The efficacy of professional ethics: The AMA code of ethics in historical and current perspective

Hasting Center Report

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2000, Pages

  Baker, Robert ^a   Emanuel, Linda ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL SOCIETY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES; BIOETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PHYSICIAN; PHYSICIAN SELF-REFERRAL; POLICY; POLITICS; PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL CONTROL;

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; ETHICS, MEDICAL; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; UNITED STATES; CODES OF ETHICS; ETHICS, PROFESSIONAL; HISTORY; HUMANS; ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION; ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PHYSICIAN SELF-REFERRAL; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PHYSICIANS; POLITICS; PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL; SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY; SOCIETIES;

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; BIOETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS;

EID: 0034219929     PISSN: 00930334     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3527657     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. L. Haakonssen, Medicine and Morals in the Enlightenment: John Gregory, Thomas Percival and Benjamin Rush (Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 1997).
2. J. Pickstone, "Thomas Percival and the Production of Medical Ethics," in R. Baker, D. Porter, R. Porter, eds., The Codification of Medical Morality: Historical and Philosophical Studies of the Fonnalization of Medical Morality in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, vol. 1, Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Eighteenth Century (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993), pp. 161-78.
3. T. Percival, Medical Ethics: A Code of Ethics and Institutes Adopted to the Professions fo Physic and Surgery, ch. I, art. I.
4. S.J. Reiser, "Creating A Medical Profession in the United States: The First Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association," in R. Baker, D. Porter, R. Porter, ed., The Codification of Medical Morality : Historical and Philosophical Studies of he Formalization of Medical Morality in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, vol. 2, From Manners to Morals: The Nineteenth Century Codification of Medical Ethics (Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995), pp. 89-104.
5. See R. Baker, "Deciphering Percival's Code," in ref. 2, Baker et al. eds., The Codification of Medical Morality, vol. 1, pp. 179-212.
6. See R. Baker, "Introduction," in ref. 4, Baker et al. eds., The Codification of Medical Morality, vol. 2, pp. 1-17.
7. C. Burns, "Reciprocity in the Development of Anglo-American Medical Ethics, 1765-1865," in ref. 4, Baker et al. eds., The Codification of Medical Morality, vol. 2, pp. 135-143.
8. J. Bell and I. Hays, "Code of Ethics," in ref. 4, Baker et al. eds., The Codification of Medical Morality, vol. 2, pp. 75-87, at 75.
9. S. Lederer, Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 8.
10. D. Rothman, Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making (New York, Basic Books, 1991), pp. 51-70.
11. A.C. Ivy, "Report on War Crimes of a Medical Nature Committed in Germany and Elsewhere on German Nationals and the Nationals of Occupied Countries by the Nazi Regime during World War II," Document JC 9218, AMA Archives, cited with permission.
12. American Medical Association, Proceedings of the House of Delegates, December 1946, pp. 12, 38, 44.
13. See M. Grodin, "The Historical Origins of the Nuremberg Code," in The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, ed. G.A. Annas and M. Grodin (New York, Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 135-136;
14. see also R. Baker, "A Theory of International Bioethics: The Negotiable and the Non-Negotiable," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 8, no. 3 (1998), pp. 233-74.
15. American Medical Association, Proceedings of the House of Delegates, June 1900;
16. see also, "Report" JAMA 34 (1900), pp. 1553, 1557,1 559.
17. American Medical Association, "Resolution from the Section on Surgery and Anatomy," Proceedings of the House of Delegates June 1902;
18. "Report," JAMA 38 (1902): 1661.
19. American Medical Association, Proceedings of the House of Delegates, June 1924, pp. 21-22, 40.
20. American Medical Association, Proceedings of the House of Delegates, May 1848, pp. 28-29, 31-32, 38, 311-55;
21. Proceedings of the House of Delegates, May 1849, pp. 44, 48, 655-61;
22. Proceedings of the House of Delegates, May 1850, pp. 39-40, 42-43, 291-308;
23. Proceedings of the House of Delegates, May 1853, pp. 29, 37-38, 42-43, 45;
24. Proceedings of the House of Delegates, May 1854, p. 29.
25. Official Minutes of the General Sessions, JAMA 16: 751.
26. American Medical Association, Proceedings of the House of Delegates, May 1857, p. 31.
27. American Medical Association, Proceedings of the House of Delegates, June 1880, pp. 67, 415-16, 417, 426-33. Congress actually instituted a National Board of Health for four years, but then abolished it because the Surgeon General's office saw it as a competitor.
28. Edward Bok had written a series of "muck raking" articles in the Ladies Home Journal, - "The Patent Medicine Curse" (May 1904), and "Pictures that Tell Their Own Story" (September 1905) - which served as the springboard for the support of women's clubs and magazines for the pure food and drug laws;
29. see S. Stage, Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women's Medicine (New York: Norton, 1979), especially pp. 18, 140, 160-62.
30. "Editorial" JAMA 30 (1898): 153;
31. "Official Minutes of the General Sessions," JAMA 30 (1898): 31, 95.
32. J.D. Wirtschafter, "Genesis and Impact of the Medical Lobby," Journal of the History of Medicine and the Allied Sciences 13 (1958): 15-49.
33. On the early history of drug regulation in the United States, see P. Temin, Taking Your Medicine: Drug Regulation in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
34. L.L. Emanuel, "Bringing Market Medicine to Professional Account," JAMA 277 (1997): 1004-1005;
35. M. Wynia, "For the Oversight Body of the Program on Ethical Fundamental Obligations Report Cards and Evaluations (E-FORCE). Ethics Quality: Toward a New Set of Performance Measures," Effective Clinical Practice. In press.
36. David Baldwin, "The Role of the Physician in End-of-life Care: What More Can We Do?" Journal of Health Care Law and Policy 2 (1999): 401-410;
37. L Emanuel et al., Education for Physician in End-of-life Care (EPEC) (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1999).