Promoting geopolitical pluralism in the CIS: GUUAM and Western foreign policy

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 25-35

  Kuzio, Taras ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034178888     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2000.11655883     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. This is how the Armenian newspaper Respublika (June 9, 1999) described them.
2. The concept of geopolitical pluralism is taken from Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Premature Partnership," Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (March/April 1994): 74.
3. Victor Chudowsky, "Ukrainian Foreign Policy in the Kuchma Era: Domestic and International Determinants" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1998). See also Taras Kuzio, Ukraine Under Kuchma. Political Reform, Economic Transformation and Security Policy in Independent Ukraine (New York: St. Martin's, 1997), pp. 179-226; Paul D'Anieri, Robert Kravchuk, and Taras Kuzio, Politics and Society in Ukraine (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), pp. 206-61.
4. Victor Chudowsky, "Ukrainian Foreign Policy in the Kuchma Era: Domestic and International Determinants" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1998). See also Taras Kuzio, Ukraine Under Kuchma. Political Reform, Economic Transformation and Security Policy in Independent Ukraine (New York: St. Martin's, 1997), pp. 179-226; Paul D'Anieri, Robert Kravchuk, and Taras Kuzio, Politics and Society in Ukraine (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), pp. 206-61.
5. Victor Chudowsky, "Ukrainian Foreign Policy in the Kuchma Era: Domestic and International Determinants" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1998). See also Taras Kuzio, Ukraine Under Kuchma. Political Reform, Economic Transformation and Security Policy in Independent Ukraine (New York: St. Martin's, 1997), pp. 179-226; Paul D'Anieri, Robert Kravchuk, and Taras Kuzio, Politics and Society in Ukraine (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), pp. 206-61.
6. Ukraiina moloda (July 3, 1999).
7. Ukraine "plays the role of a basic center for integration of the post-Soviet space outside Russia and against Russia"; Sodruzhestvo NG, no. 1 (December 1997).
8. The Yalta summit was wholeheartedly endorsed by Georgia's leadership. ITAR-TASS (June 29, 1999).
9. See Taras Kuzio, "Nuclear Weapons and Military Policy in Independent Ukraine," Harriman Institute Forum 6, no. 9 (May 1993); and Ukrainian Security Policy, The Washington Papers/167 (Washington DC: Center for Security and International Studies, 1995).
10. See Taras Kuzio, "Nuclear Weapons and Military Policy in Independent Ukraine," Harriman Institute Forum 6, no. 9 (May 1993); and Ukrainian Security Policy, The Washington Papers/167 (Washington DC: Center for Security and International Studies, 1995).
11. Paul D'Anieri, "Dilemmas of Interdependence: Autonomy, Prosperity, and Sovereignty in Ukraine's Russia's Policy," Problems of Post-Communism 43, no. 1 (January/February 1997): 23.
12. Ukraiina moloda (July 23, 1998).
13. GUAM is "directly connected with the idea of the Baltic-Black Sea Union" as the latter "organically incorporated" it. GUAM also supported the BSECA framework. See "Shaping Ukraine's Regional Cooperation within GUUAM," Occasional Report, 1999, Ukrainian Center for Peace, Conversion and Foreign Policy, Kyiv.
14. RFE/RL Newsline (January 18, 2000).
15. Interfax (June 5, 1998).
16. Interfax (September 10, 1999).
17. See Richard Sakwa and Mark Webber, "The Commonwealth of Independent States, 1991-1998: Stagnation and Survival," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 3 (May 1999): 379-415; Paul Kubicek, "End of the Line for the Commonwealth of Independent States," Problems of Post-Communism 46, no. 2 (March-April 1999): 15-24.
18. See Richard Sakwa and Mark Webber, "The Commonwealth of Independent States, 1991-1998: Stagnation and Survival," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 3 (May 1999): 379-415; Paul Kubicek, "End of the Line for the Commonwealth of Independent States," Problems of Post-Communism 46, no. 2 (March-April 1999): 15-24.
19. Rossiiskaia gazeta (December 2, 1997); Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 3, 1997).
20. Rossiiskaia gazeta (December 2, 1997); Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 3, 1997).
21. Copy in the author's possession of GUAM statement to the EAPC Political Committee, NATO (July 28, 1998).
22. On the centrality of Uzbekistan, see S. Frederick Starr, "Making Eurasia Stable," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1 (January/February 1996): 86-89. On Ukraine, see Sherman W. Garnett, Keystone in the Arch: Ukraine in the Emerging Security Environment of Central and Eastern Europe (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997).
23. On the centrality of Uzbekistan, see S. Frederick Starr, "Making Eurasia Stable," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1 (January/February 1996): 86-89. On Ukraine, see Sherman W. Garnett, Keystone in the Arch: Ukraine in the Emerging Security Environment of Central and Eastern Europe (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997).
24. Jamestown Monitor (October 30, 1997).
25. ITAR-TASS (September 14, 1999).
26. Radio Tbilisi (June 28, 1999).
27. Zerkalo nedeli (May 30, 1998).
28. Russian military aircraft regularly fly over Georgia on their way to Armenia without first obtaining permission from Georgian air traffic control. Even when this was not granted, Russian planes continued to trespass Georgian airspace in February, March, and June 1999.
29. Prime News (April 29, 1999).
30. Quoted from a speech to the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. Jamestown Monitor (November 17, 1999).
31. Interview with Zurab Zhvania, Georgian parliamentary speaker, on Ekho Moskvy (April 21, 1999).
32. See Taras Kuzio, Ukraine: State and Nation Building (New York: Routledge, 1998);
33. idem, "Borders, Symbolism, and Nation-State Building: Ukraine and Russia," Geopolitics and International Boundaries 2, no. 2 (autumn 1997): 36-56.
34. Obshchaia gazeta (June 25-July 1, 1998).
35. Ibid.
36. "Foreign and Security Policy of Ukraine Expert Poll: October-December 1999," Ukrainian Center for Peace, Conversion, and Foreign Policy, Kyiv.
37. This occurs in former communist countries more frequently than may be imagined. The majority of Romanians and Bulgarians do not recognize Moldovans and Macedonians, respectively, as separate ethnic groups, but these cases, and that of Ukraine-Russia, do not necessarily translate into ethnic conflict. See Taras Kuzio, Russia-Crimea-Ukraine: Triangle of Conflict, Conflict Study 267 (London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1994).
38. ITAR-TASS (December 7, 1999).
39. Interfax (April 17, 1999).
40. Turan (May 27, 1999).
41. Belorusskaia delovaia gazeta (June 7, 1999).
42. Kuchma complained, "What kind of a commonwealth is it if we have a number of unresolved conflicts?" Reuters (March 27, 1997).
43. Membership in some of these structures may actually be in the interests of the CIS states, but they believe that supranational structures will always operate in Russia's favor because it is so much larger. Ukraine has therefore prioritized sovereignty even at the expense of greater economic benefits from integration.
44. Zerkalo (March 27, 1999).
45. Interfax (November 28, 1997).
46. Ukraiina moloda (July 23, 1998) wrote, "In one word, we are too different to continue boiling in one post-Soviet pot and feel happy with it."
47. Interviewed in Asaval-Dasavali (June 22, 1999).
48. Interview with a Ukrainian Foreign Ministry official, Kyiv. The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry "resolutely denounced" the assassination attempt on Karimov; ITAR-TASS (February 18, 1999). The Ukrainian foreign ministry official, who heads an influential directorate, told the author that he had not met a single colleague at CIS meetings who did not suspect that Russia was behind it. The attempt may have been intended to make Karimov more dependent upon Russia in the fight against "Islamic terrorism." Again, the perception of Russian complicity is more important than the reality. See the summary of acting President Vladimir Putin's address to the Federation Council on warmer relations with Uzbekistan, which used Karimov's vulnerability on Islamic extremism to further a closer security relationship with Russia; Jamestown Monitor (January 6, 2000).
49. "Georgia Implicates Russian Security Official in Alleged Coup Plot," STRATFOR Global Intelligence Update (May 28, 1999). Shevardnadze blamed "patrons and sponsors across the border, specifically in Russia" (Reuters, May 24, 1999) for the 1999 attempt. Parliamentary speaker Zhvania accused Russian military intelligence of operating out of the four Russian bases in Georgia and fomenting separatism (Interfax, June 5, 1999) and complained that those behind these attempts "find a certain degree of protection in certain circles in Russia." Ekho Moskvy (April 21, 1999).
50. "Georgia Implicates Russian Security Official in Alleged Coup Plot," STRATFOR Global Intelligence Update (May 28, 1999). Shevardnadze blamed "patrons and sponsors across the border, specifically in Russia" (Reuters, May 24, 1999) for the 1999 attempt. Parliamentary speaker Zhvania accused Russian military intelligence of operating out of the four Russian bases in Georgia and fomenting separatism (Interfax, June 5, 1999) and complained that those behind these attempts "find a certain degree of protection in certain circles in Russia." Ekho Moskvy (April 21, 1999).
51. Sakartvelos Respublika (March 20, 1999).
52. See Paul J. D'Anieri, Economic Interdependence in Ukrainian-Russian Relations (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999).
53. On the second sitting of the Ukrainian-Azeri Intergovernmental Commission for Economic Cooperation, see ITAR-TASS (July 30, 1999). See also Shemseddin Hadzhiyev, "Na osnovi dalekosiazhnykh i hlybokykh interesiv" (On the basis of far reaching and deep interest), Polityka i chas, no. 6 (1998): 10-13.
54. Turan (April 16-19, 1999).
55. President Kuchma said as long ago as December 1994, after the CSCE conference in Budapest, that peacekeepers in Abkhazia and Nagomo Karabakh should be from the CSCE (now OSCE). See Radio Ukraine (December 7, 1994). He repeated this when discussing Russian/CIS peacekeepers in an interview on Georgian radio (Radio Iprinda, October 28, 1997).
56. See V.O. Malianov, "Problemy rozviazannia Hruzynsko-Abkhazkoho konfliktu ta natsionalni interesy Ukraiiny u zakavkazzi" (The problem of resolving the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict and the national interests of Ukraine in the Caucasus), Stratehichna panorama, nos. 3-4 (1998): 68-71.
57. UNIAN (April 26, 1999).
58. See the views of Georgian president Shevardnazde in ITAR-TASS (April 28, 1999). On Ukraine, see Taras Kuzio, "Ukraine and NATO: The Evolving Strategic Partnership," Journal of Strategic Studies 21, no. 2 (June 1998): 1-30. An Uzbek commentary described NATO as working to preserve peace and stability, ensure security, and find diplomatic solutions to conflicts; Radio Tashkent, April 23, 1999).
59. Prime News (June 24, 1999).
60. Jamestown Monitor (January 7, 2000).
61. Yavoriv was the "springboard for a NATO massive armor attack to the East," according to a Russian Ministry of Defense expert; ITAR-TASS (February 11, 1999).
62. Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 8, 1999). See also the article by the influential director of the Ukraine-Russia Institute under the National Security and Defense Council, Serhiy Pirozhkov, "Ukraiinsko-Rosiiski vidnosyny u Evroatlantychnomu interieri" (Ukrainian-Russian relations in the Euro-Atlantic sphere of orientation), Polytychna dumka, no. 3 (1999): 87-95; Kuzio, "Ukraine and NATO."
63. Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 8, 1999). See also the article by the influential director of the Ukraine-Russia Institute under the National Security and Defense Council, Serhiy Pirozhkov, "Ukraiinsko-Rosiiski vidnosyny u Evroatlantychnomu interieri" (Ukrainian-Russian relations in the Euro-Atlantic sphere of orientation), Polytychna dumka, no. 3 (1999): 87-95; Kuzio, "Ukraine and NATO."
64. Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 8, 1999). See also the article by the influential director of the Ukraine-Russia Institute under the National Security and Defense Council, Serhiy Pirozhkov, "Ukraiinsko-Rosiiski vidnosyny u Evroatlantychnomu interieri" (Ukrainian-Russian relations in the Euro-Atlantic sphere of orientation), Polytychna dumka, no. 3 (1999): 87-95; Kuzio, "Ukraine and NATO."
65. "Shaping of Ukraine's Regional Cooperation within GUUAM," Occasional Report, 1999, Ukrainian Center for Peace, Conversion, and Foreign Policy, Kyiv.
66. Comments by the Ukrainian and Moldovan presidents and cited by ITAR-TASS (August 18, 1999).
67. Turan (January 21, 1999).
68. Interfax (May 11, 1999).
69. ITAR-TASS (August 4, 1999; August 6, 1999).
70. Turan (March 19, 1999).
71. SNARK (March 19, 1999).
72. Segodnia (April 17, 1999; April 20, 1999).