메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 131, Issue 1-3, 2000, Pages 269-289

Modelling diameter increment in a lowland evergreen rain forest in French Guiana

Author keywords

Experimental plots; Silviculture; Single tree distance dependent model; Tree growth; Tropical rain forest

Indexed keywords

DISTURBANCE; FOREST DYNAMICS; GROWTH MODELING; GROWTH RATE; RAINFOREST;

EID: 0034214030     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00212-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (82)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0342999275 scopus 로고
    • The preliminary development of the CAFOGROM forest growth model
    • ODA/CPATU Silviculture Research Project, Belém, Brazil, 28 pp
    • Alder, D., 1994. The preliminary development of the CAFOGROM forest growth model. ODA/CPATU Silviculture Research Project, Belém, Brazil. Internal consultancy report, 28 pp.
    • (1994) Internal Consultancy Report
    • Alder, D.1
  • 2
    • 0004075407 scopus 로고
    • Oxford Forestry Institute-University of Oxford-Forestry Research Programme, 231 pp
    • Alder, D., 1995. Growth Modelling for Mixed Tropical Forests. Oxford Forestry Institute-University of Oxford-Forestry Research Programme, 231 pp.
    • (1995) Growth Modelling for Mixed Tropical Forests
    • Alder, D.1
  • 4
    • 23544435392 scopus 로고
    • Où pousse cet arbre ? Premiers résultats à l'étude des relations sol-végétation en forêt de Paracou (Guyane)
    • Rapport ORSTOM/CTFT, 33 pp
    • Barthès, B., 1988. Où pousse cet arbre ? Premiers résultats à l'étude des relations sol-végétation en forêt de Paracou (Guyane). Cas du Wapa et du Gonfolo. Rapport ORSTOM/CTFT, 33 pp.
    • (1988) Cas du Wapa et du Gonfolo
    • Barthès, B.1
  • 5
    • 23544473597 scopus 로고
    • Etude des relations sol-plante : le cas de la forêt primaire sur socle en Guyane française
    • MAB/France-IUFRO-FAO, Cayenne, 12-16 mars, 1990 (résumé publié dans les actes)
    • Barthès, B., 1990. Etude des relations sol-plante : le cas de la forêt primaire sur socle en Guyane française. Atelier sur l'Aménagement et la Conservation de l'Ecosystème Forestier Tropical Humide MAB/UNESCO, MAB/France-IUFRO-FAO, Cayenne, 12-16 mars, 1990 (résumé publié dans les actes).
    • (1990) Atelier Sur l'Aménagement et la Conservation de l'Ecosystème Forestier Tropical Humide MAB/UNESCO
    • Barthès, B.1
  • 6
    • 0004104029 scopus 로고
    • A description of STEMS - The stand and tree evaluation and modeling system
    • USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 17 pp
    • Belcher, D.W., Holdaway, M.R., Brand, G.J., 1982. A description of STEMS - The stand and tree evaluation and modeling system. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-79, 17 pp.
    • (1982) General Technical Report NC-79
    • Belcher, D.W.1    Holdaway, M.R.2    Brand, G.J.3
  • 7
    • 0001115050 scopus 로고
    • A new competition model for individual trees
    • Bella I.E. A new competition model for individual trees. For. Sci. 17:1971;364-372.
    • (1971) For. Sci. , vol.17 , pp. 364-372
    • Bella, I.E.1
  • 8
    • 0001434089 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of distance-dependent competition measures for height and basal area growth of individual conifer trees
    • Biging G.S., Dobbertin M. A comparison of distance-dependent competition measures for height and basal area growth of individual conifer trees. For. Sci. 38(3):1992;695-720.
    • (1992) For. Sci. , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 695-720
    • Biging, G.S.1    Dobbertin, M.2
  • 9
    • 0000872305 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of competition indices in individual-tree growth models
    • Biging G.S., Dobbertin M. Evaluation of competition indices in individual-tree growth models. For. Sci. 41(2):1995;360-377.
    • (1995) For. Sci. , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 360-377
    • Biging, G.S.1    Dobbertin, M.2
  • 10
    • 0001650273 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of multi-species tropical forest dynamics using a vertically and horizontally structured model
    • Bossel H., Krieger H. Simulation of multi-species tropical forest dynamics using a vertically and horizontally structured model. For. Ecol. Manage. 69(1-3):1994;123-144.
    • (1994) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.69 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 123-144
    • Bossel, H.1    Krieger, H.2
  • 12
    • 0000609554 scopus 로고
    • Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth
    • Botkin D.B., Janak J.F., Wallis J.R. Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth. J. Ecol. 60:1972;849-872.
    • (1972) J. Ecol. , vol.60 , pp. 849-872
    • Botkin, D.B.1    Janak, J.F.2    Wallis, J.R.3
  • 13
    • 0343434800 scopus 로고
    • Modélisation d'une forêt tropicale par une approche multi-agents (étude préliminaire)
    • LAFORIA, Université Paris VI, 15 pp
    • Caruso, D., 1994. Modélisation d'une forêt tropicale par une approche multi-agents (étude préliminaire). Mémoire du DEA IARFA, LAFORIA, Université Paris VI, 15 pp.
    • (1994) Mémoire du DEA IARFA
    • Caruso, D.1
  • 14
    • 0027503786 scopus 로고
    • Development and testing of diameter increment models for mixed swamp forests of Sarawak
    • Chai F.Y.C., LeMay V.M. Development and testing of diameter increment models for mixed swamp forests of Sarawak. For. Ecol. Manage. 58:1993;51-64.
    • (1993) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.58 , pp. 51-64
    • Chai, F.Y.C.1    Lemay, V.M.2
  • 16
    • 0027329392 scopus 로고
    • Un modèle de croissance en hauteur des arbres en pessière pure irrégulière de montagne
    • Courbaud B., Houllier F., Rupe C. Un modèle de croissance en hauteur des arbres en pessière pure irrégulière de montagne. Ann. Sci. For. 50:1993;337-351.
    • (1993) Ann. Sci. For. , vol.50 , pp. 337-351
    • Courbaud, B.1    Houllier, F.2    Rupe, C.3
  • 17
    • 0343870547 scopus 로고
    • Les modèles sigmoïdes en biologie végétale
    • Cusset G. Les modèles sigmoïdes en biologie végétale. Acta Biotheor. 39:1991;197-205.
    • (1991) Acta Biotheor. , vol.39 , pp. 197-205
    • Cusset, G.1
  • 18
    • 0022844395 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of competition measures for predicting growth of loblolly pine trees
    • Daniels R.F., Burkhart H.E., Clason T.R. A comparison of competition measures for predicting growth of loblolly pine trees. Can. J. For. Res. 16:1986;1230-1237.
    • (1986) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 1230-1237
    • Daniels, R.F.1    Burkhart, H.E.2    Clason, T.R.3
  • 19
    • 85053563041 scopus 로고
    • Which individual-based approach is most appropriate for a given problem ?
    • DeAngelis, D.L., Gross, L.J. (Eds.), Populations, Communities and Ecosystems, Chapman and Hall, London
    • DeAngelis, D.L., Rose, K.A., 1992. Which individual-based approach is most appropriate for a given problem ? In DeAngelis, D.L., Gross, L.J. (Eds.), Individual-based Models and Approaches in Ecology. Populations, Communities and Ecosystems, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 67-87.
    • (1992) Individual-based Models and Approaches in Ecology , pp. 67-87
    • Deangelis, D.L.1    Rose, K.A.2
  • 20
    • 0010400060 scopus 로고
    • Compétition et croissance dans de jeunes peuplements résineux
    • Thèse d'écologie forestière, Université de Droit, d'Economie et des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jérôme
    • Dreyfus, P., 1988. Compétition et croissance dans de jeunes peuplements résineux. Aspects biologiques, écologiques et sylvicoles. Thèse d'écologie forestière, Université de Droit, d'Economie et des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jérôme.
    • (1988) Aspects Biologiques, Écologiques et Sylvicoles
    • Dreyfus, P.1
  • 22
    • 0003096363 scopus 로고
    • Trials with program FOREST: growth and reproduction simulation for mixed species even- Or uneven-aged forest stands
    • Fries, J. (Ed.), Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Ek, A.R., Monserud, R.A., 1974b. Trials with program FOREST: growth and reproduction simulation for mixed species even- or uneven-aged forest stands. In Fries, J. (Ed.), Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden pp. 56-73.
    • (1974) Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation , pp. 56-73
    • Ek, A.R.1    Monserud, R.A.2
  • 23
    • 7344255245 scopus 로고
    • Development of an individual tree growth model for Pennsylvania
    • USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-120
    • Fairweather, S.E., 1988. Development of an individual tree growth model for Pennsylvania. In: Forest Growth Modelling and Prediction, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-120, pp. 61-67.
    • (1988) Forest Growth Modelling and Prediction , pp. 61-67
    • Fairweather, S.E.1
  • 24
    • 0028682381 scopus 로고
    • Classification des espèces arborées en groupes fonctionnels en vue de la réalisation d'un modèle de dynamique de peuplement en forêt guyanaise
    • Favrichon V. Classification des espèces arborées en groupes fonctionnels en vue de la réalisation d'un modèle de dynamique de peuplement en forêt guyanaise. Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie). 49:1994;379-403.
    • (1994) Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie) , vol.49 , pp. 379-403
    • Favrichon, V.1
  • 26
    • 0032006337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the dynamics and species composition of a tropical mixed-species uneven-aged natural forest : Effects of alternative cutting regimes
    • Favrichon V. Modeling the dynamics and species composition of a tropical mixed-species uneven-aged natural forest : effects of alternative cutting regimes. For. Sci. 44(1):1998;113-124.
    • (1998) For. Sci. , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 113-124
    • Favrichon, V.1
  • 27
    • 85030344403 scopus 로고
    • Indices de compétition : les possibilités d'application à la gestion en forêt dense tropicale humide
    • I.A.S.B.S.E., Université Claude Bernard Lyon I., 30 pp. + ann
    • Gourlet-Fleury, S., 1992. Indices de compétition : les possibilités d'application à la gestion en forêt dense tropicale humide. Mémoire bibliographique du DEA Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques, I.A.S.B.S.E., Université Claude Bernard Lyon I., 30 pp. + ann.
    • (1992) Mémoire Bibliographique du DEA Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques
    • Gourlet-Fleury, S.1
  • 29
    • 0032144352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indices de compétition en forêt dense tropicale humide: Étude de cas sur le dispositif sylvicole expérimental de (Paracou Guyane française)
    • Gourlet-Fleury S. Indices de compétition en forêt dense tropicale humide: étude de cas sur le dispositif sylvicole expérimental de (Paracou Guyane française). Ann. Sci. For. 55(6):1998;623-654.
    • (1998) Ann. Sci. For. , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 623-654
    • Gourlet-Fleury, S.1
  • 31
    • 0029502674 scopus 로고
    • Dynamique des peuplements denses forestiers en zone tropicale humide : Ébauche d'un modèle d'arbre à Paracou (Guyane française)
    • Gourlet-Fleury S., Montpied P. Dynamique des peuplements denses forestiers en zone tropicale humide : ébauche d'un modèle d'arbre à Paracou (Guyane française). Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie). 50:1995;283-302.
    • (1995) Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie) , vol.50 , pp. 283-302
    • Gourlet-Fleury, S.1    Montpied, P.2
  • 33
    • 0004737790 scopus 로고
    • Potential diameter growth functions
    • a generalized forest growth projection system applied to the Lake States Region, USDA Forest Service
    • Hahn, J.T., Leary, R.A., 1979. Potential diameter growth functions. In: a generalized forest growth projection system applied to the Lake States Region, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC 49, pp. 22-26.
    • (1979) General Technical Report NC 49 , pp. 22-26
    • Hahn, J.T.1    Leary, R.A.2
  • 34
    • 0342999271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling tree architecture and forest dynamics
    • A research project in the dense moist evergreen forests of the western Ghâts (South India), Institut français de Pondichéry, Inde, Pondy Papers, 37 pp
    • Houllier, F., Caraglio, Y., Durand, M., 1997. Modelling tree architecture and forest dynamics. A research project in the dense moist evergreen forests of the western Ghâts (South India), Institut français de Pondichéry, Inde, Pondy Papers in Ecology 2, 37 pp.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.2
    • Houllier, F.1    Caraglio, Y.2    Durand, M.3
  • 35
    • 0010313801 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between point density measurements and subsequent growth of southern pines
    • Johnson E.W. Relationship between point density measurements and subsequent growth of southern pines. Bulletin of Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station. 447:1973;1-45.
    • (1973) Bulletin of Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station , vol.447 , pp. 1-45
    • Johnson, E.W.1
  • 36
    • 0004794305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modifier function
    • a generalized forest growth projection system applied to the Lake States Region, USDA Forest Service
    • Leary, R.A., Holdaway, M.R., 1979. Modifier function. In: a generalized forest growth projection system applied to the Lake States Region, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC 49, pp. 22-26.
    • General Technical Report NC 49 , pp. 22-26
    • Leary, R.A.1    Holdaway, M.R.2
  • 37
    • 0028885263 scopus 로고
    • Individual-based simulation models for forest succession and management
    • Liu J., Ashton P.S. Individual-based simulation models for forest succession and management. For. Ecol. Manage. 73:1995;157-175.
    • (1995) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.73 , pp. 157-175
    • Liu, J.1    Ashton, P.S.2
  • 38
    • 85053503923 scopus 로고
    • Population ecology from the individual perspective
    • DeAngelis, D.L., Gross, L.J. (Eds.), Populations, communities and Ecosystems, Chapman and Hall, London
    • Lomnicki, A., 1992. Population ecology from the individual perspective. In: DeAngelis, D.L., Gross, L.J. (Eds.), Individual-based Models and Approaches in Ecology. Populations, communities and Ecosystems, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 3-17.
    • (1992) Individual-based Models and Approaches in Ecology , pp. 3-17
    • Lomnicki, A.1
  • 39
    • 0343870536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - Inside CTFS, 1998 (summer)
    • Losos, E.C., 1998. Painting the network's future. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - Inside CTFS, 1998 (summer) 1.
    • (1998) Painting the Network's Future , pp. 1
    • Losos, E.C.1
  • 40
    • 0343434793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitting difference equations to growth data from a tropical rain forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
    • IUFRO 1.14.00 Symposium, Sept. 15-19, 1997, Corvallis (Oregon), 3 pp
    • Masripatin, N., Mason, E.G., Whyte, A.G.D., 1997. Fitting difference equations to growth data from a tropical rain forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Interdisciplinary Uneven-aged Silviculture Symposium, IUFRO 1.14.00 Symposium, Sept. 15-19, 1997, Corvallis (Oregon), 3 pp.
    • (1997) Interdisciplinary Uneven-aged Silviculture Symposium
    • Masripatin, N.1    Mason, E.G.2    Whyte, A.G.D.3
  • 41
    • 0342999266 scopus 로고
    • Modèle de dynamique de peuplements plurispécifiques inéquiennes (Application à un peuplement forestier tropical d'Inde)
    • I.A.S.B.S.E. - Université Claude Bernard, LYON I, 31 pp. + ann
    • Moravie, M.A., 1995. Modèle de dynamique de peuplements plurispécifiques inéquiennes (Application à un peuplement forestier tropical d'Inde). Mémoire du DEA d'Analyse et de Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques - I.A.S.B.S.E. - Université Claude Bernard, LYON I, 31 pp. + ann.
    • (1995) Mémoire du DEA d'Analyse et de Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques
    • Moravie, M.A.1
  • 42
    • 0343434792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of diameter increment of Vateria indica L. in a moist evergreen forest in the Western Ghâts of India: Efficiency and meaning of competition indexes
    • in press
    • Moravie, M.A., Durand, M., Houllier, F., 1999. Prediction of diameter increment of Vateria indica L. in a moist evergreen forest in the Western Ghâts of India: Efficiency and meaning of competition indexes. For Ecol Manage, in press.
    • (1999) For Ecol Manage
    • Moravie, M.A.1    Durand, M.2    Houllier, F.3
  • 44
    • 0002626791 scopus 로고
    • Forest growth models : A prognosis
    • Fries, J. (Ed.), Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Munro, D.D., 1974. Forest growth models : A prognosis. In: Fries, J. (Ed.), Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 7-21.
    • (1974) Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation , pp. 7-21
    • Munro, D.D.1
  • 45
    • 0029667042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An individual-tree basal area growth model for loblolly pine stands
    • Murphy P.A., Shelton M.G. An individual-tree basal area growth model for loblolly pine stands. Can. J. For. Res. 26:1996;327-331.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 327-331
    • Murphy, P.A.1    Shelton, M.G.2
  • 46
    • 0001779232 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of the temperament of tropical rain forest trees
    • Gomez-Pompa, A, Whitmore, T.C., Whitmore, T.C., Hadley, M. (Eds.), Man and the Biosphere Series 6
    • Oldeman, R.A.A., Van Dijk, J., 1989. Diagnosis of the temperament of tropical rain forest trees. In: Gomez-Pompa, A, Whitmore, T.C., Whitmore, T.C., Hadley, M. (Eds.), Rain Forest Regeneration and Management, UNESCO. Man and the Biosphere Series 6, pp. 21-63.
    • (1989) Rain Forest Regeneration and Management, UNESCO , pp. 21-63
    • Oldeman, R.A.A.1    Van Dijk, J.2
  • 48
    • 0028857253 scopus 로고
    • Basal area growth for 15 tropical tree species in Puerto Rico
    • Parresol B.R. Basal area growth for 15 tropical tree species in Puerto Rico. For. Ecol. Manage. 73:1995;211-219.
    • (1995) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.73 , pp. 211-219
    • Parresol, B.R.1
  • 49
    • 0029502911 scopus 로고
    • Quelques exemples de problèmes posés à l'analyste et au modélisateur par la complexité de la forêt tropicale humide
    • Pascal J.P. Quelques exemples de problèmes posés à l'analyste et au modélisateur par la complexité de la forêt tropicale humide. Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie). 50:1995;237-249.
    • (1995) Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie) , vol.50 , pp. 237-249
    • Pascal, J.P.1
  • 51
    • 84888911906 scopus 로고
    • Variations de la hauteur maximale de trois espèces de la forêt guyanaise sur différents sites de fertilité contrastée
    • Nancy, 53 pp. + ann
    • Perier-Camby, C., 1995. Variations de la hauteur maximale de trois espèces de la forêt guyanaise sur différents sites de fertilité contrastée. Mémoire de fin d'étude FIF-ENGREF, Nancy, 53 pp. + ann.
    • (1995) Mémoire de Fin d'Étude FIF-ENGREF
    • Perier-Camby, C.1
  • 53
    • 0029502910 scopus 로고
    • Eléments pour une réflexion sur la modélisation de la forêt tropicale humide : A-t-on les connaissances requises?
    • Puig H. Eléments pour une réflexion sur la modélisation de la forêt tropicale humide : a-t-on les connaissances requises? Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie). 50:1995;199-207.
    • (1995) Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie) , vol.50 , pp. 199-207
    • Puig, H.1
  • 54
    • 0004282518 scopus 로고
    • Cary, NC : SAS Institute Inc., 846 pp
    • SAS Institute Inc., 1989. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, 4th Ed., vol. 2, Cary, NC : SAS Institute Inc., 846 pp.
    • (1989) SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, 4th Ed. , vol.2
  • 56
    • 0002813092 scopus 로고
    • Gestion de l'écosystème forestier guyanais. Etude de la croissance et de la régénération naturelle. Dispositif de Paracou
    • Schmitt L., Bariteau M. Gestion de l'écosystème forestier guyanais. Etude de la croissance et de la régénération naturelle. Dispositif de Paracou. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. 220:1990;3-23.
    • (1990) Bois et Forêts des Tropiques , vol.220 , pp. 3-23
    • Schmitt, L.1    Bariteau, M.2
  • 58
    • 0028176205 scopus 로고
    • Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats
    • Tilman D. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology. 75(1):1994;2-16.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-16
    • Tilman, D.1
  • 59
    • 0026296173 scopus 로고
    • Aggregating tree species to develop diameter increment equations for tropical rainforests
    • Vanclay's J.K. Aggregating tree species to develop diameter increment equations for tropical rainforests. For. Ecol. Manage. 42:1991;143-168.
    • (1991) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.42 , pp. 143-168
    • Vanclay'S, J.K.1
  • 60
    • 0028595237 scopus 로고
    • Modelling forest growth and yield
    • CAB International, Wallingford (UK), 280 pp
    • Vanclay, J.K., 1994. Modelling forest growth and yield. Applications to Mixed Tropical Forests. CAB International, Wallingford (UK), 280 pp.
    • (1994) Applications to Mixed Tropical Forests
    • Vanclay, J.K.1
  • 61
    • 0029137439 scopus 로고
    • Growth models for tropical forests: A synthesis of models and methods
    • Vanclay J.K. Growth models for tropical forests: a synthesis of models and methods. For. Sci. 41(1):1995;7-42.
    • (1995) For. Sci. , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-42
    • Vanclay, J.K.1
  • 63
    • 0003704377 scopus 로고
    • User's guide to the stand prognosis model
    • USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 112 pp
    • Wykoff, W.R., Crookston, N.L., Stage, A.R., 1982. User's guide to the stand prognosis model. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-133, 112 pp.
    • (1982) General Technical Report INT-133
    • Wykoff, W.R.1    Crookston, N.L.2    Stage, A.R.3
  • 64
    • 0001028565 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of growth equations
    • Zeide B. Analysis of growth equations. For. Sci. 39(3):1993;594-616.
    • (1993) For. Sci. , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 594-616
    • Zeide, B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.