Petrologic, geochemical and experimental constraints on models of chondrule formation

Earth Science Reviews

Volumn 50, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 3-27

  Rubin, Alan E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chondrites; Chondrule formation; Chondrules; Heat sources; Meteorites

Indexed keywords

CHONDRITE; CHONDRULE; GEOCHEMISTRY; HEAT SOURCE; METEORITE; PETROLOGY;

EID: 0034192918     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00067-7     Document Type: Article

References (216)

1. Alexander, C.M.O'.D., 1994a. Trace element distributions within ordinary chondrite chondrules: Implications for chondrule formation conditions and precursors. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3451-3467.
2. Alexander, C.M.O'D., 1994b. Chondrules from chondrules? An ion probe trace element study. Lunar Planet. Sci. 25, 7-8, abstract.
3. Bartholomay, H.A., Larimer, J.W., 1982. Dust-gas fractionation in the early solar system (abstract). Meteoritics 17, 180-181.
4. Bell, D.J., 1986. Experimental Crystallization of an Olivine-normative Chondrule Composition. BS dissertation, Rutgers University.
5. Bell, K.R., Lin, D.N.C., 1994. Using FU orionis outbursts to constrain self-regulated protostellar disks. Astrophys. J. 427, 987-1004.
6. Binns, R.A., 1967. An exceptionally large chondrule in the parnallee meteorite. Mineral. Mag. 36, 319-324.
7. Blander, M., Katz, J.L., 1967. Condensation of primordial dust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 1025-1034.
8. Boss, A.P., 1996. A concise guide to chondrule formation models. in: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 257-263.
9. Boss, A.P., Graham, J.A., 1993. Clumpy disk accretion and chondrule formation. Icarus 106, 168-178.
10. Brearley, A.J., 1996. Nature of matrix in unequilibrated chondrites and its possible relationship to chondrules. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 137-151.
11. Bridges, J.C., Franchi, I.A., Hutchison, R., Sexton, A.S., Pillinger, C.T., 1998. Correlated mineralogy, chemical compositions, oxygen isotopic compositions and size of chondrules. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 155, 183-196.
12. Brownlee, D.E., Bates, B., Beauchamp, R.H., 1983. Meteor ablation spherules as chondrule analogs. In: King, E.A. (Ed.). Chondrules and their Origins. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 10-25.
13. Cameron, A.G.W., 1966. The accumulation of chondritic material. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1, 93-96.
14. Cameron, A.G.W., 1995. The first ten million years in the solar nebula. Meteoritics 30, 133-161.
15. Cameron, A.G.W., Fegley, M.B., 1982. Condensation events near the total evaporation front within the primitive solar nebula. Lunar Planet. Sci. 13, 81-82, abstract.
16. 11B-rich boron in the pre-solar cloud recorded in meteoritic chondrules. Nature 374, 337-339.
17. Chaussidon, M., Robert, F., 1996. Boron and lithium isotope variations in chondrules: The signature of presolar nucleosynthesis. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27, 207-208, abstract.
18. Chen, J.H., Wasserburg, G.J., 1981. The isotopic composition of uranium and lead in Allende inclusions and meteoritic phosphates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 52, 1-15.
19. Clarke, C.J., Lin, D.N.C., Pnngle, J.E., 1990. Pre-conditions for disc-generated FU orionis outbursts. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 242, 439-446.
20. Clayton, D.D., 1980a. Chemical energy in cold-cloud aggregates: The origin of meteoritic chondrules. Astrophys. J. 239, L37-L41.
21. Clayton, D.D., 1980b. Chemical and isotopic fractionation by gain size separates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 47, 199-210.
22. Clayton, R.N., 1981. Isotopic variations in primitive meteorites. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 303, 339-349.
23. Clayton, R.N., 1993. Oxygen isotopes in meteorites. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 21, 115-149.
24. Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., 1985. Oxygen isotopes in chondrules from enstatite chondrites: Possible identification of a major nebular reservoir (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 16, 142-143.
25. Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., Goswami, J.N., Olsen, E.J., 1991. Oxygen isotope studies of ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 2317-2337.
26. Clayton, R.N., Onuma, N., Ikeda, Y., Mayeda, T., Hutcheon, I.D., Olsen, E.J., Molini-Velsko, C., 1983. Oxygen isotopic compositions of chondrules in Allende and ordinary chondrites. In: King, E.A. (Ed.). Chondrules and their Origins. Lunar Planet. Inst., pp. 37-43.
27. Connolly, H.C., Hewins, R.H., 1991. The influence and dynamical melting conditions on olivine chondrule textures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 2943-2950.
28. Connolly, H.C., Hewins, R.H., 1995. Chondrules as products of dust collisions with totally molten droplets within a dust-rich nebular environment: An experimental investigation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3231-3246.
29. Connolly, H.C., Love, S.G., 1998. The formation of chondrules: Petrologic tests of the shock wave model. Science 280, 62-67.
30. Cuzzi, J.N., Dobrovolskis, A.R., Hogan, R.C., 1996. Turbulence, chondrules, and planetesimals. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 35-43.
31. Cuzzi, J.N., Hogan, R.C., Dobrovolskis, A.R., 1998. Turbulent concentration: Fractal description, scaling laws, and generalized applications to planetesimal accretion. Lunar Planet. Sci. 29, abstract # 1443. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.
32. Davis, A.M., MacPherson, G.J., 1996. Thermal processing in the solar nebula: Constraints from refractory inclusions. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press pp. 71-76.
33. Davis, A.M., MacPherson, G.J., Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., Sylvester, P.J., Grossman, L., Hinton, R.W., Laughlin, J.R., 1991. Melt solidification and late-stage evaporation of a FUN inclusion from the Vigarano C3V chondrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 621-637.
34. Deloule, E., Robert, F., 1996. Origin of water in meteorites: Ion-probe determinations of D/H ratios in chondrules. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27, 307-308, abstract.
35. Dodd, R.T., Van Schmus, W.R., 1971. Dark-zoned chondrules. Chem. Erde 30, 59-69.
36. Ebel, D.S., Grossman, L., 1997. Direct condensation of ferromagnesian liquids from cosmic gases. Lunar Planet. Sci. 28, 317-318, abstract.
37. Ebel, D.S., Grossman, L., 1998. Effects of dust enrichment on solid and liquid compositions in equilibrium with cosmic gases. Lunar Planet. Sci. 29, abstract # 1421. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.
38. Eisenhour, D.D., Buseck, P.R., 1995. Chondrule formation by radiative heating: A numerical model. Icarus 117, 197-211.
39. Eisenhour, D.D., Daulton, T.L., Buseck, P.R., 1994. Electromagnetic heating in the early solar nebula and the formation of chondrules. Science 265, 1067-1070.
40. Gooding, J.L., 1979. Petrogenetic Properties of Chondrules in Unequilibrated H-, L-, and LL-group Chondritic Meteorites. PhD dissertation, Univ. New Mexico.
41. Gooding, J.L., Keil, K., 1981. Relative abundances of chondrule primary textural types in ordinary chondrites and their bearing on conditions of chondrule formation. Meteoritics 16, 17-43.
42. Gooding, J.L., Mayeda, T.K., Clayton, R.N., Fukuoka, T., 1983. Oxygen isotopic heterogeneities, their petrological correlations, and implications for melt origins of chondrules in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 65, 209-224.
43. Greenwood, J.P., Hess, P.C., 1996. Congruent melting kinetics: Constraints on chondrule formation. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.).,Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 205-211.
44. Grossman, J.N., 1988. Formation of chondrules. In: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. Arizona Press, pp. 680-696.
45. Grossman, J.N., 1996a. The redistribution of sodium in Semarkona chondrules by secondary processes. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27, 467-468, abstract.
46. Grossman, J.N., 1996b. Zoning of mesostasis in FeO-poor Semarkona chondrules. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 31, A55-A56, abstract.
47. Grossman, J.N., 1998. Radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline chondrules as indicators of aqueous alteration and thermal metamorphism in ordinary chondrites. Lunar Planet. Sci. 29, abstract # 1179. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston.
48. Grossman, J.N., Wasson, J.T., 1983. The compositions of chondrules in unequilibrated chondrites: An evaluation of models for the formation of chondrules and their precursor materials. in: King, E.A. (Ed.), Chondrules and their Origins. Lunar Planetary Institute, pp. 88-121.
49. Grossman, J.N., Alexander, C.M.O'D., Wang, J., 1997. Zoning of trace elements and deuterium in the mesostasis of low-FeO chondrules in Semarkona. Lunar Planet. Sci. 28, 481-482, abstract.
50. Grossman, J.N., Rubin, A.E., MacPherson, G.J., 1988a. ALH85085: A unique volatile-poor carbonaceous chondrite with possible implications for nebular fractionation processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 91, 33-54.
51. Grossman, J.N., Rubin, A.E., Nagahara, H., King, E.A., 1988. Properties of chondrules. In: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. Arizona Press, pp. 619-659.
52. Hanon, P., Chaussidon, M., Robert, F., 1999. Distribution of lithium, beryllium, and boron in meteoritic chondrules. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, 247-258.
53. Hayashi, C., Nakazawa, K., Nakagawa, Y., 1985. Formation of the solar system. In: Black, D.C., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets II. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1100-1153.
54. Hewins, R.H., 1989. The evolution of chondrules. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites 2, 200-220.
55. Hewins, R.H., 1991. Retention of sodium during chondrule melting. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 935-942.
56. Hewins, R.H., 1997. Chondrules. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 25, 61-83.
57. Hewins, R.H., Connolly, H.C., 1996. Peak temperatures of flashmelted chondrules. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 197-204.
58. Hewins, R.H., Yu, Y., Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M., 1997. Do nebular fractionations, evaporative losses, or both, influence chondrule compositions? Antarct. Meteorite Res. 10, 275-298.
59. Hewins, R.H., Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M., 1996. Evaporative loss and degree of melting in semarkona type I chondrules (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 27, 537-538.
60. Hood, L.L., 1998. Thermal processing of chondrule precursors in planetesimal bow shocks. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 97-107.
61. Hood, L.L., Horányi, M., 1991. Gas dynamic heating of chondrule precursor grains in the solar nebula. Icarus 93, 259-269.
62. Hood, L.L., Horányi, M., 1993. The nebular shock wave model for chondrule formation: One-dimensional calculations. Icarus 106, 179-189.
63. Hood, L.L., Kring, D.A., 1996. Models for multiple heating mechanisms. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 265-276.
64. Horányi, M., Robertson, S., 1996. Chondrule formation in lightning discharges: Status of theory and experiments. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 303-310.
65. Horányi, M., Morfill, G., Goertz, C.K., Levy, E.H., 1995. Chondrule formation in lightning discharges. Icarus 114, 174-185.
66. Huang, S., Lu, J., Prinz, M., Weisberg, M.K., Benoit, P.H., Sears, D.W.G., 1996. Chondrules: Their diversity and the role of open-system processes during their formation. Icarus 122, 316-346.
67. Hughes, D.W., 1978. A disaggregation and thin section analysis of the size and mass distribution of the chondrules in the bjurböle and chainpur meteorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 38, 391-400.
68. Huss, G.R., 1988. The role of interstellar dust in the formation of the solar system. Earth, Moon, Planets 40, 165-211.
69. 26Mg record of chondrules: Clues to nebular chronology. Lunar Planet. Sci. 26, 647-648, abstract.
70. 26Al in chondrites: Chondrule formation time scales. Lunar Planet. Sci. 25, 587-588, abstract.
71. Hutchison, R., 1982. Meteorites - Evidence for the interrelationships of materials in the solar system 4.55 Ga ago. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 29, 199-208.
72. Hutchison, R., 1996. Chondrules and their associates in ordinary chondrites: A planetary connection? in: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 311-318.
73. Hutchison, R., Bevan, A.W.R., 1982. Conditions and time of chondrule accretion (abstract). Papers presented to the Conference on Chondrules and their Origins, pp. 32-33.
74. Jarosewich, E., 1990. Chemical analyses of meteorites: A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses. Meteoritics 25, 323-337.
75. Jones, R.H., 1990. Petrology and mineralogy of type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0): Origin by closed-system fractional crystallization, with evidence for supercooling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 1785-1802.
76. Jones, R.H., 1996a. Relict grains in chondrules: Evidence for chondrule recycling. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 163-172.
77. Jones, R.H., 1996b. FeO-rich, porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 3115-3138.
78. Jones, R.H., Danielson, L.R., 1997. A chondrule origin for dusty relict olivine in unequilibrated chondrites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 753-760.
79. Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D., 1989. Petrology and thermal history of type IA chondrules in the semarkona (LL3.0) chondrite. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19, 523-536.
80. Jones, R.H., Saxton, J.M., Lyon, I.C., Turner, G., 1998. Oxygen isotope analysis of chondrules and isolated olivine grains in the CO3 chondrite, ALHA77307. Lunar Planet. Sci. 29, abstract # 1795. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston.
81. Jurewicz, A.J.G., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Jones, J.H., 1993. Experimental partial melting of the Allende (CV) and Murchison (CM) chondrites and the origin of asteroidal basalts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 2123-2139.
82. Kallemeyn, G.W., Rubin, A.E., Wasson, J.T., 1991. The compositional classification of chondrites: V. The Karoonda (CK) group of carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 881-892.
83. Kallemeyn, G.W., Rubin, A.E., Wasson, J.T., 1994. The compositional classification of chondrites: VI. The CR carbonaceous chondrite group. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2873-2888.
84. Kallemeyn, G.W., Rubin, A.E., Wasson, J.T., 1996. The compositional classification of chondrites: VII. The R chondrite group. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2243-2256.
85. Kerridge, J.F., Kieffer, S.W., 1977. A constraint on impact theories of chondrule formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 35, 35-42.
86. Kieffer, S.W., 1975. Droplet chondrules. Science 189, 333-340.
87. King, E.A., Carman, M.F., Butler, J.C., 1972. Chondrules in Apollo 14 samples and implications for the origin of chondritic meteorites. Science 175, 59-60.
88. Kita, N.T., Nagahara, H., Togashi, S., Morishita, Y., 1998. New evidence of aluminum-2b from a ferrous-oxide-rich chondrule in Semarkona (LL 3.0). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, A83-A84.
89. Kitamura, M., Tsuchiyama, A. 1996. Collision of icy and slightly differentiated bodies as an origin for unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 319-326.
90. Klöck, W., 1986. Petrologische und Geochemische UntersuchunGen Metallischen Eisens und Koexistierender Silikate in Terrestrischen Basalten. PhD dissertation, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
91. Kornacki, A.S., Wood, J.A., 1984. Petrography and classification of Ca, Al-rich, olivine-rich inclusions in the Allende CV3 chondrite. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 14, B573-B587.
92. Kracher, A., Scott, E.R.D., Keil, K., 1984. Relict and other anomalous grains in chondrules: Implications for chondrule formation. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 14, B559-B566.
93. Krot, A.N., Rubin, A.E., 1996. Microchondrule-bearing chondrule rims: Constraints on chondrule formation. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 181-184.
94. Krot, A.N., Wasson, J.T., 1995. Igneous rims on low-FeO and high-FeO chondrules in ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 4951-4966.
95. Krot, A.N., Rubin, A.E., Keil, K., Wasson, J.T., 1997b. Microchondrules in ordinary chondrites: Implications for chondrule formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 463-473.
96. Krot, A.N., Weber, D., Greshake, A., Ulyanov, A.A., McKeegan, K.D., Hutcheon, L, Sahijpal, S., Keil, K., 1999. Relic Ca, Al-rich inclusions in chondrules from the carbonaceous chondrites acfer 182 and acfer 094, abstract # 1511, Lunar Planet. Sci. 30. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston.
97. Krot, A.N., Zolensky, M.E., Wasson, J.T., Scott, E.R.D., Keil, K., Ohsumi, K., 1997a. Carbide-magnetite assemblages in type-3 ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 219-237.
98. Larimer, J.W., Bartholomay, H.A., 1983. Gas-dust fractionation and the origin of chondritic meteorites. Lunar Planet. Sci. 14, 423, abstract.
99. Leitch, C.A., Smith, J.V., 1981. Enstatite chondrites: II. Genesis. Lunar Planet. Sci. 12, 610-612, abstract.
100. Leitch, C.A., Smith, J.V., 1982. Petrography, mineral chemistry and origin of type I enstatite chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 2083-2098.
101. Leshin, L.A., Rubin, A.E., McKeegan, K.D., 1997. The oxygen isotopic composition of olivine and pyroxene from CI chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 835-845.
102. Levy, E.H., 1988. Energetics of chondrule formation. In: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. of Arizona Press, pp. 697-711.
103. Levy, E.H., Araki, S., 1989. Magnetic reconnection flares in the protoplanetary nebula and the possible origin of meteoritic chondrules. Icarus 81, 74-91.
104. Lewis, R.D., Lofgren, G.E., Franzen, H.F., Windom, K.E., 1993. The effect of Na vapor on the Na content of chondrules. Meteoritics 28, 622-628.
105. Liffman, K., 1992. The formation of chondrules via ablation. Icarus 100, 608-620.
106. Liffman, K., Brown, M.J.I., 1996. The protostellar jet model of chondrule formation. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 285-302.
107. Lofgren, G.E., 1989. Dynamic crystallization of chondrule melts of porphyritic olivine composition: Textures experimental and natural. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 461-470.
108. Lofgren, G.E., 1996. A dynamic crystallization model for chondrule melts. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 187-196.
109. Lofgren, G.E., Hanson, B., 1997. Formation of compound chondrules by low-velocity collisions. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A81-A82, abstract.
110. Lofgren, G.E., Russell, W.J., 1986. Dynamic crystallization of chondrule melts of porphyritic and radial pyroxene composition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 1715-1726.
111. Love, S.G., Keil, K., Scott, E.R.D., 1995. Electrical discharge heating of chondrules in the solar nebula. Icarus 115, 97-108.
112. MacPherson, G.J., Russell, S.S., 1997. Origin of aluminum-rich chondrules: Constraints from major-element chemistry. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A83, abstract.
113. MacPherson, G.J., Wark, D.A., Armstrong, J.T., 1988. Primitive material surviving in chondrites: Refractory inclusions. In: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. of Arizona Press, pp. 746-807.
114. Matsunami, S., Ninagawa, K., Nishimura, S., Kubono, N., Yamamoto, I., Kohata, M., Wada, T., Yamashita, Y., Lu, J., Sears, D.W.G., Nishimura, H., 1993. Thermoluminescence and compositional zoning in the mesostasis of a Semarkona group A1 chondrule and new insights into the chondrule-forming process. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 2101-2110.
115. McBreen, B., Hanlon, L., 1999. Gamma-ray bursts and the origin of chondrules and planets. Astro. Astrophys. 351, 759-765.
116. McKeegan, K.D., Leshin, L.A., Russell, S.S., MacPherson, G.J., 1998. Oxygen isotopic abundances in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions from ordinary chondrites: Implications for nebular heterogeneity. Science 280, 414-418.
117. McSween, H.Y., 1977a. Carbonaceous chondrites of the Ornans type: A metamorphic sequence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 477-491.
118. McSween, H.Y., 1977b. Petrographie variations among carbonaceous chondrites of the Vigarano type. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 1777-1790.
119. McSween, H.Y., 1979. Alteration in CM carbonaceous chondrites inferred from modal and chemical variations in matrix. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, 1761-1770.
120. Mieder, W., Kingsbury, S.A., Harder, K.B., 1992. A Dictionary of American Proverbs. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 710 pp.
121. Misawa, K., Fujita, T., 1994. A relict refractory inclusion in a ferromagnesian chondrule from the Allende meteorite. Nature 368, 723-726.
122. Mittlefehldt, D.W., See, T.H., Hörz, F., 1992. Dissemination and fractionation of projectile materials in the impact melts from Wabar crater, Saudi Arabia. Meteoritics 27, 361-370.
123. Morfill, G., Spruit, H., Levy, E.H., 1993. Physical processes and conditions associated with the formation of protoplanetary disks. In: Levy, E.H., Lunine, J.I. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets III. Univ. Arizona Press, pp. 939-978.
124. Mostefaoui, S., Kita, N.T., Nagahara, H., Togashi, S., Morishita, Y., 1999. Aluminum-2b in two ferromagnesian chondrules from a highly unequilibrated ordinary chondrite: Evidence of a short period of chondrule formation. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, A84, abstract.
125. Nagahara, H., 1981. Evidence for secondary origin of chondrules. Nature 292, 135-136.
126. Nelson, V.E., Rubin, A.E., 1999. Size-frequency distributions of chondrule and chondrule fragments in the Semarkona LL 3.0 chondrite. Lunar Planet. Sci. 30, 1122, abstract.
127. Paque, J., Bunch, T., 1997. Stardust to planetesimals: A chondrule connection? in: Pendleton, Y.J., Tielens, A.G.G.M. (Eds.), From Stardust to Planetesimals. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 122, pp. 253-268.
128. Paque, J.M., Connolly, H.C., Lofgren, G.E., 1999. Comment on "on the lower limit of chondrule cooling rates: The significance of iron loss in dynamic crystallization experiments" by S. Weinbruch et al. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, 671-673.
129. Petaev, M.I., Wood, J.A., 1998. The condensation with partial isolation (CWPI) model of condensation in the solar nebula. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 1123-1137.
130. Podolak, M., Cameron, A.G.W., 1974. Possible formation of meteoritic chondrules and inclusions in the precollapse Jovian protoplanetary atmosphere. Icarus 23, 326-333.
131. Podolak, M., Prialnik, D., Bunch, T.E., Cassen, P., Reynolds, R., 1993. Secondary processing of chondrules and refractory inclusions (CAIs) by gas-dynamic heating. Icarus 104, 97-109.
132. Podosek, F.A., Cassen, P., 1994. Theoretical, observational, and isotopic estimates of the lifetime of the solar nebula. MeteoritIcs 29, 6-25.
133. Prinz, M., Weisberg, M.K., Nehru, C.E., 1988. Gunlock, a new type 3 ordinary chondrite with a golfball-sized chondrule. Meteoritics 23, 297, abstract.
134. Radomsky, P.M., Turrin, R.P., Hewins, R.H., 1986. Dynamic crystallization experiments on a pyroxene-olivine chondrule composition. Lunar Planet. Sci. 17, 687-688, abstract.
135. Rambaldi, E.R., 1981. Relict grains in chondrules. Nature 293, 558-561.
136. Rambaldi, E.R., Wasson, J.T., 1982. Fine, nickel-poor Fe-Ni grains in the olivine of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 929-939.
137. Rowe, M.W., Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., 1994. Oxygen isotopes in separated components of CI and CM meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 5341-5347.
138. Rubin, A.E., 1983. The Adhi Kot breccia and implications for the origin of chondrules and silica-rich clasts in enstatite chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64, 201-212.
139. Rubin, A.E., 1984. Coarse-grained chondrule rims in type 3 chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 1779-1789.
140. Rubin, A.E., 1985. Impact melt products of chondritic material. Rev. Geophys. 23, 277-300.
141. Rubin, A.E., 1989. Size-frequency distributions of chondrules in CO3 chondrites. Meteoritics 24, 179-189.
142. Rubin, A.E., Brearley, A.J., 1996. A critical evaluation of the evidence for hot accretion. Icarus 124, 86-96.
143. Rubin, A.E., Grossman, J.N., 1987. Size frequency distributions of EH3 chondrules. Meteoritics 22, 493.
144. Rubin, A.E., Krot, A.N., 1996. Multiple heating of chondrules. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 173-180.
145. Rubin, A.E., Sailer, A.L., 1998. Primary and secondary troilite in ordinary-chondrite chondrules: Implications for chondrule formation. Lunar Planet. Sci. 29, abstract # 1293. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston.
146. Rubin, A.E., Wasson, J.T., 1986. Chondrules in the Murray CM2 meteorite and compositional differences between CM-CO and ordinary chondrite chondrules. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 307-315.
147. Rubin, A.E., Wasson, J.T., 1995. Variations of chondrite properties with heliocentric distance. Meteoritics 30, 569, abstract.
148. Rubin, A.E., Fegley, B., Brett, R., 1988b. Oxidation state in chondrites. In: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 488-511.
149. Rubin, A.E., Sailer, A.L., Wasson, J.T., 1999. Troilite in ordinary-chondrite chondrules: Implications for chondrule formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 2281-2298.
150. Rubin, A.E., Scott, E.R.D., Keil, K., 1982. Microchondrule-bearing clast in the Piancaldoli LL3 meteorite: A new kind of type 3 chondrite and its relevance to the history of chondrules. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 1763-1776.
151. Rubin, A.E., Scott, E.R.D., Keil, K., 1997. Shock metamorphism of enstatite chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 847-858.
152. Rubin, A.E., Wang, D., Kallemeyn, G.W., Wasson, J.T., 1988a. The Ningqiang meteorite: Classification and petrology of an anomalous CV chondrite. Meteoritics 23, 13-23.
153. Rubin, A.E., Wasson, J.T., Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., 1990. Oxygen isotopes in chondrules and coarse-grained chondrule rims from the Allende meteorite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 96, 247-255.
154. Russell, S.S., Leshin, L.A., McKeegan, K.D., MacPherson, G.J., 1997. Oxygen isotope composition of aluminum-rich chondrules: Clues to their origins. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A111-A112, abstract.
155. Russell, S.S., Leshin, L.A., McKeegan, K.D., MacPherson, G.J., 1998. Oxygen-16 enrichments in aluminum-rich chondrules from unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Lunar Planet. Sci. 29, abstract # 1826. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston.
156. 26Al in the solar nebula and constraints for nebula time scales. Science 273, 757-762.
157. Ruzmaikina, T.V., Ip, W.H., 1994. Chondrule formation in the accretional shock. Icarus 112, 430-447.
158. Sahagian, D.L., Hewins, R.H., 1992. The size of chondrule-forming events. Lunar Planet. Sci. 23, 1197-1198, abstract.
159. Sailer, A.L., Rubin, A.E., 1997. The distribution of troilite in chondrules from type-3 ordinary chondrites: Implications for the duration of chondrule formation. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 32, A113, abstract.
160. Sanders, I.S., 1996. A chondrule-forming scenario involving molten planetesimals. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 327-334.
161. Sanders, I.S., 1997. Cosmic setting for chondrule formation reviewed. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A113, abstract.
162. Saxton, J.M., Lyon, I.C., Turner, G., 1998. Oxygen isotopes in forsterite grains from Julesburg and Allende: Oxygen-16-rich material in an ordinary chondrite. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 1017-1027.
163. Scott, E.R.D., Taylor, G.J., 1983. Chondrules and other components in C, O, and E chondrites: Similarities in their properties and origins. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 14, B275-B286.
164. Scott, E.R.D., Love, S.G., Krot, A.N., 1996. Formation of chondrules and chondrites in the protoplanetary nebula. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 87-96.
165. Scott, E.R.D., Rubin, A.E., Taylor, G.J., Keil, K., 1981. New kind of type 3 chondrite with a graphite-magnetite matrix. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 56, 19-31.
166. Sears, D.W.G., 1998. The case for the rarity of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the early solar system and some implications for astrophysical models. Astrophys. J. 498, 773-778.
167. Sears, D.W.G., Akridge, D.G., 1998. Nebular or parent body alteration of chondritic material: Neither or both? Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 1157-1167.
168. Sears, D.W.G., Huang, S., Benoit, P.H., 1994. Formation of chondrules in a thick dynamic regolith. Meteoritics 29, 531, abstract.
169. Sears, D.W.G., Symes, S., Taunton, A., Akridge, G., Huang, S., Benoit, P., 1996. The lunar devitrified glass spherules: Implications for the origin of meteoritic chondrules. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27, 1167-1168, abstract.
170. Shu, F.H., Shang, H., Glassgold, A.E., Lee, T., 1997. X-rays and fluctuating x-winds from protostars. Science 277, 1475-1479.
171. Shu, F.H., Shang, H., Lee, T., 1996. Toward an astrophysical theory of chondrites. Science 271, 1545-1552.
172. Skinner, W.R., 1990. Bipolar outflows and a new model of the early solar system: Part II. The origins of chondrules (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 21, 1168-1169.
173. Skinner, W.R., 1991. Origin of chondrules by droplet coalescence: An alternative to the dust-ball hypothesis. Lunar Planet. Sci. 22, 1269-1270, abstract.
174. Sonett, C.P., 1979. On the origin of chondrules. Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 677-680.
175. Suess, H.E., 1949. Zur chemie der planeten und meteoritenbindung. Z. Electrochem. 53, 237-241.
176. Symes, S.J.K., 1997. Problems with arguments against a planetary formation for chondrules. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A127, abstract.
177. Symes, S.J.K., Sears, D.W.G., Akridge, D.G., Huang, S., Benoit, P.H., 1998. The crystalline lunar spherules: Their formation and implications for the origin of meteoritic chondrules. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 13-29.
178. Taylor, G.J., Scott, E.R.D., Keil, K., 1983. Cosmic setting for chondrule formation. In: King, E.A. (Ed.), Chondrules and their Origins. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 262-278.
179. Tilton, G.R., 1988. Age of the solar system. In: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. of Arizona Press, pp. 259-275.
180. Vedder, J.F., Gault, D.E., 1974. A chondrule: Evidence of energetic impact unlikely. Science 185, 378-379.
181. Wänke, H., Dreibus, G., Jagoutz, E., Palme, H., Rammensee, W., 1981. Chemistry of the earth and the significance of primary and secondary objects for the formation of planets and meteorite parent bodies. Lunar Planet. Sci. 12, 1139-1141, abstract.
182. Wark, D.A., 1979. Birth of the presolar nebula: The sequence of condensation revealed in the Allende meteorite. Astrophys. Space Sci. 65, 275-295.
183. Wark, D.A., 1997. Refractory metal nuggets in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion rims: More evidence for flash heating (abstract). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A134.
184. Wark, D.A., Lovering, J.F., 1982. Evolution of Ca - Al-rich bodies in the earliest solar system: Growth by incorporation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 2595-2607.
185. Wasson, J.T., 1985. Meteorites: Their Record of Early Solar System History. Freeman, New York, 267 pp.
186. Wasson, J.T., 1988. The building stones of the planets. In: Vilas, F., Chapman, C.R., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Mercury. Univ. Arizona, pp. 622-650.
187. Wasson, J.T., 1993a. Constraints on chondrule origins. Meteoritics 28, 13-28.
188. Wasson, J.T., 1993b. Multiplicity of chondrule heating events and the coarsening of chondrule textures. Lunar Planet. Sci. 24, 1489-1490, abstract.
189. Wasson, J.T., 1996. Chondrule formation energetics and length scales. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge, pp. 45-54.
190. Wasson, J.T., Rasmussen, K.L., 1994. The fine nebula dust component: A key to chondrule formation by lightning (abstract). Papers presented to Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk LPI Contribution No. 844, p. 43.
191. Wasson, J.T., Krot, A.N., Lee, M.S., Rubin, A.E., 1995. Compound chondrules. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1847-1869.
192. Weidenschilling, S.J., 1977. Aerodynamics of solid bodies in the solar nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 180, 57-70.
193. Weidenschilling, S.J., Marzan, F., Hood, L.L., 1998. The origin of chondrules at jovian resonances. Science 279, 681-684.
194. Weinbruch, S., Hewins, R.H., 1999. Reply to comment by J. Paque, H.C. Connolly and G.E. Lofgren. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, 673-675.
195. Weinbruch, S., Müller, W.F., 1995. Constraints on the cooling rates of chondrules from the microstructure of clinopyroxene and plagioclase. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3221-3230.
196. Weinbruch, S., Büttner, H., Holzheid, A., Rosenhauer, M., Hewins, R.H., 1998. On the lower limit of chondrule cooling rates: The significance of iron loss in dynamic crystallization experiments. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 65-74.
197. Weisberg, M.K., Prinz, M., 1996. Agglomeratic chondrules, chondrule precursors, and incomplete melting. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 119-127.
198. Weisberg, M.K., Prinz, M., Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., 1993. The CR Renazzo-type carbonaceous chondrite group and its implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 1567-1586.
199. 17O and evidence for nebular oxidation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 2657-2669.
200. Whipple, F.L., 1966. Chondrules: Suggestions concerning their origin. Science 153, 54-56.
201. Wood, J.A., 1962. Chondrules and the origin of the terrestrial planets. Nature 197, 127-130.
202. Wood, J.A., 1967. Olivine and pyroxene compositions in type II carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 2095-2108.
203. Wood, J.A., 1984. On the formation of meteoritic chondrules by aerodynamic drag heating in the solar nebula. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 70, 11-26.
204. Wood, J.A., 1985. Meteoritic constraints on processes in the solar nebula. In: Black, D.C., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets II. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 687-702.
205. Wood, J.A., 1996. Unresolved issues in the formation of chondrules and chondrites. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., Scott, E.R.D. (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 55-69.
206. Wood, J.A., 1998. Meteoritic evidence for the infall of large interstellar dust aggregates during the formation of the solar system. Astrophys. J. Lett. 503, L101-L104.
207. Wood, J.A., Hashimoto, A., 1993. Mineral equilibrium in fractionated nebular systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 2377-2388.
208. Wood, J.A., Morfill, G.E., 1988. A review of solar nebula models. in: Kerridge, J.F., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 329-347.
209. Yoneda, S., Grossman, L., 1994. Advanced generation condensation calculations: Compositions of fassaite, spinel and plagioclase in the solar nebula. Lunar Planet. Sci. 25, 1533-1534, abstract.
210. Yu, Y., Hewins, R.H., 1997. Evaporation of potassium and sodium under vacuum conditions - Did chondrules really form at low pressure? Lunar Planet. Sci. 28, 1613-1614, abstract.
211. Yu, Y., Hewins, R.H., 1998. Transient heating and chondrule formation: Evidence from sodium loss in flash heating simulation experiments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 159-172.
212. Yu, Y., Hewins, R.H., Zanda, B., 1996. Sodium and sulfur in chondrules: Heating times and cooling curves. In: Hewins, R.H., Jones, R.H., E.R.D. Scott (Eds.), Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 213-219.
213. Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M., Hewins, R.H., 1996. Chondrule precursors: The nature of the S- and Ni-bearing phases. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27, 1485-1486, abstract.
214. Zook, H.A., 1980. A new impact model for the generation of ordinary chondrites. Meteoritics 15, 390-391, abstract.
215. Zook, H.A., 1981. On a new model for the generation of chondrules. Lunar Planet. Sci. 12, 1242-1244, abstract.
216. Alan E. Rubin is a research geochemist in the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received a B.S. in Astronomy from the University of Illinois, Urbana in 1974, an M.S. in Geological Sciences from the University of Illinois, Chicago in 1979 and a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of New Mexico in 1982. He was a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Mineral Sciences at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in 1982-1983 before coming to UCLA.