UK: Strategies for precautionary commercialization of GM crops

OCL - Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 361-365

  Levidow, Les ^a   Carr, Susan ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

European integration; Genetically modified (GM) crops; Precaution; Single market; United Kingdom

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034215336     PISSN: 12588210     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/ocl.2000.0361     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. OST (1997). The Use of Scientific Advice in Policy Making. Office of Science and Technology, DTI.
2. ENDS (1998). The inhospitable climate for genetically modified crops. ENDS Report, 287: 22-3.
3. Consumers Association (1997). Gene Cuisine: A Consumer Agenda for Genetically Modified foods.
4. NCC (1998). Farm Policies and Our food: Need for Change. National Consumer Council, London.
5. GREENBERG S (1998). The British Test. Greenberg and Quinlan Research, Washington, DC [report commissioned by Monsanto and leaked to the press].
6. GEA (1999). Five Year Freeze on genetic engineering and patenting in food and farming. Genetic Engineering Alliance, http://dspace. dial.pipex.com/gealliance/.
7. GREENPEACE (1997). From BSE to GMOs: Scence, Uncertainty and the Precautionary Principle, July (http://www.greenpeace.org.uk).
8. GREENPEACE (1997). Genetic Engineering: Too Good to Go Wrong?
9. LEVIDOW L, CARR S (1996). UK biotechnology regulation: disputing regulatory boundaries. Science & Public Policy, 23 (3), 164-70.
10. ACRE (1998). ACRE Annual Report n° 4: 1996/97. DETR, London.
11. LEVIDOW L, CARR S, VON SCHOMBERG R, WIELD D (1996). Regulating agricultural biotechnology in Europe: harmonization difficulties, opportunities, dilemmas. Science & Public Policy, 23 (3): 135-57.
12. LEVIDOW L, CARR S, VON SCHOMBERG R, WIELD D (1997). European biotechnology regulation: framing the risk assessment of a herbicide-tolerant crop. Science, Technology and Human Values, 22(4): 472-505.
13. EC (1996). Commission Decision 96/158/EC of 6 February 1996 concerning the placing on the market of a product consisting of a GMO, hybrid herbicide-tolerant swede-rape seeds. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 37: 30-1.
14. FoE (1997). Genetically engineered oilseed rape, briefing sheet. Friends of the Earth, London.
15. ENDS (1998). The spiralling agenda of agricultural biotechnology. ENDS Report, 283: 18-30.
16. ENDS (1998). Monsanto faces prosecution, stirs concern over civil liberties. ENDS Report, 284: 3.
17. JNCC (1997). Response from the Conservation Agencies [to MAFF, 1997], Joint Nature Conservancy Committee, including English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage, etc.
18. SWEET JB, SHEPPERSON R, THOMAS ME, SIMPSON E (1997). The impact of releases of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape, British Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, pp. 291-301. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey.
19. MAFF (1998). Scientific Review of the Impact of Herbicide Use on Genetically Modified Crops.
20. DETR (1999a). The commercial use of genetically modified crops in the UK: the potential wider impact of farmland wildlife, http://www.environment.detr.gov.uk/acre/wildlife/index/htm.
21. ENDS (1999). Applying a biodiversity brake to GM crops. ENDS Report, 289: 21-7.
22. BSPB, et al. (1997). Code of practice on the provision of information relating to genetically modified crops. BSPB/NFU/UKASTA.
23. BSPB, et al. (1998). Guidelines for Growing Newly Developed Herbicide Tolerant Crops. British Society of Plant Breeders, Ely, Cambs.
24. SCIMAC (1999). Guidelines for growing newly developed herbicide-tolerant crops. www.nfu.org.uk
25. DETR (1998). Government Announces Fuller Evaluations of Growing Genetically Modified Crops, news release, 21 October. Dept of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London.
26. HL (1998). EC Regulation of Genetic Modification in Agriculture, 2nd report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, session 1998-1999, HL paper 11-1, December. The Stationery Office, London.
27. COUNCIL OF EU (1999). Common position with a view to the adoption of a Directive on the Deliberate Release to the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220, 22 December.
28. DETR (1999). Farm-scale evaluations of the impact of the management of GM herbicide tolerant oil-seed rape and maize on farmland wildlife.
29. LEVIDOW L, CARR S (2000). Environmental precaution as learning: GM crops in the UK. In CERF M, et al., Cow Up a Tree: Learning and Knowing for Change in Agriculture: Case Studies from Industrialised Countries. Versailles: INRA, forthcoming.
30. MAYER S (2000). Farm scale trials and environmental safety. In: GM on Trial. Greenpeace: London: p. 77-83.
31. YOUNG, Baroness (1999). GM is a problem for science, not politics. Independent on Sunday, 14 February [chair of English Nature, part of the JNCC].
32. ROYAL SOCIETY (1998). Genetically Modified Plants for Food Use. Royal Society, London.
33. ACRE (1999). ACRE Annual Report n° 5: 1997/98. DETR, London.
34. ATKINS WS (2000). Farmscale Evaluations of Genetically Modified Crops: Seminar Report of 23 July 1999.
35. ENDS (1999). Sustainable farming agenda makes no mark on policy for GM crops. ENDS Report, 291: 34-5.
36. HC (1999). 5th report of the Environmental Audit Committee, House of Commons, GMOs and the Environment: Coordination of Government Policy, Volume I, Report and Proceedings of the Committee, HC 384-I. The Stationery Office, London.
37. DETR (1999). The Government's Response to the Fifth Report of the Select Committee on Environmental Audit [HC, 1999].
38. ENDS (1999). Government refuses to give sustainability steer to GM crops. ENDS Report, 298: 35.
39. EC (1997). Regulation 97/258/EC of 27 January 1997 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 43: 1-6.
40. TOMLINSON N (1998). Regulation of GMOs, at conference on GMOs & Transgenics, 18-19 May, London [speaking for MAFF].
41. ACNFP (2000). Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes, Annual Report 1999. London: MAFF.
42. EC (1996). Commission Decision 96/281/EC of 3 April 1996 concerning the placing on the market of genetically modified soybeans... Official Journal of the European Communities, L 107: 10.
43. IGD (1997). Consumer Attitudes to Genetically Modified Foods. Institute of Grocery Distribution, Letchmore Heath.
44. ENDS (1998). Iceland bans genetically modified ingredients from own-brands. Environmental Data Services, 278: 24.
45. EC (1998). Council Regulation 1139/98 concerning the compulsory indication on the labelling of certain foodstuffs produced from genetically modified organisms... Official Journal of the European Communities, L 159: 4.
46. ENDS (1999). Unilever, Nestlé to drop GM ingredients from food products. ENDS Report, 291: 30.
47. LOWE P, WARD S (1998). British Environmental Policy and Europe. London: Routledge.
48. HAIGH N (1994). The introduction of the precautionary principle in the UK. In: O'RIORDAN T, CAMERON J (eds). Interpreting the Precautionary Principle. London: Earthscan: p. 229-51.
49. MAFF (1997). Weed Control on the Farm: Management of Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Plants.