메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 165-182

The invisible gender: Educational outcomes for African American females in father-only versus mother-only households

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0034215604     PISSN: 10909524     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1090-9524(01)00027-4     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (7)

References (102)
  • 1
    • 0001630709 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between father absence and self-concept of Black adolescent males
    • Alston, D., & Williams, N. (1982). Relationship between father absence and self-concept of Black adolescent males. Journal of Negro Education, 51 (2), 134-138.
    • (1982) Journal of Negro Education , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 134-138
    • Alston, D.1    Williams, N.2
  • 3
    • 0001364847 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral, emotional, and academic adjustment in a national probability sample of African American children: Effects of age, gender, and family structure
    • Barbarin, O., & Soler, A. (1993). Behavioral, emotional, and academic adjustment in a national probability sample of African American children: Effects of age, gender, and family structure. Journal of Black Psychology, 9 (4), 423-44
    • (1993) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 423-444
    • Barbarin, O.1    Soler, A.2
  • 4
    • 0001685993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American families and public policy: The legacy of the Moynihan report
    • C. Herring (Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Battle, J., & Bennett, M. (1997). African American families and public policy: The legacy of the Moynihan report. In: C. Herring (Ed.), African Americans and the Public Agenda: The Paradoxes of Public Policy, (pp. 150-167). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1997) African Americans and the Public Agenda: The Paradoxes of Public Policy , pp. 150-167
    • Battle, J.1    Bennett, M.2
  • 5
    • 0002392639 scopus 로고
    • The impact of divorce on the academic achievement of African American and White middle grade students
    • Battle, J. (1995). The impact of divorce on the academic achievement of African American and White middle grade students. Family Perspective, 29 (1), 61-74
    • (1995) Family Perspective , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-74
    • Battle, J.1
  • 6
    • 0031128610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic achievement among Hispanic students from one-versus-dual parent households
    • . Battle, J. (1997). Academic achievement among Hispanic students from one-versus-dual parent households. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19 (2), 156-170.
    • (1997) Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 156-170
    • Battle, J.1
  • 7
    • 0002354762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What beats having for two parents: Educational outcomes for African-American students in single-Versus dual-parent families
    • Battle, Juan. (1998). "What beats having for two parents: Educational outcomes for African-American students in single-Versus dual-parent families." Journal of Black Studies, 28 (6), 783-80
    • (1998) Journal of Black Studies , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 783-880
    • Battle, J.1
  • 8
    • 84937188671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How the boyz really made it out of the hood: Educational outcomes for African American males in father-only versus mother-only households
    • Battle, Juan. (1999). How the boyz really made it out of the hood: Educational outcomes for African American males in father-only versus mother-only households. Race, Gender & Class, 6 (2), 130-146.
    • (1999) Race, Gender & Class , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 130-146
    • Battle, J.1
  • 13
    • 84933496256 scopus 로고
    • Association of academic achievement with behavior among Black students and White students
    • Brady, B., Tucker, C., Harris, Y., & Tribble, I. (1992). Association of academic achievement with behavior among Black students and White students. Journal of Educational Research, 86, 43-5 1.
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Research , vol.86 , pp. 43-51
    • Brady, B.1    Tucker, C.2    Harris, Y.3    Tribble, I.4
  • 14
    • 0040375590 scopus 로고
    • Gender, poverty, culture, and economy: Theorizing female-led families
    • B. J. Dickerson (Ed.) Thousand Oaks: Sage
    • Brewer, R. M. (1995). Gender, poverty, culture, and economy: Theorizing female-led families. In: B. J. Dickerson (Ed.), African American Single Mothers: Understanding Their Lives and Families. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
    • (1995) African American Single Mothers: Understanding Their Lives and Families
    • Brewer, R.M.1
  • 15
    • 21344435900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child rearing and education in urban environments: Black fathers' perspectives
    • Bright, J. A., & Williams, C. (1996). Child rearing and education in urban environments: Black fathers' perspectives. Urban Education, 31 (3), 245-260
    • (1996) Urban Education , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 245-260
    • Bright, J.A.1    Williams, C.2
  • 16
    • 0000583559 scopus 로고
    • The role perception of African American fathers
    • . Bryan, D., & Ajo, A. (1992). The role perception of African American fathers. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 28 (3), 17-21.
    • (1992) Social Work Research and Abstracts , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 17-21
    • Bryan, D.1    Ajo, A.2
  • 17
    • 0042045851 scopus 로고
    • Sex role socialization and the development of achievement motivation in Black preschool children
    • Carr, P., & Mednick, M. (1988). Sex role socialization and the development of achievement motivation in Black preschool children. Sex-Roles, 18 (3-4), 169-180.
    • (1988) Sex-Roles , vol.18 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 169-180
    • Carr, P.1    Mednick, M.2
  • 18
    • 84937319685 scopus 로고
    • The path to math: Gender and racial-ethnic differences in mathematics Participation from middle school to high school
    • Catsambis, S. (1994). The path to math: Gender and racial-ethnic differences in mathematics Participation from middle school to high school. Sociology of Education, 67, 199-215.
    • (1994) Sociology of Education , vol.67 , pp. 199-215
    • Catsambis, S.1
  • 19
    • 84938049224 scopus 로고
    • Middle-income Black fathers: An analysis of the provider role
    • Cazenave, N. (1979). Middle-income Black fathers: An analysis of the provider role. Family Coordinator, 28, 583-592
    • (1979) Family Coordinator , vol.28 , pp. 583-592
    • Cazenave, N.1
  • 21
    • 0025488034 scopus 로고
    • Parental responsibility of African-American unwed adolescent fathers
    • Christomon, K. (1990). Parental responsibility of African-American unwed adolescent fathers. Adolescence, 25, 645-653
    • (1990) Adolescence , vol.25 , pp. 645-653
    • Christomon, K.1
  • 26
    • 84936823500 scopus 로고
    • Social capital in the creation of human capital
    • . Coleman, James S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.
    • (1988) American Journal of Sociology , vol.94
    • Coleman, J.S.1
  • 27
    • 84900923419 scopus 로고
    • A comparsion of two works on Black family life
    • Collins, P. H. (1989). A comparsion of two works on Black family life. Signs, (11):875-884.
    • (1989) Signs , Issue.11 , pp. 875-884
    • Collins, P.H.1
  • 29
    • 0002230967 scopus 로고
    • The meaning of motherhood in Black culture and Black mother daughther relationships
    • P. Bell-Scott, B. Guy-Sheftall, J. J. Royster, J. Sims-Wood, Miriam Decosta-Willis, & L. P. Fultz (eds.) New York: Harper-Collins
    • Collins, P. H. (1991). The meaning of motherhood in Black culture and Black mother daughther relationships. In: P. Bell-Scott, B. Guy-Sheftall, J. J. Royster, J. Sims-Wood, Miriam Decosta-Willis, & L. P. Fultz (eds.), Double Stitch: Black Women Write about Mothers and Daughters. New York: Harper-Collins.
    • (1991) Double Stitch: Black Women Write about Mothers and Daughters
    • Collins, P.H.1
  • 30
    • 0031325501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-course effects of work and family circumstances on children
    • Cooksey, E. C., Menaghan, E. G., & Jekielek, S. M. (1997). Life-course effects of work and family circumstances on children. Social Forces, 76 (2), 637-666
    • (1997) Social Forces , vol.76 , Issue.2 , pp. 637-666
    • Cooksey, E.C.1    Menaghan, E.G.2    Jekielek, S.M.3
  • 31
    • 85055309477 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of retainees and early precursors of retention in grade: Who is held back?
    • . Dauber, S. (1993). Characteristics of retainees and early precursors of retention in grade: Who is held back? Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 39, 326-43.
    • (1993) Merrill Palmer Quarterly , vol.39 , pp. 326-343
    • Dauber, S.1
  • 32
    • 0031306905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When both parents may be a source of support and problems: An analysis of pregnant and parenting female African American adolescents' relationships with their mothers and fathers
    • Davis, A., J. Rhodes, & Hamilton-Leaks, J. (1997). When both parents may be a source of support and problems: An analysis of pregnant and parenting female African American adolescents' relationships with their mothers and fathers. Journal of Research of Adolescence, 7 (3), 331-348.
    • (1997) Journal of Research of Adolescence , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 331-348
    • Davis, A.1    Rhodes, J.2    Hamilton-Leaks, J.3
  • 33
    • 0002099728 scopus 로고
    • Centering studies of African American single mothers and their families
    • B. J. Dickerson (Ed) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
    • Dickerson, B. J. (1995). Centering studies of African American single mothers and their families. In: B. J. Dickerson (Ed), African American Single Mothers: Understanding Their Lives and Families (pp. 1-20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
    • (1995) African American Single Mothers: Understanding Their Lives and Families , pp. 1-20
    • Dickerson, B.J.1
  • 34
    • 0000113548 scopus 로고
    • Community influences on the relation of family statuses to adolescent school performance: Differences between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites
    • Dornbusch, S., Ritter, P., & Steinberg, L. (1991). Community influences on the relation of family statuses to adolescent school performance: Differences between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites. American Journal of Education, 99, 543-67.
    • (1991) American Journal of Education , vol.99 , pp. 543-567
    • Dornbusch, S.1    Ritter, P.2    Steinberg, L.3
  • 35
    • 85050328521 scopus 로고
    • Mothers males: Maternity, male 'homosexuality, and melancholia
    • du Plessis, M. (1993). Mothers males: Maternity, male 'homosexuality, and melancholia. Discourse 16 (1), 145-173.
    • (1993) Discourse , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 145-173
    • Du Plessis, M.1
  • 36
    • 84937287295 scopus 로고
    • A parent's economic shadow: Family structure versus family resources as influences on early school achievement
    • Entwisle, D. R., & Alexander, K. L. (1995). A parent's economic shadow: Family structure versus family resources as influences on early school achievement. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57 (2), 399-411.
    • (1995) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 399-411
    • Entwisle, D.R.1    Alexander, K.L.2
  • 37
    • 0000765423 scopus 로고
    • Meanings of housework for single fathers and mothers: Insights into gender inequality
    • J. C. Hood (Ed.) Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • Fassinger, P. A. (1993). Meanings of housework for single fathers and mothers: Insights into gender inequality. In: J. C. Hood (Ed.), Men, Work, and Family (pp. 195-216). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1993) Men, Work, and Family , pp. 195-216
    • Fassinger, P.A.1
  • 39
    • 84936526620 scopus 로고
    • Beyond separate spheres: Feminism and family research
    • . Ferree, M. M. (1990). Beyond separate spheres: Feminism and family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52 (4), 866-884.
    • (1990) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 866-884
    • Ferree, M.M.1
  • 40
    • 85050787171 scopus 로고
    • Black students' achievement orientation as a function of perceived family achievement orientation and demographic variables
    • Ford, D. (1993). Black students' achievement orientation as a function of perceived family achievement orientation and demographic variables. Journal of Negro Education, 62 (1), 47-66 .
    • (1993) Journal of Negro Education , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-66
    • Ford, D.1
  • 42
    • 0002242653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic picture of African American families
    • H.P. McAdoo (Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Glick, P. C. (1997). Demographic picture of African American families. In: H.P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black Families (pp. 118-138). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1997) Black Families , pp. 118-138
    • Glick, P.C.1
  • 43
    • 0024441873 scopus 로고
    • The divorced father: A review of the issues and the research
    • Guttman, J. (1989). The divorced father: A review of the issues and the research. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 20 (2), 247-261.
    • (1989) Journal of Comparative Family Studies , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 247-261
    • Guttman, J.1
  • 44
  • 45
    • 0001973108 scopus 로고
    • Achievement and intellectual functioning of children in one-parent households
    • J. Spence (Ed.) San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
    • . Hetherington, E. M., Camara, K., & Featherman, D. L. (1983). Achievement and intellectual functioning of children in one-parent households. In: J. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and Achievement Motives. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
    • (1983) Achievement and Achievement Motives
    • Hetherington, E.M.1    Camara, K.2    Featherman, D.L.3
  • 46
    • 84900705433 scopus 로고
    • Two representative issues in contemporary sociological work on Black women
    • G. T. Hill, P. Bell-Scott, & B. Smith (Eds.) New York: Feminist Press
    • Higginbotham, E. (1982). Two representative issues in contemporary sociological work on Black women. In: G. T. Hill, P. Bell-Scott, & B. Smith (Eds.), All of the Women are White, All of the Blacks are Men, but Some of us are Brave. New York: Feminist Press .
    • (1982) All of the Women are White, All of the Blacks are Men, but Some of Us are Brave
    • Higginbotham, E.1
  • 50
    • 0003109788 scopus 로고
    • Black, single, working mothers in poverty: Preferences for employment, well-being, and perceptions of preschool-age children
    • Jackson, A. (1993). Black, single, working mothers in poverty: Preferences for employment, well-being, and perceptions of preschool-age children. Social Work, 38 (1), 26-34
    • (1993) Social Work , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-34
    • Jackson, A.1
  • 51
    • 0002566381 scopus 로고
    • The effects of role strain on single, working, Black mothers' perceptions of their young children
    • . Jackson, A. (1994). The effects of role strain on single, working, Black mothers' perceptions of their young children. Social Work Research, 18 (1), 36-40.
    • (1994) Social Work Research , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-40
    • Jackson, A.1
  • 52
    • 0002445283 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on Black family empirical research: 1965-1978
    • H. P. McAdoo (Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Johnson, L. (1988). Perspectives on Black family empirical research: 1965-1978. In: H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black Families (pp.91-106). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1988) Black Families , pp. 91-106
    • Johnson, L.1
  • 53
    • 0002970835 scopus 로고
    • The changing roles of fathers
    • M. E. Lamb (Ed.) New York: Wiley & Sons
    • Lamb, M. (1986). The changing roles of fathers. In: M. E. Lamb (Ed.) The Father's Role: Applied Perspectives (pp. 3-27). New York: Wiley & Sons.
    • (1986) The Father's Role: Applied Perspectives , pp. 3-27
    • Lamb, M.1
  • 54
    • 0002970835 scopus 로고
    • The changing roles of fathers
    • M. E. Lamb (Ed.) New York: Wiley & Sons
    • Lamb, M. E. (1986). The changing roles of fathers. In: M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The Father's Role: Applied Perspectives (pp. 3-27). New York: Wiley & Sons
    • (1986) The Father's Role: Applied Perspectives , pp. 3-27
    • Lamb, M.E.1
  • 55
    • 84934349682 scopus 로고
    • Curriculum tracking as mediating the social distribution of high school achievement
    • . Lee, V., & Bryk, A. (1988). Curriculum tracking as mediating the social distribution of high school achievement. Sociology of Education, 61, 78-94.
    • (1988) Sociology of Education , vol.61 , pp. 78-94
    • Lee, V.1    Bryk, A.2
  • 56
    • 85050789977 scopus 로고
    • Effects of school restructuring on the achievement and engagement of middle-grade students
    • Lee, V., & Smith, J. (1993). Effects of school restructuring on the achievement and engagement of middle-grade students. Sociology of Education, 66, 164-187 .
    • (1993) Sociology of Education , vol.66 , pp. 164-187
    • Lee, V.1    Smith, J.2
  • 58
    • 0031287395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's living arrangements in unmarried-mother families
    • Manning, W., & Smock, P. J. (1997). Children's living arrangements in unmarried-mother families. Journal of Family Issues, 18, 526-544
    • (1997) Journal of Family Issues , vol.18 , pp. 526-544
    • Manning, W.1    Smock, P.J.2
  • 59
    • 0002502492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of African American fathers in the socialization of their children
    • H. P. McAdoo (Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • . McAdoo, J. (1997). The roles of African American fathers in the socialization of their children. In: H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black Families (pp. 183-197). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1997) Black Families , pp. 183-197
    • McAdoo, J.1
  • 60
    • 0002515496 scopus 로고
    • The roles of Black fathers in the socialization of Black children
    • H. P. McAdoo (Ed,) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • McAdoo, J. (1988). The roles of Black fathers in the socialization of Black children. In: H. P. McAdoo (Ed,), Black Families (pp. 257-269). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1988) Black Families , pp. 257-269
    • McAdoo, J.1
  • 61
    • 0002647613 scopus 로고
    • The African-American father's role within the family
    • R. Majors & J. Gordon Eds. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
    • McAdoo, J. L., & McAdoo, J. (1994). The African-American father's role within the family. In: R. Majors & J. Gordon Eds., The American Black Male: His Present Status and his Future (pp. 286-297). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
    • (1994) The American Black Male: His Present Status and His Future , pp. 286-297
    • McAdoo, J.L.1    McAdoo, J.2
  • 62
    • 0001817503 scopus 로고
    • Father-child interaction patterns and self-esteem in Black preschool children
    • McAdoo, J. L. (1979). Father-child interaction patterns and self-esteem in Black preschool children. Young Children, 34 (2), 46-53
    • (1979) Young Children , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 46-53
    • McAdoo, J.L.1
  • 63
    • 84954871176 scopus 로고
    • A Black perspective on the father's role in child development
    • R. A. Lewis & M. B. Sussman (Eds.) New York: Haworth
    • . McAdoo, J. L. (1986). A Black perspective on the father's role in child development. In: R. A. Lewis & M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Men's Changing Roles in the Family (pp.117-133). New York: Haworth.
    • (1986) Men's Changing Roles in the Family , pp. 117-133
    • McAdoo, J.L.1
  • 66
    • 0002131097 scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and fatherhood
    • F.W. Bozett & S.M.H. Hanson (Eds.) New York: Springer
    • Miranda, A. (1991). Ethnicity and fatherhood. In: F.W. Bozett & S.M.H. Hanson (Eds.), Fatherhood and Families in Cultural Context (pp. 53-82). New York: Springer
    • (1991) Fatherhood and Families in Cultural Context , pp. 53-82
    • Miranda, A.1
  • 70
    • 0002384035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eric Digest (ED419632). Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Education
    • Nord, C. W. (1998). Father Involvement in Schools. Eric Digest (ED419632). Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Education.
    • (1998) Father Involvement in Schools
    • Nord, C.W.1
  • 71
    • 84935853711 scopus 로고
    • One-parent families: A social and economic profile
    • Norton, A. J., & Glick, P.C. (1986). One-parent families: A social and economic profile. Family Relations, 35, 9-17.
    • (1986) Family Relations , vol.35 , pp. 9-17
    • Norton, A.J.1    Glick, P.C.2
  • 73
    • 40349103251 scopus 로고
    • The feminization of poverty: Women, work and welfare
    • Pearce, Diana (1978). The feminization of poverty: Women, work and welfare. Urban and Social Change, 11, 28-36.
    • (1978) Urban and Social Change , vol.11 , pp. 28-36
    • Pearce, D.1
  • 74
    • 21344491174 scopus 로고
    • Do Individual Factors and Neighborhood Context Explain Ethnic Differences in Juvenile Delinquency?
    • Peeples, F., & Loeber, R. (1994). Do Individual Factors and Neighborhood Context Explain Ethnic Differences in Juvenile Delinquency? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10 (2), 141-157.
    • (1994) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 141-157
    • Peeples, F.1    Loeber, R.2
  • 75
    • 0001454039 scopus 로고
    • Parenting in Black families with young children: A historical perspective
    • H. P. McAdoo (Ed.) Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
    • Peters. M. (1988). Parenting in Black families with young children: A historical perspective. In: H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black Families (pp.228-241). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1988) Black Families , pp. 228-241
    • Peters, M.1
  • 76
    • 84938048036 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of Black and White fathers with implications for parent education
    • Price-Bonham, S., & Skeen, P. (1979). A comparison of Black and White fathers with implications for parent education. Family Coordinator, 28, 53-59.
    • (1979) Family Coordinator , vol.28 , pp. 53-59
    • Price-Bonham, S.1    Skeen, P.2
  • 77
    • 0039801530 scopus 로고
    • The role of the father in cognitive, academic, and intellectual development
    • M. E. Lamb (Ed.) New York: Wiley & Sons
    • Radin, N. (1976). The role of the father in cognitive, academic, and intellectual development. In: M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The Father's Role: Applied Perspectives. New York: Wiley & Sons.
    • (1976) The Father's Role: Applied Perspectives
    • Radin, N.1
  • 78
    • 0001952804 scopus 로고
    • African American children in single-mother families
    • Dickerson, B. J. (Ed) Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
    • Randolph, S. (1995). African American children in single-mother families. In: Dickerson, B. J. (Ed) African American Single Mothers: Understanding their Lives and Families (pp. 117-145). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc .
    • (1995) African American Single Mothers: Understanding their Lives and Families , pp. 117-145
    • Randolph, S.1
  • 79
    • 84983941728 scopus 로고
    • Differential mother and father influences on the educational attainment of Black and White women
    • Reeder, A. L., & Conger, R.D. (1984). Differential mother and father influences on the educational attainment of Black and White women. The Sociological Quarterly, 25, 239-250.
    • (1984) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 239-250
    • Reeder, A.L.1    Conger, R.D.2
  • 80
    • 84935068127 scopus 로고
    • Just the two of us: Parent-child relationships in single-parent home
    • Risman, B.J., & Park, K. (1988). Just the two of us: Parent-child relationships in single-parent home. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50 (4), 1049-1062.
    • (1988) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1049-1062
    • Risman, B.J.1    Park, K.2
  • 82
    • 0002127901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variables contributing to grade retention among African American adolescent males
    • Rodney, L. W., Rodney, H. E., & Mupier, R. M. (1999). Variables contributing to grade retention among African American adolescent males. The Journal of Educational Research, 92 (3), 185-190.
    • (1999) The Journal of Educational Research , vol.92 , Issue.3 , pp. 185-190
    • Rodney, L.W.1    Rodney, H.E.2    Mupier, R.M.3
  • 84
    • 21844484010 scopus 로고
    • Delinquency and family life among male adolescents: The role of ethnicity
    • Smith C., & Krohn, M. (1995). Delinquency and family life among male adolescents: The role of ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24 (1), 69-93.
    • (1995) Journal of Youth and Adolescence , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-93
    • Smith, C.1    Krohn, M.2
  • 86
    • 84937282317 scopus 로고
    • Homeless female-headed families: Relationships at risk
    • Steinbock, M. R. (1995). Homeless female-headed families: Relationships at risk. Marriage & Family Review, 20 (2), 143-59.
    • (1995) Marriage & Family Review , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-159
    • Steinbock, M.R.1
  • 87
    • 85055311417 scopus 로고
    • Effects of male intimate and external confidant support on parenting among low-income Black single mothers
    • Taylor, J., & Chesler, B. (1993). Effects of male intimate and external confidant support on parenting among low-income Black single mothers. Western Journal of Black Studies, 17 (2), 82-86.
    • (1993) Western Journal of Black Studies , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 82-86
    • Taylor, J.1    Chesler, B.2
  • 88
    • 84928508619 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the provider role as perceived by Black males
    • Taylor, R., Leashore, B., & Toliver, S. (1988). An assessment of the provider role as perceived by Black males. Family Relations, 37, 426-431.
    • (1988) Family Relations , vol.37 , pp. 426-431
    • Taylor, R.1    Leashore, B.2    Toliver, S.3
  • 90
    • 0026892603 scopus 로고
    • The impact of formal, informal, and societal support networks on the psychological well-being of black adolescent mothers
    • Thompson, M., & Peebles, W. (1992). The impact of formal, informal, and societal support networks on the psychological well-being of black adolescent mothers. Social Work, 37 (4), 322-328.
    • (1992) Social Work , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 322-328
    • Thompson, M.1    Peebles, W.2
  • 91
    • 84963034913 scopus 로고
    • Family structure and child wellbeing: Economic resources vs. Parent socialization
    • Thomson, E., Hanson, T., & McLanahan, S. (1994). Family structure and child wellbeing: Economic resources vs. Parent socialization. Social Forces, 73, 221-242
    • (1994) Social Forces , vol.73 , pp. 221-242
    • Thomson, E.1    Hanson, T.2    McLanahan, S.3
  • 92
    • 0009922913 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence and tenderness: Mother's, daughters, and 'Othermothers'
    • P. Marshall (Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • . Troester, R. (1984). Turbulence and tenderness: Mother's, daughters, and 'Othermothers'. In: P. Marshall (Ed.), Brown Females, Brownstones, (pp. 13-16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1984) Brown Females, Brownstones , pp. 13-16
    • Troester, R.1
  • 93
    • 0003542103 scopus 로고
    • Current Population Reports, Series P-60, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
    • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993). Poverty in the United States. (Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 185.) Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    • (1993) Poverty in the United States , vol.185
  • 94
    • 0003433313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
    • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1996). Current Population Reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    • (1996) Current Population Reports
  • 95
    • 0003570884 scopus 로고
    • CPR Population Characteristics, Series P-20, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
    • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1992a). Martial Status and Living Arrangements (CPR Population Characteristics, Series P-20, No. 468). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    • (1992) Martial Status and Living Arrangements , vol.468
  • 96
    • 0003811169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1996). Urban Schools: The Challenge of Location and Poverty. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
    • (1996) Urban Schools: The Challenge of Location and Poverty
  • 97
    • 0002297265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics
    • U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (1998). How Involved are Fathers in their Children's Schools? Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics.
    • (1998) How Involved are Fathers in their Children's Schools?
  • 99
    • 84934562948 scopus 로고
    • Poverty among African Americans in the urban United States
    • Williams, B. (1982). Poverty among African Americans in the urban United States. Human Organization, 51, 164-174.
    • (1982) Human Organization , vol.51 , pp. 164-174
    • Williams, B.1
  • 100
    • 0001555787 scopus 로고
    • The determinants of children's attainments: A review of methods and findings
    • Wolfe, B., & Haveman, R. (1995). The determinants of children's attainments: A review of methods and findings. Journal of Economic Literature, 33 (4), 1829-1879 .
    • (1995) Journal of Economic Literature , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 1829-1879
    • Wolfe, B.1    Haveman, R.2
  • 101
    • 0004130371 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Child Trends, Inc.
    • Zill, N., & Nord, C. (1994). Running in Place. Washington, DC: Child Trends, Inc.
    • (1994) Running in Place
    • Zill, N.1    Nord, C.2
  • 102
    • 0004111617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: HarperCollins College Publishers
    • Zinn, M., & Eitzen, S. (1996). Diversity in Families. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers .
    • (1996) Diversity in Families
    • Zinn, M.1    Eitzen, S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.