo M., Carvaillé J.Y., Guillot J. et al. Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid) (2) core-shell emulsion polymers. Part II. Thermomechanical properties of latex films. Colloid Polym. Sci. 270:1992;1208-1221.
254. Y. Chevalier, M. Hidalgo, J.Y. Cavaillé, B. Cabane, Small-angle neutron scattering studies of composite latex film structure, ch. 16 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coating, 1996, pp. 244-254.
255. Rios L., Hidalgo M., Carvaillé J.Y., Guillot J., Guyot A., Pichot C. Polystyrene(1)poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid) (2) core-shell emulsion polymers. Part I. Synthesis and colloidal characterisation. Colloid Polym. Sci. 269:1991;812-824.
256. Hidago M., Cavaillé J.Y., Guillot J., Guyot A., Perez J., Vassoile R. Polystyrene (1)/poly(butyl acrylate/amide type functional monomer) (2) two stage emulsion polymers, synthesis and thermomechanical properties of latex films. J. Polym. Sci., Part B Polym. Phys. 33(11):1995;1559-1572.
257. M.P.J. Heuts, R.A. le Fêbre, J.L.M. van Hilst, G.C. Overbeek, Influence of morphology on film formation of acrylic dispersions, ch. 18, in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 271-285.
258. Feng J., Winnik M.A., Siemiarczuk A. Interface characterisation in latex blend films by fluorescence energy transfer. J. Polym. Sci., Part B Polym. Phys. 36:1998;1115-1128.
259. Shellenberg C., Akari S., Regenbrecht M., Tauer K., Petrat F.M., Antonietti M. Spherical polymer containers with a fluid polymer core: synthesis and characterisation of film formation by A.F.M. Langmuir. 15(4):1998;1283-1290.
260. Gauthier C., Perez J. Morphology and thermomechanical properties of latex films. Polym. Adv. Technol. 6(5):1995;276-284.
261. Rigdahl M., Lason L., Hagen R., Karlsson O., Wesslen B. Heterogeneous latexes as binders in porous structures. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 63(5):1997;661-670.
262. Zheng Y., Wu Y., Deng Z., Wan G. Effect of composition and structure on the ionic conductivity of latex polymer electrolyte. J. Mater. Chem. 8(9):1998;2061-2064.
263. Barrer R.M. Diffusion and permeation in heterogeneous media, ch. 6. Crank J., Park G.S. Diffusion in Polymers. 1968;165-217 Academic Press.
264. Higuchi W.I. A new relationship for the dielectric properties of two phase systems. J. Polym. Chem. 62:1958;649-653.
265. Petersen C.M. Permeability studies on heterogeneous polymer films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 12:1968;2619-2667.
266. Chainey M., Wilkinson M.C., Hearn J. Permeability of heterogeneous films cast from core-shell polymer latices. Makromol. Chem. Suppl. 10/11:1958;435-446.
267. Lepizzera S., Scheer M., Fond C., Pith T., Lambla M., Lang J. Coalesced core/shell latex film under elongation imaged by atomic force microscopy. Macromolecules. 30(25):1997;7953-7957.
268. Lepizzera S., Lhommeau C., Dilger G., Pith T., Lambla M. Film-forming ability and mechanical properties of coalesced latex blends. J. Polym. Sci., Part B Polym. Phys. 35(13):1997;2093-2101.
269. Berrie A.H. Pigments and their use in polymers, ch. 2. Stern E.S. The Chemist in Industry 1. Fine Chemicals for Polymers. 1973;22-41 Clarendon Press, Oxford.
270. Seiner J.A. Microvoids as pigments. A review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 17:1978;302-317.
271. El-Aasser M.S., Iqbal S., Vanderhoff J.W. Model microvoid films. Colloid and Interface Science, vol. v. 1976;381 Academic Press, NY.
272. Durbin D.P., El-Aasser M.S., Vanderhoff J.W. Surface sealing of microvoid latex paints by exclusion of small diameter latex-particles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Devel. 23(4):1984;569-572.
273. Hemenway C.P., Latimer J.J., Young J.E. Hollow-sphere polymer pigment in paper coating. TAPPI J. 68(5):1985;102-105.
274. Van Tent A., te Nijenhuis K. Turbidity study of the process of film formation of polymer particles in drying thin films of acrylic latexes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 150(1):1992;97-114.
275. Van Tent A., te Nijenhuis K. Turbidity study of the process of film formation of thin films of aqueous acrylic dispersions. Prog. Organ. Coat. 20:1992;459-470.
276. Butt H.-J., Kuropka R. Surface-structure of latex films, varnishes and paint films studied with an atomic force microscope. J. Coat. Technol. 67(848):1995;101-107.
277. Wang Y., Winnik M.A. Effect of coalescing aid on polymer diffusion in latex films. Macromolecules. 23(21):1990;4731-4732.
278. Winnik M.A., Wang Y., Haley F. Latex film formation at the molecular level: the effect of coalescing aids on polymer diffusion. J. Coat. Technol. 64(811):1992;51-61.
279. Juhué D., Wang Y.C., Lang J., Leung O.M., Goh M.C., Winnik M.A. Surfactant exudation in the presence of a coalescing aid in latex film studied by atomic-force microscopy. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 33(7):1995;1123-1133.
280. Juhué D., Lang J. Latex film formation in the presence of organic solvents. Macromolecules. 27:1994;695-701.
281. Okor R.S. Influence of hydrophilic character of plasticizer and polymer on certain film properties. Int. J. Pharm. 11(1):1982;1-9.
282. Goodhart F., Harris M.R., Murphy K.S., Nesbitt R.U. An evaluation of aqueous film-forming dispersions for controlled release. Pharm. Technol. 8(4):1984;64-71.
283. Muhammad N.A., Boisvert W., Harris M.R., Weiss J. Modifying the release properties of Eudragit L30D. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 17(18):1991;2497-2509.
284. Hoy K.L. Estimating the effectiveness of latex coalescing aids. J. Paint Technol. 45(579):1973;51-56.
285. Toussaint A., DeWilde M., Molenaar F., Mulvihill J. Calculation of T-g and MFFT depression due to added coalescing agents. Prog. Organ. Coat. 30(3):1997;179-184.
286. Toussaint A., DeWilde M. A comprehensive model of sintering and coalescence of unpigmented latexes. Prog. Organ. Coat. 30(3):1997;113-126.
287. DuChesne A., Gerharz B., Liesser G. The segregation of surfactant upon film formation of latex dispersion: an investigation by energy filtering transmission electron microscopy. Polym. Int. 43(2):1997;187-196.
288. Roulstone B.J., Wilkinson M.C., Hearn J. Studies on polymer latex films: II. Effect of surfactants on the water vapour permeability of polymer latex films. Polym. Int. 27:1992;43-50.
289. P.D. Durbin, PhD Thesis, Lehigh University, Microfilm No. 8108193.
290. Tebelius L.K., Stetz E.M., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic studies of latexes. 14. Surface phase-separation in polystyrene poly-n-butyl acrylate latex films. Appl. Polym. Sci. 62(11):1996;1887-1892.
291. Kientz E., Holl Y. Distribution of surfactants in latex films. Colloids Surf. A - Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 78:1993;255-270.
292. Kim K.D., Sperling L.H., Klein A., Hammouda B. Reptation time, temperature, and cosurfactant effects on the molecular latex diffusion rate during polystyrene latex film formation. Macromolecules. 27(23):1994;6841-6850.
293. Farinha J.P.S., Martinho J.M.G., Kawaguchi S., Yekta A., Winnik M.A. Latex film formation probed by nonradiative energy transfer: effect of grafted and free poly(ethylene oxide) on a poly(n-butyl methacrylate) latex. J. Phys. Chem. 100(30):1996;2552-12558.
294. Odrobina E., Feng J.R., Kawaguchi S., Winnik M.A., Neag M., Meyer E.F. Characterisation of the miscibility of poly(butyl methacrylate) with a nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant and with various poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers. Macromolecules. 31(21):1998;7239-7247.
295. Juhué D., Lung J. Effect of surfactant post-added to latex dispersion on film formation: a study by atomic force microscopy. Langmuir. 9:1993;792-796.
296. Juhué D., Lang J. Latex film surface morphology studied by atomic force microscopy: effect of a non-ionic surfactant post-added to latex dispersion. Colloids Surf. A: Physico. Chem. Eng. Aspects. 87:1994;177-185.
297. Zhao C.L., Dobler F., Pith T., Holl Y., Lambla M. Surface composition of coalesced acrylic latex, films studied by XPS and SIMS. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 128(2):1989;437-449.
298. Zhao C.L., Holl Y., Pith T., Lambla M. Colloid science: FTIR-ATR spectroscopic determination of distribution of surfactants in latex films. Colloid Polym. Sci. 265(9):1987;823-829.
299. Zhao C.L., Holl Y., Pith T., Lambla M. Surface analysis and adhesion properties of coalesced latex films. Br. Polym. J. 21:1989;155-160.
300. Urban M.W., Evanson K.W. Factors governing surfactant assembly at the latex film interfaces: an FT-IR spectroscopic study. Polym. Comm. 31:1990;279-282.
301. Evanson K.W., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 1. Surfactant copolymer interactions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42(8):1991;2287-2296.
302. Evanson K.W., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 2. Surfactant copolymer compatibility and mobility of surfactants. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42(9):1991;2297-2307.
303. Evanson K.W., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 3. The effects of substrate surface tension and elongation on exudation of surfactants. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42(8):1991;2309-2320.
304. Thorstenson T.A., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 4. The effect of surfactant structure on the copolymer surfactant interactions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(8):1993;1381-1386.
305. Thorstenson T.A., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 5. The effects of copolymer composition on surfactant exudation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(9):1993;1387-1393.
306. Thorstenson T.A., Tebelius L.K., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FT-IR latexes. 6. Orientation and spatial-distribution of acid functionalities at the film-substrate interface. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 49(1):1993;103-110.
307. Thorstenson T.A., Tebelius L.K., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FT-IR spectroscopic studies of latexes. EA/MAA latex suspension stability studies on latexes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 50(7):1993;1207-1215.
308. Kunkel J.P., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FT-IR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 8. The effect of particle and copolymer composition on surfactant exudation in styrene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 50(7):1993;1217-1223.
309. Niu B.-J., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 9. Effect of homopolymer and copolymer structures on surfactant mobility. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 56(3):1995;377-385.
310. Tebelius L.K., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 10. The effect of coalescence on surfactant exudation in polystyrene and poly(n-butyl acrylate) latex films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 56(3):1995;387-395.
311. Niu B.-J., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 11. The effect of Sty/N-BA copolymer composition on the orientation of SDOSS surfactant molecules. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60(3):1996;371-377.
312. Niu B.-J., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 12. Particle size effect and surfactant behaviour in electrodeposited Sty/N-BA latex films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60(3):1996;379-387.
313. Niu B.-J., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. 13. Surfactant exudation in silicon-modified latex films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60(3):1996;389-397.
314. Tebelius L.K., Stetz E.M., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies of latexes. XIV. Surface phase separation in polystyrene/poly-n-butyl acrylate latex films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 62(11):1996;1887-1892.
315. Martin L.R., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic studies of latexes. 15. Orientation of the sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant molecules in core/shell-type styrene butyl acrylate latex films at the film-air and film-substrate interface. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 62(11):1996;1893-1901.
316. Niu B.-J., Urban M.W. Surface and interfacial fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic studies of latexes. 16. Quantitative-analysis of surfactant in multilayered films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 62(11):1996;1903-1911.
317. B-J. Niu, L.R. Martin, L.K. Tebelius, M.W. Urban, Latex film formation at surfaces and interfaces, ch. 20 in: Provder, Winnik and Urban (Eds.), ACS (Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering) International Symposium Series No. 648, Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings, 1996, pp. 301-331.
318. Urban M.W. Surfactants in latex films; interactions with latex components and quantitative analysis using ATR and step-scan PAS FT-IR spectroscopy. Prog. Organ. Coat. 32:1997;215229.
319. Niu B.J., Urban M.J. Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step-scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70(7):1998;1321-1348.
320. Charmeau J.Y., Gerin P.A., Vovelle L., Schirrer R., Holl Y. Adhesion of latex films. Part III. Surfactant effects at various peel rates. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 13(2):1999;203-215.
321. Gerin P.A., Grohens Y., Schirrer R., Holl Y. Adhesion of latex film. Part IV. Dominating interfacial effect of the surfactant. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 13(2):1999;217-236.
322. Zosel A., Schuler B. The influence of surfactants on the peel strength of water-based pressure sensitive adhesives. J. Adhes. 70(1-2):1999;179-195.
323. Park Y.J., Khew M.C., Ho C.C., Kim J.H. Kinetics of film formation of PBMA latex in the presence of alkali soluble resin using atomic force microscopy. Colloid Polym. Sci. 276(8):1998;709-714.
324. Park Y.J., Lee D.Y., Khew M.C., Ho C.C., Kim J.H. Effects of alkali-soluble resin on latex film norphology of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) studied by atomic force microscopy. Langmuir. 14(19):1998;5419-5424.
325. Park Y.J., Lee D.Y., Khew M.C., Ho C.C., Kim J.H. Atomic force microscopy study of PBMA latex film formation: effects of carboxylated random copolymer. Colloids Surf. A-Physico-Chem. Eng. Aspects. 139(1):1998;49-54.
326. Kellaway I.W., Najib N.M. Adsorption of hydrophilic polymers at the polystyrene-water interface. Int. J. Pharm. 6:1980;285-294.
327. Bondy C., Coleman M.M. Film formation and film properties obtained with acrylic, styrene/acrylic and vinyl acetate/veova copolymer emulsions. J. Oil Colour Chemists' Assoc. 53:1970;555-577.
328. D. Pochan, Morphology of films dried from latexes containing water-soluble polymers: dielectric relaxation-phenomena, Water-Borne and Higher-Solids Coatings Symposium, No. 14, 1987, pp. 155-166.
329. Bindschardler C., Gurney R., Doelker E. Influence of emulsifiers on film formation from cellulose acetate latexes. Experimental study of phase separation phenomena due to sodium dodecyl sulphate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 34:1987;2631-2647.
330. P.J. Moreland, J.C. Padget, Polymeric Materials for Corrosion Control, ACS Symposium Series 322 18, 1986.
331. Bierwagon G.P. Critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) as a transition point in the properties of coatings. J. Coat. Technol. 64(806):1992;7l-75.
332. Asbeck W.K., Van Loo M. Critical pigment volume relationships. Ind. Eng. Chem. 41:1949;1470-1475.
333. Asbeck W.K. Dispersion and agglomeration: effects on coatings performance. J. Coat. Technol. 49(635):1977;59-70.
334. Rasenberg C.J.F.M., Huisman H.F. Measurement of the critical pigment volume concentration by means of mercury porosimetry. Prog. Organ. Coat. 13:1985;223-235.
335. Anwari F., Carlozzo B.J., Chokshi K. et al. Change in hiding during latex film formation: Part II. Particle size and pigment packing effects. J. Coat. Technol. 63(802):1991;35-46.
336. Bevington J.C., Melville H.W., Taylor R.P. The termination reaction in radical polymerizations. II. Polymerizations of styrene at 60°C and of methyl methacrylate at 0 and 60°C and the copolymerization of these monomers at 60°C. J. Polym. Sci. 14:1954;463-476.
337. Ramig A., Floyd F.L. Plastic pigment: a novel approach to microvoid hiding. Part 1. Introduction and mechanism. J. Coat. Technol. 51(658):1979;63-74.
338. Floyd F.L., Holsworth R.M. CPVC as point of phase inversion in latex paints. Polym. Sci. Eng. 63:1990;180-185.
339. Floyd F.L., Holsworth R.M. CPVC as point of phase inversion in latex paints. J. Coat. Technol. 64(806):1992;65-69.