Petrogenesis of mafic to felsic plutonic rock associations: The Calc-alkaline Querigut complex, French Pyrenees

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 809-844

  Roberts, Malcolm P ^a,d   Pin, Christian ^b   Clemens, John D ^c   Paquette, Jean Louis ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

^c KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Epizonal magmatism; Mafic felsic association; Post thickening; Pyrenees; Querigut complex; Variscan orogeny

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLIZATION; FRANCE; MAGMA; MINERAL; PETROGENESIS; ROCK;

FELSIC ROCK; HERCYNIAN OROGENY; MAFIC ROCK; MAGMATISM; PETROGENESIS; PLUTONISM;

FRANCE; PYRENEES; QUERIGUT;

EID: 0034213199     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/41.6.809     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Althaus, E., Karotke, E., Nitsch, K. H. & Winkler, H. G. F. (1970). An experimental re-examination of the upper stability limit of muscovite plus quartz. News Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 7, 325-336.
2. Andrieux, P. (1982). La charnockite d'Ansignan (Massif d'Agly, Pyrénées Orientales). Mise en place et évolution paragénétique. Introduction à l'étude des équilibres grenat-orthopyroxÈne. 3rd Cycle Thesis, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 109 pp.
3. Aparicio, M. (1975). Métamorphisme et déformation au contact d'un massif plutonique, l'encaissent du complexe de Quérigut. 3rd Cycle Thesis, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse.
4. Aparicio, M. (1977). Relations entre la déformation et le métamorphisme dans les skarns de l'auréole de contact du complexe éruptif de Quérigut (Pyrénées Orientales). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 284, 1753-1756.
5. Arthaud, F. & Matte, P. (1977a). SynthÈse provisoire sur l'évolution tectonique et les raccords entre les segments Hercyniens situes autour du bassin Nord-Balaere (sud de la France, Espagne, bloc Corso-Sarde). Colloquium International du CNRS, Rennes 243, 497-513.
6. Arthaud, F. & Matte, P. (1977b). Late Paleozoic strike-slip faulting in southern Europe and northern Africa: result of a right-lateral shear zone between the Appalachians and the Urals. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88, 1305-1320.
7. Atherton, M. P. (1990). The Coastal Batholith of Peru: the product of rapid recycling of 'new' crust formed within rifted continental margin. Geological Journal 25, 337-349.
8. Banda, E. & Wickham, S. M. (1986). The geological evolution of the Pyrenees - an introduction. Tectonophysics 129, 1-7.
9. Barker, F., Wones, D. R., Sharp, W. N. & Desborough, G. A. (1975). The Pikes Peak batholith, Colorado Front Range, and a model for the origin of the gabbro-anorthosite-syenite-potassic granite suite. Precambrian Research 3, 97-160.
10. Beckinsale, R. D., Sanchez-Fernandez, A. W., Brook, M., Cobbing, E. J., Taylor, W. P. & Moore, N. D. (1985). Rb-Sr whole rock isochron and K-Ar age determinations for the Coastal Batholith of Peru. In: Pitcher, W. S., Atherton, M. P., Cobbing, E. J. & Beckinsale, R. D. (eds) Magmatism at the Plate Edge - the Peruvian Andes. Glasgow: Blackie, pp. 177-202.
11. Ben Othman, D., Fourcade, S. & Allègre, C. J. (1984). Recycling processes in granite-granodiorite genesis: the Quérigut case studied by Nd-Sr isotope systematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 69, 290-300.
12. Bickle, M. J., Wickham, S. M., Chapman, H. J. & Taylor, J. H. P. (1988). A strontium, neodymium and oxygen isotope study of hydrothermal metamorphism and crustal anatexis in the Trois Seigneurs Massif, Pyrenees, France. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 100, 399-417.
13. Briqueu, L. & Innocent, C. (1993). Datation U/Pb sur zircon et géochimie isotopique Sr et Nd du volcanisme Permien des Pyrénées occidentales (Ossau et Anayet). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II 316, 623-628.
14. Brophy, J. G. (1991). Composition gaps, critical crystallinity, and fractional crystallisation in orogenic (calc-alkaline) magmatic systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 109, 173-182.
15. Brown, G. C., Hughes, D. J. & Esson, J. (1973). New X.R.F. data retrieval techniques and their application to U.S.G.S. standard rocks. Chemical Geology 11, 223-229.
16. Cawthorn, R. G. (1976). Some chemical controls on igneous amphibole compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 40, 1319-1328.
17. Chappell, B. W. (1996). Magma mixing and the production of compositional variation within granite suites: evidence from the granites of Southeastern Australia. Journal of Petrology 37, 449-470.
18. Chappell, B. W. & White, A. J. R. (1974). Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology 8, 173-174.
19. Chappell, B. W., White, A. J. R. & Wyborn, D. (1987). The importance of residual source material (restite) in granite petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 28, 1111-1138.
20. 2O. American Mineralogist 60, 985-993.
21. Clarke, D. B. (1992). Granitoid Rocks. London: Chapman & Hall, 283 pp.
22. Clemens, J. D. (1984). Water contents of silicic to intermediate magmas. Lithos 17, 275-287.
23. Clemens, J. D. (1990). The granulite-granite connexion. In: Vielzeuf, D. & Vidal, P. (eds) Granulites and Crustal Evolution. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 25-36.
24. Clemens, J. D. & Droop, G. T. R. (1998). Fluids, P-T paths and the fates of anatectic melts in the Earth's crust. Lithos 44, 21-36.
25. Clemens, J. D. & Mawer, C. K. (1992). Magma transport by fracture propagation. Tectonophysics 204, 339-360.
26. Collins, W. J. & Vernon, R. H. (1992). Palaeozoic arc growth, deformation and migration across the Lachlan Fold Belt, south-eastern Australia. Tectonophysics 214, 381-400.
27. Coney, P. J. (1992). The Lachlan belt of eastern Australia and circum-Pacific tectonic evolution. Tectonophysics 214, 1-25.
28. DePaolo, D. J. (1981a). Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallisation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 53, 189-202.
29. DePaolo, D. J. (1981b). Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado Front range and crust-mantle evolution in the Proterozoic. Nature 298, 193-196.
30. DePaolo, D. J., Perry, F. V. & Baldridge, W. S. (1992). Crustal versus mantle sources of granitic magmas: a two-parameter model based on Nd isotopic studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Edinburgh 83, 439-446.
31. Dias, G. & Leterrier, J. (1994). The genesis of felsic-mafic plutonic associations: a Sr and Nd isotopic study of the Hercynian Braga Granitoid Massif (Northern Portugal). Lithos 32, 207-223.
32. Dixon, S. & Rutherford, M. J. (1983). The origin of rhyolite and plagiogranite in oceanic crust: an experimental study. Journal of Petrology 24, 1-25.
33. 3+ concentrations in ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from micro- probe analyses, using stoichiometric criteria, Mineralogical Magazine 51, 431-435.
34. Druitt, T. H. & Bacon, C. R. (1989). Petrology of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 245-259.
35. Engel, W. & Franke, W. (1983). Flysch-sedimentation: its relations to tectonism in the European Variscides. In: Martin, H. & Eder, F. W. (eds) Intracontinental Fold Belts. Berlin: Springer, pp. 289-321.
36. England, P. C. & Thompson, A. B. (1984). Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional metamorphism, Part 1: Heat transfer during the evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. Journal of Petrology 25, 894-928.
37. Evans, N. G., Gleizes, G., Leblanc, D. & Bouchez, J. L. (1998). Syntectonic emplacement of the Maladeta granite (Pyrenees) deduced from the relationships between Hercynian deformation and contact metamorphism. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 209-216.
38. Ewart, A. (1979). A review of the mineralogy and chemistry of Tertiary- Recent, dacitic, latitic, rhyolitic and related salic volcanic rocks. In: Barker, F. (ed.) Developments in Petrology 6, Trondhjemites, Dacites and Related Rocks. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 13-121.
39. Fonarev, V. I. & Korolkov, G. Y. (1980). The assemblage orthopyroxene + cummingtonite + quartz. The low-temperature stability limit. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 413-420.
40. Fourcade, S. & Allègre, C. J. (1981). Trace element behaviour in granite genesis: a case study. The calcalkaline plutonic association from the Quérigut Complex (Pyrenees, France). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 76, 177-195.
41. Fourcade, S. & Javoy, M. (1991). Sr-Nd-O isotopic features of mafic microgranular enclaves and host granitoids from the Pyrenees, France: evidence for their hybrid nature and inference on their origin. In: Didier, J. & Barbarin, B. (eds) Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 345-365.
42. Franke, W. (1989). Tectonostratigraphic units in the Variscan belt of central Europe. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 230, 67-87.
43. Galán, G., Pin, C. & Duthou, J.-L. (1996). Sr-Nd isotopic record of multi-stage interactions between mantle-derived magmas and crustal components in a collision context - the ultramafic-granitoid association from Vivero (Hercynian belt, NW Spain). Chemical Geology 131, 67-91.
44. Gilbert, J. S., Bickle, M. J. & Chapman, H. J. (1994). The origin of Pyrenean Hercynian volcanic rocks (France-Spain): REE and Sm-Nd isotope constraints. Chemical Geology 111, 207-226.
45. Gleizes, G., Leblanc, D. & Bouchez, J. L. (1997). Variscan granites of the Pyrenees revisited: their role as syntectonic markers of the orogen. Terra Nova 9, 38-41.
46. Green, T. H. (1982). Anatexis of mafic crust and high pressure crystallisation of andesite. In: Thorpe, R. S. (ed.) Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 465-487.
47. Gribble, R. F., Barnes, C. G., Donato, M. M., Hoover, J. D. & Kistler, R. W. (1990). Geochemistry and intrusive history of the Ashland Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon. Journal of Petrology 31, 883-923.
48. Guitard, G., Vielzeuf, D. & Martinez, F. (1998). Le métamorphisme hercynien. In: Chiron, J. C. & Barnolas, A. (eds) SynthÈse géologique et géophysique des Pyrénées. Volume 1, Le cycle hercynien. Orléans: Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et MiniÈres.
49. Hall, A. (1966a). A petrogenetic study of the Rosses granite complex, Donegal. Journal of Petrology 7, 202-220.
50. Hall, A. (1966b). The Ardara pluton: a study of the chemistry and crystallisation of a contaminated granite intrusion. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 65B, 203-235.
51. Hamilton, W. & Myers, W. B. (1967). The nature of batholiths. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 554-C, 1-30.
52. Hildreth, W. (1981). Gradients in silicic magma chambers: implications for lithospheric magmatism. Journal of Geophysical Research 86, 10153-10192.
53. Holdaway, M. J. (1971). Stability of andalusite and the aluminium silicate phase diagrams. American Journal of Science 271, 97-131.
54. Holloway, J. R. & Burnham, C. W. (1972). Melting relations of basalt with equilibrium water pressure less than total pressure. Journal of Petrology 13, 1-29.
55. Huppert, H. E. & Sparks, R. S. J. (1988). The generation of granitic magmas by intrusion of basalt into continental crust. Journal of Petrology 29, 599-624.
56. Innocent, C., Briqueu, L. & Cabanis, B. (1994). Sr-Nd isotope and trace-element geochemistry of late Variscan volcanism in the Pyrenees: magmatism in post-orogenic extension? Tectonophysics 238, 161-181.
57. Jacobsen, S. B. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1980). Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50, 139-155.
58. Johannes, W. & Holtz, F. (1996). Petrogenesis and Experimental Petrology of Granitic Rocks. Berlin: Springer, 335 pp.
59. 2O at 15 kbar. Contributions ta Mineralogy and Petrology 100, 35-46.
60. total American Journal of Science 272, 946-958.
61. Kretz, R. (1983). Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 68, 277-279.
62. Krogh, T. E. (1973). A low-contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37, 485-494.
63. Krogh, T. E. (1982). Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant systems using an air abrasion technique. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46, 637-649.
64. Leake, B. E. (1974). The crystallisation and emplacement of the western part of the Galway granite, Connemara, western Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine 39, 498-513.
65. Leake, B. E. (1978). Nomenclature of amphiboles. American Mineralogist 63, 1023-1052.
66. Leterrier, J. (1972). Étude pétrographique et géochimique du massif granitique de Quérigut (AriÈge). ThÈse Doctorat d'État, Université de Nancy, 320 pp.
67. Leterrier, J. & Debon, F. (1978). CaractÈres chimique comparés des roches granitoides et de leurs enclaves microgrenues. Implications génétiques. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France 20, 3-10.
68. Ludwig, K. R. (1993). Pbdat: a computer program for processing Pb-U-Th isotope data, version 1.24. US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 88-542, 32 pp.
69. Ludwig, K. R. (1994). Isoplot: a plotting and regression program for radiogenic isotope data, version 2.71. US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 91-445, 44 pp.
70. Majoor, F. J. M. (1988). A geochronological study of the Axial Zone of the Central Pyrenees, with emphasis on Variscan events and Alpine resetting. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utrecht, 117 pp.
71. Marre, J. (1970). Relations texturales et structurales entre les principaux types de roches dans le massif de Quérigut (AriÈge). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 271, 1661-1664.
72. Marre, J. (1973). Le complex éruptif de Quérigut, pétrologie, structurologie, cinématique de mise en place. ThÈse Doctorat d'État, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 536 pp.
73. Matte, P. (1986). Tectonics and a plate tectonics model for the Variscan Belt of Europe. Tectonophysics 126, 329-374.
74. Matte, P. & Mattauer, M. (1987). Hercynian orogeny in the Pyrenees was not a rifting event. Nature 325, 739-740.
75. Mattinson, J. M. (1987). U-Pb ages of zircons; a basic examination of error propagation. Chemical Geology 66, 151-162.
76. 39Ar age of mylonites along the Merens Fault, central Pyrenees. Tectonophysics 129, 149-172.
77. Michard-Vitrac, A., AlbarÈde, F., Dupuis, C. & Taylor, H. P. (1980). The genesis of Variscan (Hercynian) plutonic rocks: inferences from Sr, Pb, and O studies on the Maladeta Igneous Complex, Central Pyrenees (Spain). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 72, 57-72.
78. Mogessie, A., Tessadri, R. & Veltman, C. B. (1990). EMP-AMPH; a Hypercard program to determine the name of an amphibole from electron microprobe analysis according to the International Mineralogical Association scheme. Computers and Geosciences 16, 309-330.
79. Nakada, S. (1983). Zoned magma chamber of the Osuzuyama acid rocks, south-west Japan. Journal of Petrology 24, 471-494.
80. Naney, M. T. (1983). Phase equilibria of rock forming ferromagnesian silicates in granitic systems. American Journal of Science 283, 993-1033.
81. Ortoleva, P. J. (1994). Geochemical Self-Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 411 pp.
82. Paquette, J. L., Gleizes, G., Leblanc, D. & Bouchez, J. L. (1997). Le granite de Bassiés (Pyrénées): un pluton syntectonique d'âge Westphalien. Géochronologie U-Pb sur zircons. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 324, 387-392.
83. Parrish, R. L. (1987). An improved micro-capsule for zircon dissolution in U-Pb geochronology. Chemical Geology 66, 99-102.
84. Peccerillo, A. & Taylor, S. R. (1976). Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58, 63-81.
85. Pin, C. (1989). Essai sur la chronologie et l'évolution géodynamique de la chaîne Hercynienne d'Europe. ThÈse Doctorat d'État, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 470 pp.
86. Pin, C. (1990). Evolution of the lower crust in the Ivrea Zone: a model based on isotopic and geochemical data. In: Vielzeuf, D. & Vidal, P. (eds) Granulites and Crustal Differentiation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 87-110.
87. Pitcher, W. S. (1987). Granites and yet more granites forty years on. Geologische Rundschau 76, 51-79.
88. Piwinskii, A. J. (1968). Experimental studies of igneous rock series, central Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. Journal of Geology 76, 548-570.
89. Pons, J. (1970). Relations entre la structure est la pétrofabrique des roches éruptives dans la bordure méridonale du massif granitique de Quérigut (AriÈge). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 271, 1665-1668.
90. 2O and the generation of granitic magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 3181-3202.
91. Provost, A. (1990). An improved diagram for isochron data. Chemical Geology 80, 85-99.
92. Pupin, J. P. (1980). Zircon and granite petrology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 207-220.
93. Raymond, D. & Marre, J. (1988). Les septa métasédimentaires du pluton granitique de Quérigut (Est des Pyrénées, France), reliques d'une unité allochtone varisque. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série 2, 307, 1107-1112.
94. Roberts, M. P. (1994). Petrogenetic relationships between gabbros, diorites, ultramafic rocks, granites and their enclaves, Quérigut Massif, French Pyrenees. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester, 361 pp.
95. Roberts, M. P. & Clemens, J. D. (1993). Origin of high potassium, calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids. Geology 21, 825-828.
96. Roberts, M. P. & Clemens, J. D. (1994). Low-pressure stability of magmatic epidote in granitoid plutons: field and experimental evidence. Volcanic Studies Group 4th Annual Thematic and Research in Progress Meeting Abstracts. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, p. 30.
97. Roberts, M. P. & Clemens, J. D. (1995). Feasibility of AFC models for the petrogenesis of calc-alkaline magma series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 121, 139-147.
98. Roberts, M. P. & Clemens, J. D. (1997). Correction to 'Feasibility of AFC models for the petrogenesis of calc-alkaline magma series'. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128, 97-99.
99. Robertson, J. K. & Wyllie, P. J. (1971). Rock-water systems with special reference to the water-deficient region. American Journal of Science 271, 252-277.
100. Rollinson, H. R. (1993). Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Harlow: Longman, 352 pp.
101. Romer, R. L. & Soler, A. (1995). U-Pb age and lead isotopic characterization of Au-bearing skarn related to the Andorra granite (central Pyrenees, Spain). Mineralium Deposita 30, 374-383.
102. Sandiford, M. & Powell, R. (1986). Deep crustal metamorphism during continental extension: modern and ancient examples. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 151-158.
103. Sawka, W. N., Chappell, B. W. & Kistler, R. W. (1990). Granitoid compositional zoning by side-wall boundary layer differentiation: evidence from the Palisade Crest intrusive suite, central Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Petrology 31, 519-553.
104. Schmidt, M. W. & Thompson, A. B. (1996). Epidote in calc-alkaline magmas: an experimental study of stability, phase relationships, and the role of epidote in magma evolution. American Mineralogist 81, 462-474.
105. Shand, S. J. (1947). Eruptive Rocks. Their Genesis, Composition, Classification, and their Relation to Ore-Deposits. New York: John Wiley.
106. Shaw, H. R. (1965). Comments on viscosity, crystal settling, and convection in granitic magmas. American Journal of Science 263, 120-152.
107. Silver, L. T. & Chappell, B. W. (1988). The Peninsular Ranges Batholith: an insight into the evolution of the Cordilleran batholiths of southwestern North America. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Edinburgh 79, 105-121.
108. Soula, J. C., Lamouroux, C., Viallard, P., BessiÈre, G., Debat, P. & Ferret, B. (1986). The mylonite zones in the Pyrenees and their place in the Alpine tectonic evolution. Tectonophysics 129, 115-147.
109. Stacey, J. S. & Kramers, J. D. (1975). Approximation of the terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26, 207-221.
110. Steiger, R. H. & Jäger, E. (1977). Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36, 359-362.
111. Taylor, W. P. (1976). Intrusion and differentiation of granitic magma at a high level in the crust: the Puscao pluton, Lima Province, Peru. Journal of Petrology 17, 194-218.
112. Tepper, J. H., Nelson, B. K., Bergantz, G. W. & Irving, A. J. (1993). Petrology of the Chilliwack batholith, North Cascades, Washington: generation of calc-alkaline granitoids by melting of mafic lower crust with variable water fugacity. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 113, 333-351.
113. Tracy, R. J. & Frost, B. R. (1991). Phase equilibria and thermobarometry of calcareous, ultramafic and mafic rocks, and iron formations. In: Kerrick, D. M. (ed.) Contact Metamorphism. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 26, 207-290.
114. 2O. Geological Society of America, Memoir 74, 153 pp.
115. Vance, J. A. (1962). Zoning in igneous plagioclase: normal and oscillatory zoning. American Journal of Science 260, 746-760.
116. Van den Eeckhout, B. & Zwart, H. J. (1988). Hercynian crustal-scale extensional shear zone in the Pyrenees. Geology 16, 135-138.
117. Vernon, R. H. (1986). K-feldspar megacrysts in granites - phenocrysts not porphyroblasts. Earth-Science Reviews 23, 1-63.
118. Vielzeuf, D. (1980). Pétrologie des écailles granulitiques de le région de Lherz (AriÈge-Zone Nord Pyrénéene). Introduction à l'étude expérimental de l'association grenat (Alm-Pyr)-feldspath potassique. 3rd Cycle Thesis, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 219 pp.
119. Vielzeuf, D. (1984). Rélations de phases dans le faciÈs granulite et implications géodynamiques. L'exemple des granulites des Pyrénées. Ph.D. Thesis, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 288 pp.
120. Vielzeuf, D., Clemens, J. D., Pin, C. & Moinet, E. (1990). Granites, granulites and crustal differentiation. In: Vielzeuf, D. & Vidal, P. (eds) Granulites and Crustal Differentiation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 59-86.
121. Vissers, R. L. M. (1992). Variscan extension in the Pyrenees. Tectonics 11, 1369-1384.
122. Vitrac-Michard, A. & Allègre, C. J. (1975). A study of the formation and history of a piece of continental crust by Rb-Sr method: the case of the French oriental Pyrenees. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 50, 257-285.
123. Wall, V. J., Clemens, J. D. & Clarke, D. B. (1987). Models for granitoid evolution and source compositions. Journal of Geology 95, 731-749.
124. Wasserburg, G. J., Jacobsen, S. B., DePaolo, D. J., McCulloch, M. T. & Wen, T. (1981). Precise determination of Sm/Nd ratios, Sm and Nd isotopic abundances in standard solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 2311-2323.
125. Weber, K. & Behr, H.-J. (1983). Geodynamic interpretation of the mid-European Variscides. In: Martin, H. & Eder, F. W. (eds) Intracontinental Fold Belts. Berlin: Springer, pp. 427-469.
126. White, A. J. R. & Chappell, B. W. (1977). Ultrametamorphism and granitoid genesis. Tectonophysics 43, 7-22.
127. Wickham, S. M. & Oxburgh, E. R. (1985). Continental rifts as a setting for regional metamorphism. Nature 318, 330-333.
128. Wickham, S. M. & Oxburgh, E. R. (1987). Low pressure regional metamorphism in the Pyrenees and its implications for the thermal evolution of rifted continental crust. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 321, 219-243.
129. Williams, G. H. (1886). Art. 4 - The peridotites of the 'Cortlandt series' on the Hudson River near Peekshill, New York. American Journal of Science 31, 26-41.
130. Wyborn, D. & Chappell, B. W. (1986). The petrogenetic significance of chemically related plutonic and volcanic rock units. Geological Magazine 6, 619-628.
131. Wyllie, P. J. (1977). Crustal anatexis: an experimental overview. Tectonophysics 43, 41-71.
132. Zen, E.-A. & Hammarstrom, J. M. (1984). Magmatic epidote and its petrologic significance. Geology 12, 515-518.
133. Zwart, H. J. (1986). The Variscan geology of the Pyrenees. Tectonophysics 129, 9-27.