Hybrid space? Self and Other in narratives of landownership in nineteenth-century Ireland

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 203-221

  Proudfoot, Lindsay ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IRELAND; OWNERSHIP;

CULTURAL IDENTITY; LANDOWNERSHIP; NINETEENTH CENTURY;

NORTHERN IRELAND(COUNTY TYRONE); PARKANAUR; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0034177539     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.2000.0212     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. See for example, J. Lee (Ed.), Ireland: Towards a Sense of Place (Cork 1985);
2. P. O. Drisceoil (Ed.), Culture in Ireland. Regions: Identity and Power (Belfast 1993);
3. B. Graham, No place of the mind: contested Protestant representations of Ulster, Ecumene 1 (1994) 257-81;
4. W. J. Smith, A plurality of Irelands: regions, societies and mentalities, in B. Graham (Ed.), In Search of Ireland (London 1997) 19-42.
5. The point is well made by comparing J. C. Beckett, The Anglo-Irish Tradition (London 1976)
6. with S. J. Connolly, Religion, Law and Power. The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660-1760 (Oxford 1992).
7. See also S. J. Connolly, Culture, identity and tradition: changing definitions of Irishness, in Graham, In Search, 43-63.
8. B. Graham, Ireland and Irishness, in Graham, In Search, 1-15.
9. See also: D. E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London 1984) 13-68;
10. S. Daniels and D. Cosgrove, Introduction: iconography and landscape, in D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 1-10;
11. J. A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan (Eds), The Power of Place (London 1989) 1-5, 104-30;
12. S. J. Daniels, Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States (Oxford 1993) 1-8;
13. R. Muir, Approaches to Landscape (London 1999) 212-43.
14. Muir, op.cit., 149-81.
15. N. Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Cambridge 1994) 2-17;
16. A. McClintock, Imperial Leather; Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (London 1995) 15-16.
17. S. Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago 1992) 3.
18. S. P. Mohanty, Us and them: on the philosophical bases of political criticism, Yale Journal of Criticism 2 (1989) 5.
19. The term 'big house' appears to be unique to colloquial usage in Ireland, where it carries overtones of sectarian difference as well as class exploitation. It recurs as a major theme in the Anglo-Irish novel, for example in the work of Maria Edgeworth, C. R. Maturin, Joyce Gary and Elizabeth Bowen. For an introductory discussion see J. Genet (Ed.), The Big House in Ireland: Reality and Representation (Dingle 1991).
20. For a recent defence of such particularism in a similar context, see K. Harvey, The Bellews of Mount Bellew: A Catholic Gentry Family in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin 1998) 11-16.
21. L. Proudfoot, Spatial transformation and social agency: property, society and improvement c. 1700 to c. 1900, in B. Graham and L. Proudfoot (Eds), An Historical Geography of Ireland (London 1993) 219-57;
22. T. Reeves-Smyth, The natural history of the demesne, in J. W. Foster (Ed.), Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History (Dublin 1997) 549-72.
23. W. Nolan, Patterns of living in Tipperary, 1750-1850, in W. Nolan and T. G. McGrath (Eds), Tipperary: History and Society (Dublin 1985) 288-324;
24. K. Harvey, Landlords and land usage in Eighteenth-Century Galway, in G. Moran and R. Gillespie (Eds), Galway History and Society (Dublin 1996) 297-318;
25. L. Proudfoot, Landownership and improvement c. 1700 to 1845, in L. Proudfoot (Ed.), County Down History and Society (Dublin 1997) 203-38.
26. T. Jones Hughes, The estate system of landholding in nineteenth-century Ireland, in W. Nolan (Ed.), The Shaping of Ireland: The Geographical Perspective (Dublin 1986) 137-50;
27. L. Proudfoot, The estate system in mid-nineteenth century County Waterford, in W. Nolan and T. P. Power (Eds), Waterford History and Society (Dublin 1992) 519-40;
28. idem, 'After the Earl Bishop': the management of Downhill in the nineteenth century, in G. O'Brien (Ed.), Derry and Londonderry History and Society (Dublin 1999) 415-48.
29. A. Rowan, The Buildings of Ireland: North-West Ulster (London 1979) 33-59;
30. M. Bence-Jones, A Guide to Irish Country Houses (London 1988) xi-xxiv;
31. B. MacAodha, Distribution, function and architecture, in Genet, op.cit., 43-60.
32. Summarized in L. M. Cullen, An Economic History of Ireland since 1660 (London 1987).
33. T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (Eds), A New History of Ireland III. Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691 (Oxford 1976), passim;
34. J. G. Simms, The establishment of Protestant ascendancy, 1691-1714, in T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan (Eds), A New History of Ireland: IV Eighteenth-Century Ireland 1691-1800 (Oxford 1986) 1-30.
35. For example, Beaulieu, Co. Louth, or Waringstown, Co. Down.
36. Bence-Jones, op.cit.
37. Summarized in K. Lamb and P. Bowe, A History of Gardening in Ireland (Dublin 1995).
38. See also E. Malins and The Knight of Glin, Lost Demesnes (London 1976).
39. L. Proudfoot, Landscaped demesnes in pre-Famine Ireland: a regional case study, in A. Verhoeve and A. J. Vervloet (Eds), The Transformation of the European Rural Landscape: Methodological Issues and Agrarian Change 1770-1914 (Brussels 1992) 230-7.
40. E. Relph, Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography (London 1981) 22-37;
41. J. V. Beckett, The Aristocracy in England 1660-1914 (Oxford 1986);
42. R. Gibson and M. Blinkhorn (Eds), Landownership and Power in Modern Europe (London 1991);
43. D. Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe 1815-1914 (London 1992);
44. H. M. Scott (Ed.), The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: I Western Europe (London 1995).
45. For standard accounts see: Moody, Martin and Byrne, op.cit.; P. Robinson, The Plantation of Ulster (Dublin 1984);
46. R. Gillespie, Colonial Ulster (Cork 1985);
47. M. MacCarthy-Morrogh, The Munster Plantation (Oxford 1986).
48. J. H. Andrews, Land and people c. 1780, in Moody and Vaughan, op.cit., 237.
49. C. O. Grádá, Ireland: A New Economic History 1780-1939 (Oxford 1994).
50. T. Eagleton, Heathcliffe and the Great Hunger: Studies in Irish Culture (London 1996) 59-70.
51. Ibid., 190.
52. T. Jones Hughes, Society and settlement in nineteenth-century Ireland, Irish Geography 5 (1965) 79-96.
53. L. Proudfoot, Property Ownership and Urban and Village Improvement in Provincial Ireland c. 1700-1845 (Historical Geography Research Series No. 33, London 1997) 76-98.
54. Proudfoot, Landownership and improvement, 212-21.
55. These sums could be enormous. For example, the sixth duke of Devonshire spent over £100 000 in two campaigns in 1812-14 and 1851-58 rebuilding Lismore Castle, Co. Waterford. Perhaps more typical was the £13700 spent by Sir Henry Hervey-Bruce on rebuilding Downhill, Co. Derry, between 1870-74. Neither sum was extraordinary when compared with the cost of nineteenth-century English country houses. Beckett cites figures ranging from £8000 for Thoresby Hall to £250000 for Tottenham House, both rebuilt in the 1820s. See Beckett, Aristocracy, 332.
56. Also L. Proudfoot, Urban Patronage and Social Authority: The Management of the Duke of Devonshire's Towns in Ireland, 1764-1891 (Washington DC 1995) 214, 224, 259;
57. idem, Culture, power and the manufacture of place in Ireland, in D. Vanneste (Ed.), Space and Place: Mirrors of Social and Cultural Identities? (Louvain 1996) 53-61; idem, 'After the Earl Bishop', 439-43.
58. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600-1972 (London 1988) 176, 194.
59. For one influential account see M. Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966 (London 1975). For a more general discussion of colonial and other accounts of Irish history, see C. Brady (Ed.), Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism (Dublin 1994).
60. Connolly, Religion, 103-43.
61. Ibid., 65-73. See also note 20 above.
62. S. J. Connolly, Mass politics and sectarian conflict 1823-30, in Moody and Vaughan, op.cit., 74-107; K. Theodore Hoppen, Ireland Since 1800: Conflict and Conformity (London 1988).
63. Typescript notes for a History of Parkanaur, Burges Mss, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland [hereafter PRONI], D/1594/290/3.
64. Introduction, Chronicles of Parkanaur, Burges Mss, PRONI, T/1282/1 [hereafter 'Chronicles'].
65. Derived from, D. Spring (Ed.), J. Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (2nd Edn, Leicester 1971).
66. Typescript notes for a History of Parkanaur, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/290/3; Description and rents of Parkanaur tenements, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/251.
67. Bateman, op.cit., 67.
68. Derived from Rentals and Accounts, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/21; D/1594/58-60; D/ 1594/146-153; D/1594/254; D/1594/295/1-2.
69. Letters from J. H. Burges to J. Johnston, 1815-19, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/203; Letters from J. H. Burges to J. Johnston, 1818-19, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/212.
70. Return of the number of trees planted by J. H. Burges in Co. Tyrone, commencing in February 1792 and ending in 1800, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/203.
71. Total expenses of building at Parkanaur, 1802-4, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/245.
72. Sketches of Parkanaur as it appeared in 1794 etc, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/297; Typescript notes for a History of Parkanaur, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/290/3.
73. Letters from J. H. Burges to J. Johnston, 1818-19, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/212.
74. Chronicles, vol. 1, 6, 60, 64, 74; vol. 3, 12; Bills and correspondence regarding building at Parkanaur, 1837-9, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/209.
75. Typescript notes for a History of Parkanaur, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/290/3.
76. Correspondence, accounts and estimates for building at Parkanaur, 1823-1858, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/241.
77. Ibid.
78. Chronicles, vol. 2, 252.
79. Chronicles, vol. 3, 80.
80. Chronicles, vol. 1, 65.
81. Chronicles, vol. 2, 102-3.
82. Chronicles, vol. 1, 10; vol. 2, 8-13; vol. 4, 53.
83. Chronicles, vol. 1, 88; vol. 3, 182, 187, 315-17; vol. 4, 53.
84. Chronicles, vol. 3, 317.
85. Chronicles, vol. 1, 9, 89; vol. 4, 80, 164, 247.
86. Chronicles, vol. 4 150, 184-7.
87. J. H. Burges to J. Johnston, 9 Dec. 1817, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/203; J. H. Burges to J. Johnston, 12 May 1819, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/212.
88. Description and rents of Parkanaur tenements, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/251.
89. Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/244.
90. Chronicles, vol. 2, 186.
91. Lines written on the Castle and Scenary of Parkanaur, by John FitzGerald, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/244.
92. Chronicles, vol. 4, 184-7.
93. Reply by J. Y. Burges to a Petition by certain Parkanaur tenantry to their Landlord, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/301/1.
94. Report on the condition of the tenantry on the Parkanaur estate in January 1882, with observations thereupon, Burges Mss, PRONI, D/1594/223.