Switzerland: Right-wing and xenophobic parties, from margin to mainstream?

Parliamentary Affairs

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 501-516

  Husbands, Christopher T ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034215555     PISSN: 00312290     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pa/53.3.501     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. 1 P.L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, Elsevier, 1981, pp. 193-7.
2. 2 M.B. Clinard, Cities with Little Crime: The Case of Switzerland, Cambridge University Press, 1978; however, see also F. Balvig, The Snow-white Image: The Hidden Reality of Crime in Switzerland, Oxford University Press, 1988.
3. 2 M.B. Clinard, Cities with Little Crime: The Case of Switzerland, Cambridge University Press, 1978; however, see also F. Balvig, The Snow-white Image: The Hidden Reality of Crime in Switzerland, Oxford University Press, 1988.
4. 3 Parties' names are, where possible, their versions in the language with which they are particularly associated, although most have standard (if sometimes little-used) names in the other national languages. The genuinely pan-Swiss parties have been cited using the German version of their names.
5. 4 M. Frisch, Preface in A.J. Seiler (ed.), Siamo Italiani - Die Italiener: Gespräche mit italienischen Gastarbeitern, E.V.Z.-Verlag, 1965, p. 7.
6. 5 A.A. Häsler, Das Boot ist voll: Die Schweiz und die Flüchtlinge, 1933-1945, Ex Libris Verlag, 1967.
7. 6 C. Cantini, Les Ultras: Extrême droite et droite Extrême en Suisse-les Mouvements et la Presse de 1921 à 1991, Editions d'en bas, 1992, p. 16.
8. 7 For comprehensive histories of the Nationale Front, see B. Glaus, Die Nationale Front: Eine Schweizer Faschistische Bewegung, 1930-1940, Benziger Verlag, 1969; and W. Wolf, Faschismus in der Schweiz: Die Geschichte der Frontenbewegungen in der deutschen Schweiz, 1930-1945, Flamberg Verlag, 1969.
9. 7 For comprehensive histories of the Nationale Front, see B. Glaus, Die Nationale Front: Eine Schweizer Faschistische Bewegung, 1930-1940, Benziger Verlag, 1969; and W. Wolf, Faschismus in der Schweiz: Die Geschichte der Frontenbewegungen in der deutschen Schweiz, 1930-1945, Flamberg Verlag, 1969.
10. 8 R. Zeller, Emil Sonderegger: Vom Generalstabchef zum Frontenführer, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 1999.
11. 9 R. Joseph, L'Union Nationale, 1932-1939: Un Fascisme en Suisse Romande, Éditions de la Baconnière, 1975.
12. 10 See K. Urner, Die Schweiz muss noch geschluckt werden!: Hitlers Aktionspläne gegen die Schweiz-Zwei Studien zur Bedrohungslage der Schweiz im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 1990, esp. pp. 13-84.
13. 11 See U. Altermatt and H. Kriesi (eds), Rechtsextremismus in der Schweiz: Organisationen und Radikalisierung in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 1995. Although there have been numerous such movements, their existence is often ephemeral. The Patriotische Front, for example, was much in the news in late 1980s, when some of its activists attacked asylum-seekers' hostels; by 1995 it had ceased to be significant. However, some locations, such as Winterthur in Zürich canton, do have a continuing reputation for extreme-right activism and skinhead presence. According to the Federal Chief of Police, the neo-nazi scene in Switzerland has grown from a core of 300 individuals in 1997 to 500 in 1999 and has become more violent (Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), 19.7.99). These small and often violent non-electoral groups and movements are not, however, the principal subject of this article.
14. 11 See U. Altermatt and H. Kriesi (eds), Rechtsextremismus in der Schweiz: Organisationen und Radikalisierung in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 1995. Although there have been numerous such movements, their existence is often ephemeral. The Patriotische Front, for example, was much in the news in late 1980s, when some of its activists attacked asylum-seekers' hostels; by 1995 it had ceased to be significant. However, some locations, such as Winterthur in Zürich canton, do have a continuing reputation for extreme-right activism and skinhead presence. According to the Federal Chief of Police, the neo-nazi scene in Switzerland has grown from a core of 300 individuals in 1997 to 500 in 1999 and has become more violent (Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), 19.7.99). These small and often violent non-electoral groups and movements are not, however, the principal subject of this article.
15. 12 V. Bory, Dehors!: De la chasse aux Italiens à la peur des réfugiés, 1896-1986, Pierre-Marcel Favre, 1987, pp. 21-42.
16. 13 M. Janowitz, 'Patterns of Collective Violence' in H.D. Graham and T.R. Gurr (eds), Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, a Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, Sage r.e, 1979, pp. 261-86.
17. 14 The last word, so to speak, on the etymology and uses of this repulsive Unwort is to be found in C. Schmitz-Berning, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, pp. 615-17. The first mention of the word in a German-English dictionary is probably that in the revised 'Breul', although the meanings given ('passing into the hands of foreigners, monopolization by foreign concerns') are partial and sanitised; see K. Breul, Cassell's German and English Dictionary, revised and enlarged by J.H. Lepper and R. Kottenhahn, Cassell 1e, 1940, p. 613. It is part of German linguistic practice to use the 'Über'-prefix for, among many other purposes, ethnic or nationalist slurs. Early nineteenth-century German even contained the now mercifully obsolete 'überjüdeln', meaning 'to cheat'. The ethnic insult is self-evident. See J.H. Kaltschmidt, A New and Complete Dictionary of the English and German Languages, Druck und Verlag von Karl Tauchnitz, 1837, p. 418, or Flügel's Complete Dictionary of the German and English Languages, adapted by C.A. Feiling and A. Heimann, Part II, Whittaker 3e, 1845, p. 619.
18. 14 The last word, so to speak, on the etymology and uses of this repulsive Unwort is to be found in C. Schmitz-Berning, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, pp. 615-17. The first mention of the word in a German-English dictionary is probably that in the revised 'Breul', although the meanings given ('passing into the hands of foreigners, monopolization by foreign concerns') are partial and sanitised; see K. Breul, Cassell's German and English Dictionary, revised and enlarged by J.H. Lepper and R. Kottenhahn, Cassell 1e, 1940, p. 613. It is part of German linguistic practice to use the 'Über'-prefix for, among many other purposes, ethnic or nationalist slurs. Early nineteenth-century German even contained the now mercifully obsolete 'überjüdeln', meaning 'to cheat'. The ethnic insult is self-evident. See J.H. Kaltschmidt, A New and Complete Dictionary of the English and German Languages, Druck und Verlag von Karl Tauchnitz, 1837, p. 418, or Flügel's Complete Dictionary of the German and English Languages, adapted by C.A. Feiling and A. Heimann, Part II, Whittaker 3e, 1845, p. 619.
19. 14 The last word, so to speak, on the etymology and uses of this repulsive Unwort is to be found in C. Schmitz-Berning, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, pp. 615-17. The first mention of the word in a German-English dictionary is probably that in the revised 'Breul', although the meanings given ('passing into the hands of foreigners, monopolization by foreign concerns') are partial and sanitised; see K. Breul, Cassell's German and English Dictionary, revised and enlarged by J.H. Lepper and R. Kottenhahn, Cassell 1e, 1940, p. 613. It is part of German linguistic practice to use the 'Über'-prefix for, among many other purposes, ethnic or nationalist slurs. Early nineteenth-century German even contained the now mercifully obsolete 'überjüdeln', meaning 'to cheat'. The ethnic insult is self-evident. See J.H. Kaltschmidt, A New and Complete Dictionary of the English and German Languages, Druck und Verlag von Karl Tauchnitz, 1837, p. 418, or Flügel's Complete Dictionary of the German and English Languages, adapted by C.A. Feiling and A. Heimann, Part II, Whittaker 3e, 1845, p. 619.
20. 14 The last word, so to speak, on the etymology and uses of this repulsive Unwort is to be found in C. Schmitz-Berning, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, pp. 615-17. The first mention of the word in a German-English dictionary is probably that in the revised 'Breul', although the meanings given ('passing into the hands of foreigners, monopolization by foreign concerns') are partial and sanitised; see K. Breul, Cassell's German and English Dictionary, revised and enlarged by J.H. Lepper and R. Kottenhahn, Cassell 1e, 1940, p. 613. It is part of German linguistic practice to use the 'Über'-prefix for, among many other purposes, ethnic or nationalist slurs. Early nineteenth-century German even contained the now mercifully obsolete 'überjüdeln', meaning 'to cheat'. The ethnic insult is self-evident. See J.H. Kaltschmidt, A New and Complete Dictionary of the English and German Languages, Druck und Verlag von Karl Tauchnitz, 1837, p. 418, or Flügel's Complete Dictionary of the German and English Languages, adapted by C.A. Feiling and A. Heimann, Part II, Whittaker 3e, 1845, p. 619.
21. 15 For these anti-foreigner initiatives see, for example, Bory, op. cit., pp. 57-8.
22. 16 B. Jeitziner and T. Hohl, 'Die konkreten Positionen von Parlamentariern in Zahlen: Ratings als Mittel der Transparenz in der Politik', NZZ, 8.10.99, p. 27.
23. 17 Quarterly polling is the norm, rather than the monthly time-series of such polling in many other countries; before the 1999 National Council elections there was some publicity about poll findings (see, e.g. NZZ, 7.10.99).
24. 18 See H.-P. Hertig, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1979 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 11, May 1980), p. 12, and C. Longchamp, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1983 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 20, June 1984), p. 12. The complementary 1987 publication contains no such small-case base analyses; see C. Longchamp, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1987 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 33, February 1988).
25. 18 See H.-P. Hertig, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1979 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 11, May 1980), p. 12, and C. Longchamp, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1983 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 20, June 1984), p. 12. The complementary 1987 publication contains no such small-case base analyses; see C. Longchamp, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1987 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 33, February 1988).
26. 18 See H.-P. Hertig, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1979 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 11, May 1980), p. 12, and C. Longchamp, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1983 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 20, June 1984), p. 12. The complementary 1987 publication contains no such small-case base analyses; see C. Longchamp, Analyse der Nationalratswahlen 1987 (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Praktische Sozialforschung, Universität Bern, 33, February 1988).
27. 19 Ibid., pp. 22-3.