Justice and managed care: Four principles for the just allocation of health care resources

Hasting Center Report

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 8-16

  Emanuel, Ezekiel J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; ARTICLE; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MORALITY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PATIENT SELECTION; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; UNITED STATES;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH;

DISCLOSURE; HEALTH CARE RATIONING; HUMANS; MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS; MORALS; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PATIENT SELECTION; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL VALUES; UNITED STATES; WITHHOLDING TREATMENT;

EID: 0034186557     PISSN: 00930334     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3528040     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. N. Daniels, "Why Saying No to Patients in the United States Is So Hard," NEJM 314 (1986): 1381-83.
2. C.J. Dougherty, American Health Care: Realities, Rights, and Reforms (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988);
3. T.L. Beauchamp and J.F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), ch. 6.
4. E.J. Emanuel, The Ends of Human Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), chh. 4, 6.
5. M.J. Garland, "Justice, Politics and Community: Expanding Access and Rationing Health Services in Oregon," Law, Medicine & Health Care 20, nos. 1-2 (1992): 67-81.
6. J.K. Iglehart, "Changing Courses in Turbulent Times: An Interview with David Lawrence," Health Affairs 13, no. 5 (1994): 65-77;
7. Holy Cross Health Care System, Community of Committed Persons: 1996 Annual Report.
8. See ref. 5, Iglehart, "Changing Courses in Turbulent Times."
9. M.R. Gold et al., Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996);
10. D. Callahan, Setting Limits: Medical Goals in an Aging Society (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987);
11. R. Dworkin, "Will Clinton's Plan Be Fair?" New York Review of Books, 13 January 1994, pp. 20-25;
12. N. Daniels, Just Health Care (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984);
13. D. Eddy, "What Care Is 'Essential'? What Services Are 'Basic'?" JAMA 265 (1991): 782-88.
14. See ref. 7, Gold et al., Cost-Effectiveness in Medicine, p. 21.
15. See ref. 2, Beauchamp and Childress, Priciples of Biomedical Ethics;
16. see ref. 3, Emanuel, The Ends of Human Life;
17. see ref. 7, Daniels, Just Health Care.
18. See ref. 2, Beauchamp and Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics;
19. see ref. 7, Daniels, Just Health Care.
20. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
21. G. Dworkin, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988);
22. see ref. 2, Beauchamp and Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics.
23. For discussion, see P.S. Appelbaum et al., Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);
24. see ref. 12, Dworkin, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy.
25. N. Daniels et al., Benchmarks of Fairness for Health Care Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
26. J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), lectures 2 and 6;
27. A. Gutmann and D. Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), ch. 3.
28. See ref. 15, Gutmann and Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement.
29. See ref. 14, Daniels et al., Benchmarks of Fairness;
30. see ref. 15, Gutmann and Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement.
31. D. Eddy, "Benefit Language: Criteria That Will Improve Quality While Reducing Costs," JAMA 275 (1996): 650-57.
32. D.F. Thompson, "Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest," NEJM 329 (1993): 573-76;
33. S.D. Pearson et al., "Ethical Principles to Guide Physician Compensation Systems Based on Capitation," NEJM 339 (1998): 689-93;
34. A. Relman, "Dealing with Conflicts of Interest," NEJM 313 (1985): 749-51;
35. American Medical Association, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Conflicts of Interest: Physician Ownership of Medical Facilities," JAMA 267 (1992): 2366-69.
36. See ref. 19, Thompson, "Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest";
37. Pearson et al., "Ethical Principles";
38. American Medical Association, "Conflicts of Interest."
39. D. Herzog, Happy Slaves: A Critque of Consent Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), chh. 5-7.
40. See ref. 15, Rawls, Political Liberalism ,
41. see ref. 21, Herzog, Happy Slaves.
42. . See ref. 3, Emanuel, The Ends of Human Life;
43. ref. 15, Gutmann and Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement.
44. See ref. 4, Garland, "Justice, Politics and Community."
45. D. W. Brock and A. E. Buchanan, "Ethical Issues in For-Profit Health Care," in For-Profit Enterprise in Health Care, ed. B. H. Gray (Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1986), pp. 224-49.
46. S.M. Shortell and E.F.X. Hughes, "The Effects of Regulation, Competition, and Ownership on Mortality Rates among Hospital Inpatients," NEJM 318 (1988): 1100-1107;
47. B.H. Gray, The Profit Motive and Patient Care (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), ch. 5;
48. "For Profit HMOs Push Service, But Nonprofits Get Higher Ratings from GTE," Managed Care Reporter 1996: 478;
49. T.J. Menke, "The Effect of Chain Membership on Hospital Costs," Health Services Research 32 (1997): 177-96.
50. J. K. Ingelhart, "Inside California's HMO Market: A Conversation with Leonard D. Schaeffer," Health Affairs 14, no. 4 (1995); 131-42.
51. P. Kronick et al., "The Marketplace in Health Care Reform: The Demographic Limitations of Managed Competition," NEJM 328 (1993): 148-52.
52. E.J. Emanuel and L.L. Emanuel, "Preserving Community in Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22, no. 1 (1997): 147-84;
53. J. Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990), ch. 7;
54. J. Godbout, "Is Consumer Control Possible in Health Care Services? The Quebec Case," International Journal of Health Services11 (1981): 151-67.
55. See ref. 14, Daniels et al., Benchmarks of Fairness.
56. S.M. Shortell et al., Remaking Health Care in America: Building Organized Delivery Systems (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996).
57. A.L. Hillman, "Financial Incentives for Physicians in HMOs: Is There a Conflict of Interest?" NEJM 317 (1987): 1743-48;
58. M. Gold et al. Arrangements between Managed Care Plans and Physicians: Results from a 1994 Survey of Managed Care Plans (Washington, D.C.: Physician Payment Review Committee, 1995).
59. See ref. 19, Pearson et al., "Ethical Principles."
60. See ref. 5, Iglehart, "Changing Courses in Turbulent Times."
61. K. Titlow and E. J. Emanuel, "Employer Decisions and the Seeds of Backlash," Journal of Health Policy, Politics & Law 24, no. 5 (1999): 941-47.
62. See ref. 14, Daniels et al., Benchmarks of Fairness.