Rayleigh friction, Newtonian cooling, and the linear response to steady tropical heating

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 57, Issue 12, 2000, Pages 1937-1957

  Wu, Zhaohua ^a,b   Battisti, David S ^a   Sarachik, E S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b CENTER FOR OCEAN LAND ATMOSPHERE STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY LAYERS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; COOLING; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; HEAT LOSSES; HEATING; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

HEAT SOURCE; LINEAR RESPONSE; NEWTONIAN COOLING; RAYLEIGH FRICTION;

TROPICS;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; COOLING; RESPONSE ANALYSIS; WARMING;

EID: 0034209687     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1937:RFNCAT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Bantzer, C. H., and J. M. Wallace, 1996: Intraseasonal variability in tropical mean temperature and precipitation and their relation to the tropical 40-50 day oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3032-3045.
2. Battisti, D. S., and D. Ovens, 1995: The dependence of the low-level equatorial easterly jet on Hadley and Walker circulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3911-3931.
3. _, A. C. Hirst, and E. S. Sarachik, 1989: Instability and predictability in coupled atmosphere-ocean models. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A329, 237-247.
4. Deser, C., and J. M. Wallace, 1987: El Niño events and their relationship to Southern Oscillation phenomenon. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14 189-14 196.
5. _, and _, 1990: Large-scale atmospheric circulation feature of warm and cold episodes in the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 3, 1254-1281.
6. Flattery, T. W., 1967: Hough functions. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 168 pp.
7. Geisler, J. E., 1981: A linear model of the Walker circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1390-1400.
8. Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat induced tropical circulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 106, 447-462.
9. Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Shubert, 1994: On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SST in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1441.
10. Holton, J. R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. Academic Press, 511 pp.
11. _, and D. E. Colton, 1972: A diagnostic study of the vorticity balance at 200 mb in the Tropics during the northern summer. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1124-1128.
12. Lamb, H., 1932: Hydrodynamics. Cambridge University Press, 738 pp.
13. Lau, N. C., and M. J. Nath, 1994: A modeling study of the relative roles of tropical and extratropical SST in the variability of the global atmosphere-ocean system. J. Climate, 7, 1184-1207.
14. Lindzen, R. S., 1967: Planetary waves on beta-planes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 95, 441-451.
15. _, 1968: Vertically propagating waves in an atmosphere with Newtonian cooling inversely proportional to density. Can. J. Phys., 46, 1835-1840.
16. _, 1990: Dynamics in Atmospheric Physics. Cambridge University Press, 310 pp.
17. _, and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
18. _, E. S. Batten, and J. -W. Kim, 1968: Oscillations in atmospheres with tops. Mon. Wen. Rev., 96, 133-140.
19. Mapes, B. E., and R. A. Houze, 1995: Diabatic divergence profiles in western Pacific mesoscale convective system. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1807-1828.
20. Miller, R. L., and R. S. Lindzen, 1992: Organization of rainfall by an unstable jet with an application to African waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1523-1540.
21. Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1996: ENSO seasonality: 1950-78 versus 1979-92. J. Climate, 9, 3149-3161.
22. Philander, S. G., 1990: El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, 293 pp.
23. Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variation in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384.
24. Reed, R. J., and E. E. Recker, 1971: The voracity budget of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1117-1133.
25. Robertson, A. W., and C. Frankignoul, 1990: The tropical circulation: Simple model versus general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 69-87.
26. Saravanan, R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1993: Multiple equilibria, natural variability, and climate transitions in an idealized ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 8, 2296-2323.
27. Schneider, E. K., 1977: Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part II: Nonlinear circulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 263-279.
28. _, and R. S. Lindzen, 1977: Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part I: Linearized circulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 263-279.
29. Wallace, J. M., 1971: Spectral studies of tropospheric wave disturbances in the tropical western Pacific. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 9, 557-612.
30. Webster, P. J., 1972: Response of tropical atmosphere to local steady forcing. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 518-541.
31. Wu, Z., 1998: Thermally driven surface winds in the tropics. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, 178 pp.
32. _, E. S. Sarachik, and D. S. Battisti, 1999: Thermally forced planetary waves on an equatorial beta plane. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2029-2037.
33. _, _, and _, 2000: Vertical structure of convective heating and the three-dimensional structure of the forced circulation on an equatorial beta plane. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2169-2187.
34. Yulaeva, E., and J. M. Wallace, 1994: The signature of ENSO in global temperature and precipitation fields derived from the Microwave Sounding Unit. J. Climate, 7, 1719-1736.
35. Zebiak, S. E., 1986: Atmospheric convergence feedback in a simple model for El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1263-1271.