Exploración funcional de los músculos respiratorios

Archivos de Bronconeumologia

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 146-158

  Herrera De La Rosa, A ^a,c   Garcia Rio F ^b  

^a HOSPITAL CENTRAL DE LA DEFENSA GÓMEZ ULLA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

^c NONE   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; BREATHING MECHANICS; BREATHING MUSCLE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DIAPHRAGM PARALYSIS; DYSPNEA; HUMAN; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG VOLUME; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPIROMETRY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

BIOMECHANICS; DYSPNEA; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE; LUNG VOLUME MEASUREMENTS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; RADIOGRAPHY, THORACIC; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; RESPIRATORY MUSCLES; RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS; SPIROMETRY;

EID: 0034155048     PISSN: 03002896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30200-3     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Celli BR. Clinical and physiologic evaluation of respiratory muscle function. Clin Chest Med 1989; 10: 199-214.
2. De Lucas P, Rodríguez González Moro JM, Calle M. Fatiga muscular. En: Caminero Luna JA, Fernández Fau L, editores. Actualizaciones SEPAR. Volumen 2. Barcelona: Prous Science, 1996; 97-122.
3. a ed.). Barcelona: Doyma, 1991; 2103-2107.
4. a ed.). Barcelona: Doyma, 1991; 2109-2119.
5. a ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Salvat, 1982; 2120-2183.
6. Felson B. Radiología torácica. Barcelona: Editorial Científico-Médica, 1977; 421-449.
7. a ed.). Barcelona: Doyma, 1991; 2131-2144.
8. Hyatt RE, Scanlon PD, Nakamura M. Interpretation of pulmonary function tests. A practical guide. Filadelfia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997; 104-108.
9. a ed.). Nueva York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995; 1161-1197.
10. a ed.). Nueva York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995; 1099-1126.
11. Orozco-Levi M, Gea J. EI diafragma. Arch Bronconeumol 1997; 33: 399-411.
12. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 696-702.
13. Casán P, Mayos M. Determinación de las presiones respiratorias estáticas máximas. Propuesta de procedimiento. Arch Bronconeumol 1990; 26: 223-228.
14. Rinqvist T. The ventilatory capacity in healthy adults: an analysis of causal factors with special reference to the respiratory forces. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1966; 18 (Supl 88): 1-111.
15. McElvany G, Blackie G, Morrison NJ, Wilcox PG, Fairbarn MS, Pardy RL. Maximol static respiratory pressures in the normal elderly. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 277-281.
16. Smyth RJ, Chapmana KR, Rebuck AS. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures in adolescents. Chest 1984; 86: 568-572.
17. Wijkstra PJ, Van der Mark TW, Boezen M, Van Altena R, Postma DS, Hoëter GH. Peak inspiratory mouth pressure in healthy subjects and in patients with COPD. Chest 1995; 107: 652-656.
18. Polkey MI, Green M, Moxham J. Measurement of respiratory muscle strenght. Thorax 1995; 50: 1131-1135.
19. Rochester D, Arora NS. Respiratory muscle failure. Med Clin North Am 1983; 67: 573-598.
20. Decramer M, Demedts M, Rochette F, Billiet L. Maximal transrespiratory pressures in obstructive lung disease. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1980; 16: 479-490.
21. Decramer M, De Troyer A, Kelly S, Zocchi L, Macklem PT. Regional differences in abdominal pressure swings in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 1682-1687.
22. Sharp JT, Danon J, Druz WS, Goldberg NB, Fishman H, Machnach W. Respiratory muscle function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: its relationship to disability and to respiratory therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110 (Supl): 154-167.
23. Leevers AM, Road JD. Mechanical response to hyperinflation of the two abdominal muscle layers. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 2189-2195.
24. McKenzie DK, Gandevia SC, Gorman RB, Leeper JB. Software compensation for lung volume in assessment of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. Thorax 1995; 50: 230-234.
25. Wen AS, Woo MS, Keens TG. How many maneuvers are required to measure maximal inspiratory pressure accurately? Chest 1997; 111: 802-807.
26. Enright PL, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Schenker MB, Hyatt RE. Respiratory muscle strength in the elderly. Correlates and reference values. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 430-438.
27. Casán P, Giner J, Sanchís J. Valoración de un nuevo manómetre para presiones respiratorias máximas. Arch Bronconeumol 1989; 25: 322-325.
28. Fiz A, Montserrat JM, Picado C, Plaza V, Agustí-Vidal A. How many manoeuvres should be done to measure maximal inspiratory mouth pressure in patients with chronic airflow obstruction? Thorax 1989; 44: 419-421.
29. Aldrich TK, Spiro P. Maximal inspiratory pressure: does reproducibility indicate full effort? Thorax 1995; 50: 40-43.
30. Cook CD, Mead J, Orzalesi MM. Static volume-pressure characteristics of the respiratory system during maximal efforts. J Appl Physiol 1964; 95: 1016-1022.
31. Wilson DO, Cooke NT, Edwards RHT, Spiro SG. Predicted normal values for maximal respiratory pressures in causasian adults and children. Thorax 1984; 39: 535-538.
32. Gaultier C, Zinman R. Maximal respiratory pressures in healthy children. Respir Physiol 1983; 51: 46-61.
33. Rochester DF, Braun NMT. Determinants of maximal inspiratory pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 42-47.
34. Vincken W, Ghezzo H, Cosio MG. Maximal static respiratory pressures in adults: normal values and their relationship to determinants of respiratory function. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1987; 23: 435-439.
35. Carpenter MA, Tockman MS, Hutchinson RG, Davis CE, Heiss G. Demographic and anthropometric correlates of maximum inspiratory pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 415-422.
36. Leech JA, Ghezzo H, Stevens D, Blecklade MR. Respiratory pressures and function in young adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 17-23.
37. Harik-Khan IR, Wise RA, Fozard JL. Determinants of maximal inspiratory pressure. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1459-1464.
38. Shardonofsky FR, Pérez-Chada D, Carmuega E, Milic-Emili J, Airway pressures during crying in healthy infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1989; 6: 14-18.
39. Nishimura Y, Tsutsumi N, Nakata H, Tsunenari T, Maeda H, Yokoyama M. Relationship between respiratory muscle strength and lean body mass in men with COPD. Chest 1995; 107: 1232-1236.
40. Johan A, Chan CC, Chia HP, Chan YO, Wang YT. Maximal respiratory pressures in adult chinese, malays and Indians. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2825-2828.
41. Weiner P, Suo J, Fernández E, Cherniack RM. The effect of hyperinflation on respiratory muscle strength and efficiency in healthy subjects and patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1501-1505.
42. Koulouris N, Mulvey DA, Laroche CM, Sawicka EH, Green H, Moxham J. The measurement of inspiratory muscle strength by sniff esophageal, nasopharyngeal, and mouth pressures. Am Res Respir Dis 1989; 139: 641-646.
43. Herrero I. Control de la ventilación y rendimiento de los músculos respiratorios en niños y adolescentes [tesis doctoral]. Universidad de Zaragoza, 1988.
44. Morales P, Díez JL, Francés M. Presiones respiratorias estáticas máximas. Valores de referencia en la población adulta. Arch Bronconeumol 1989; 25 (Supl): 26.
45. Ordiales JJ, Fernández A, Colubi L, Nistal de Paz F, Allende J, Álvarez E et al. Presiones respiratorias estáticas máximas. Importancia del estudio de los valores de referencia normales. Arch Bronconeumol 1995; 31: 507-511.
46. Decramer M. Effects of hyperinflation on the respiratory muscles. Eur Respir J 1989; 2: 299-302.
47. García Río F, Prados C, Díez Tejedor E, Díaz Lobato S, Álvarez-Sala R, Villamor J et al. Breathing pattern and central ventilatory drive in mild and moderate generalised myasthenia gravis. Thorax 1994; 49: 703-706.
48. O'Donohue WJ Jr, Baker JP, Bell GM, Muren O, Parker CL, Patterson JL Jr. Respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease: management in a respiratory care unit. JAMA 1976; 235: 733-735.
49. Sahn SA, Lakshminarayan S. Bedside criteria for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1973; 63: 1002-1005.
50. Heijdra YF, Dekhuijzen PNR, Van Herwaarden CLA, Folgering HTM. Differences between sniff mouth pressures and static maximal inspiratory mouth pressures. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 541-546.
51. Héritier F, Perret C, Fitting JW. Maximal sniff mouth pressure compared with maximal inspiratory pressure in acute respiratory failure. Chest 1991; 100: 175-178.
52. Multz AS, Aldrich TK, Prezant DJ, Karpel JP, Hendler JM. Maximal inspiratory pressure is not a reliable test of inspiratory muscle strength in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 529-532.
53. Moxham J, Goldstone J. Assessment of respiratory muscle strength in the intensive care unit. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 2057-2061.
54. Marini JJ, Smith TC, Lamb V. Estimation of inspiratory muscle strength in mechanically ventilated patients: the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. J Crit Care 1986; 1: 32-38.
55. Héritier F, Rahm F, Pasche P, Fittinh JW. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure. A noninvasive assessment of inspiratory muscle strenght. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1678-1683.
56. Uldry C, Fitting JW. Maximal values of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in healthy subjects. Thorax 1995; 50: 371-375.
57. Wanke T, Schenz G, Zwick H, Popp W, Ritschka L, Flicker M. Dependence of maximal sniff generated mouth and transidaphragmatic pressures on lung volume. Thorax 1990; 45: 352-355.
58. Mulvey DA, Elliott MW, Koulouris NG, Carroll MP, Moxham J, Green M. Sniff esophageal and nasopharyngeal pressures and maximal relaxation rates in patients with respiratory dysfunction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 950-953.
59. Stefanutti D, Fitting JW. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure. Reference values in causacian children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 107-111.
60. Uldry C, Janssens JP, De Muralt B, Fitting JW. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1292-1296.
61. Miller JM. Mixham J, Green M. The maximal sniff in the assessment of diaphragm function in man. Clin Sci 1985; 69: 91-96.
62. Gandevia SC, Gorman RB, McKenzie DK, Southon FCG. Dynamic changes in human diaphragm length: maximal inspiratory and expulsive efforts studied with sequential radiography. J Physiol (Londres) 1992; 457: 167-176.
63. Bellemare F, Grassino AE. Force reserve of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 8-15.
64. McCool FD, Hershenson MB, Tzelepis GE, Kikuchi Y, Leith DE. Effect of fatigue on maximal inspiratory pressure-flow capacity. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 36-43.
65. Loring SH, Mead J. Action of the diaphragm on the rib cate inferred from a force-balance equation. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 756-760.
66. Milic-Emili J, Mead J, Turner JM. Topography of esophageal pressure as a function of posture in man. J Appl Physiol 1964; 19: 212-216.
67. Milic-Emili J. Measurements of pressures in respiratory physiology. En: Ottis AB, editor. Techniques in the life sciences, techniques in respiratory physiology. Shannon: Elsevier Scientific Publishers, 1984; 1-22.
68. Mead J, Yoshino K, Kikushi G, Barnas GM, Loring SH. Abdominal pressure transmission in humans during slow breathing maneuvers. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 1850-1853.
69. Asher MI, Coates AL, Collinge JM, Milic-Emili J. Measurement of pleural pressure in neonates. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 491-494.
70. Evans SA, Watson L, Cowley AJ, Johnson IDA, Kinnear WJM. Normal range for transdiaphragmatic pressures during sniff with catheter mounted transducers. Thorax 1993; 48: 750-753.
71. Chartrand DA, Jodoin C, Couture J. Measurement of pleural pressure with oesophageal catheter-tip micromanometer in anaesthetized humans. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 518-521.
72. Decramer M, Deschepper K, Jiang TX, Derom E. Effects of aminophylline on respiratory muscle interaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 797-802.
73. Van S, Gaultier AP, Similowski T, Macklem PT, Bellemare F. Evaluation of human diaphragm contractility using mouth pressure twitches. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1064-1069.
74. Agostini E, Rahn H. Abdominal and thoracic pressures at different lung volumes. J Appl Physiol 1960; 5: 1087-1092.
75. Gea J, Aran X, Orozco-Levy M, Sauleda J, Aguar MC, Broque-tas JM. Comparación entre diferentes métodos de evaluación de la presión transdiafragmática. Utilidad en pacientes con EPOC. Arch Bronconeumol 1993; 29: 328-331.
76. Roussos C, Macklem PT. Diaphragmatic fatigue in man. J Appl Physiol 1977; 43: 189-197.
77. De Troyer A, Estenne M. Limitations of measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure in detecting diaphragmatic weakness. Thoracic 1981; 36: 169-174.
78. Hershenson MB, Kukuchi Y, Loring SH. Relative stregths of the chest wall muscles. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 852-862.
79. Laporta D, Grassino A. Assessment of transdiaphragmatic pressure in humans. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 1469-1476.
80. Gibson GJ, Clark E. Pride NB. Static transdiaphragmatic pressures in normal subjects and in patients with chronic hyperinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 685-689.
81. Milic-Emili J, Orzalesi MM, Cook CD, Turner JM. Respiratory thoracoabdominal mechanics in man. J Appl Physiol 1964; 19: 217-223.
82. Braun NMT, Arora NS, Rochester DF. Force-length relationship of the normal human diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 405-412.
83. Bellemare F, Bigland-Ritchie B. Assessment of human diaphragm stregth and activation using phrenic nerve stimulation. Respir Physiol 1984; 58: 263-277.
84. Levy RD, Nava S, Gibbons L, Bellemare F. Aminophylline and human diaphragm strength in vivo. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 2591-2596.
85. Hillman DR, Markos J, Finucane KE. Effect of abdominal compression on maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 2296-2304.
86. Laroche CM, Mier AK, Moxham J, Green M. The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle stregth. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 598-603.
87. Aran X, Gea J, Guiu R, Sauleda J, Aguar MC, Broquetas JM. Comparación de tres maniobras diferentes para la obtención de la presión transdiafragmática máxima. Arch Bronconeumol 1992; 28: 112-115.
88. Gea J, Espadaler JM, Guiu R, Aran X, Seoane L, Broquetas. Diaphragmatic activity induced by cortical stimulation: surface versus esophageal. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 655-658.
89. Aubier M, Murciano D, Lecocguic Y, Viires N, Pariente R. Bilateral phrenic stimulation: a simple technique to assess diaphragmatic fatige in humans. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 58-64.
90. Bellemare F, Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo. J Appl J Physiol 1986; 61: 1153-1161.
91. Hubmayr RD, Litchy WJ, Gay PC, Nelson SB. Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure. Effects of lung volume and chest wall shape. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 647-652.
92. Bellemare F, Bigland-Ritchie B. Assessment of human diaphragm in vivo. Respir Physiol 1984; 58: 263-277.
93. Gandevia SC, McKenzie DK, Plassman BL. Activation of human respiratory muscles during differente voluntary maneuvres. J Physiol (Londres) 1990; 428: 387-403.
94. Aubier M, Farkas G, De Troyer A, Mozes R, Roussos C. Detection of diaphragmatic fatigue in man by phrenic stimulation. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 538-544.
95. Similowski T, Fleury B, Launois S, Cathala HP, Bouche P, Derenne JP. Cervical magnetic stimulation: a new painless method of bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation in conscious humans. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67: 1311-1318.
96. Mier A, Brophy C, Moxham J, Green M. Twitch pressures in the assessment of diaphragm weakness. Thorax 1989; 44: 990-996.
97. Smith J, Bellemare F. Effect of lung volume on in vivo contraction characteristics of human diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1893-1900.
98. Mier A, Brophy C, Moxham J, Green M. Influence of lung volume and rib cage configuration on transdiaphragmatic pressure during phrenic nerve stimulation in man. Respir Physiol 1990; 80: 193-202.
99. Nava S, Levy RD, Gibbons L, Bellemare F. Determinants of diaphragmatic response to bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation inman. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: A332.
100. Close RI. The dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev 1972; 52: 129-197.
101. Levine S, Henson D. Low-frequency diaphragmatic fatige in spontaneously breathing humans. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 672-680.
102. Johnson BD, Babcock MA, Suman OE, Dempsey JA. Exercise-induced diaphragmatic vatigue in healthy humans. J Physiol (Londres) 1993; 460: 385-405.
103. McKenzie DK, Bigland-Ritchie B, Gorman RB, Candevia SC. Central and peripheral fatigue of human diaphragm and limb muscles assessed by twitch interpolation. J Physiol (Londres) 1992; 454: 643-656.
104. Similowski T, Yan S, Gaultier AP, Macklem PT, Bellemare F. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 917-923.
105. Bellemare F, Bigland-Ritchie B. Central components of diaphragmatic fatigue assessed by phrenic nerve stimulation. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1307-1316.
106. a parte): A693.
107. Gandevia SC, McKenzie DK. Activation of the human diaphragm during maximal static effors. J Physiol 1985; 45-56.
108. Derenne JP, Debru A, Grassino AE, Whitelaw WA. The earliest history of diaphragm physiology. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 2234-2240.
109. Similowski T, Gaultier AP, Yan P, Macklem PT, Bellemare F. Assessment of diaphragman function using mouth pressure twitches in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 850-856.
110. Aubier M, Murciano D, Mewnu Y, Boczkowski J, Mal H, Pariente R. Dopamine effects on diaphragmatic strength during acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 17-23.
111. Barker AT, Freeston IL, Jalinous R, Jaratt JA. Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system: an introduction and the results of an initial clinical evaluation. Neurosurgery 1987; 20: 100-109.
112. Wraff S, Aguilina R, Goldstone J, Green M, Moxham J. Cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Eur Respir J 1991; 4 (Supl 4): 309S.
113. Similowski T, Derenne JP. Inspiratory muscle testing in stable COPD patients. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1871-1876.
114. Wragg S, Aquilina R, Moran J, Ridding M, Hamnegard C, Fern T et al. Comparison of cervical magnetic stimulation and bilateral percutaneous electrical stimulations of the phrenic nerves in normal subjects. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1788-1792.
115. Polkey MI, Kyroussis D, Keilty SEJ, Hamnegard C, Mills GH, Green M et al. Exhaustive treadmill exercise does not reduce twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 959-964.
116. 2 in conscious man. J Physiol (Londres) 1990; 420: 1-18.
117. Gandevia SC, Rothwell JC. Activation of the human diaphragm from the motor cortex. J Physiol (Londres) 1987; 384: 109-119.
118. Gandevia SC, Plassman BL. Responses of human interocostal and truncal muscles to motor cortical and spinal stimulation. Respir Physiol 1988; 73: 325-328.
119. 2 retention in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 901-903.
120. Hamnegard C, Wragg S, Kyroussis D, Mills G, Bake B, Green M et al. Mouth pressure in response to magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Thorax 1995; 50: 620-624.
121. Laghi F, Tobin MJ. Relationship between transdiaphragmatic and mouth twitch pressures at functional residual capacity. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 530-536.
122. Maillard JO, Burded L, Van Melle G, Fitting JW. Reproducibility of twitch mouth pressure, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, and maximal inspiratory pressure. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 901-905.
123. Hughes PD, Polkey MI, Kyroussis D, Hamnegard C, Moxham J, Green M. Measurement to sniff nasal and diaphhragm twitch mouth pressure in patients. Thorax 1998; 53: 96-100.
124. Polkey MI, Lyal RA, Greenb M, Leigh PN, Moxham J. Expiratory muscle function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 734-741.
125. Similowski T, Petijean MB, Maton B, Monod H, Derenne JP. Phonomyogram of the diaphragm during phrenic stimulation and sniff test. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: A255.
126. Moavero EN, Lipton DS, Jenouri GA, Pine J, Schneider A, Sachner MA. Non-invasive semiquantitative measurements of tidal pressue-volume and flow relations of lung in COPD patients. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1984; 20: 333-339.
127. a ed.). Nueva York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995; 1199-1230.
128. Belman MJ, Gaesser GA. Ventilatory muscle training in the elderly. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 899-905.
129. Bellemare F, Grassino A. Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 1190-1195.
130. Martyn JB, Moreno RH, Paré PD, Pardy RL. Measurement of inspiratory muscle performance with incremental threshold loading. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 919-923.
131. Larson JL, Covey MK, Berry J, Wirtz S, Alex CG, Matsuo M. Discontinuous incremental treshold loading test. Measure of respiratory muscle endurance in patients with COPD. Chest 1999; 111: 60-67.
132. Clanton TL, Ameredes BT. Fatigue in the inspiratory muscle pump in humans: an isoflow approach. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 1693-1699.
133. Gandevia SC, McKenzie DK, Neering IR. Endurance properties of respiratory and limb muscles. Respir Physiol 1983; 53: 47-61.
134. Bellemare F, Grassino A. Evaluation of human diaphragm fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 1196-1206.
135. Nava S, Rubini F, Zanotti E, Caldiroli D. The tension-time index of the diaphragm reivisited in quadriplegic patients with diaphram pacing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1322-1327.
136. Barnard PA, Levine S. Critique on application of diaphragmatic time-tension index to spontaneously breathing humans. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 1067-1072.
137. Gaultier C, Baoulé M, Tournier G, Girard F. Inspiratory force reserve of the respiratory muscles in children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 811-815.
138. Ramonatxo M, Boulard P, Préfaut C. Validation of a noninvasive tension-time index of inspiratory muscles. J Apple Physiol 1995; 78: 646-653.
139. Ruiz Cobos MA. Validación del índice tensión-tiempo de los músculos inspiratorios en pacientes con enfermedades neuromusculares [tesis doctoral]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1998.
140. Esau SA, Bellemare F, Grassino A, Permutt S, Roussos C, Pardy RL. Changes in relaxation rate with diaphragmatic fatigue in humans. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 1353-1360.
141. Esau SA, Bye PT, Pardy RL. Changes in rate of relaxation of sniffs and with diaphragmatic fatigue in humans. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 731-735.
142. Bigland-Ritchie B, Johansson R, Lippold OCJ, Woods JJ. Contractile speed and EMG changes during fatigue of sustained maximal voluntary contractions. J Neurophysiol 1983; 50: 313-324.
143. Koulouris N, Vianna LG, Mulvey DA, Green M, Moxham J. Maximal relaxation rates of esophageal, nose, and mouth pressures during a sniff reflect inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1213-1217.
144. Goldstone JC, Allen K, Mulvey DA, Elliot M, Carroll M, Green M et al. Respiratory muscle fatigue in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: A370.
145. Mulvey DA, Koulouris NG, Elliot MW, Moxham J, Green M. Maximal relaxation rate of inspiratory muscle can be effort-dependent and reflect the activation of fast-twitch fibers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 803-806.
146. Polkey MI, Kyroussis D, Hamnegard C, Hughes PD, Rafferty GF, Moxham J et al. Paired phrenic nerve stimuli for the detection of diaphragmatic fatigue in humans. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1859-1864.
147. Similowski T, Strauss C, Attali V, Duguet A, Derenne JP. Cervical magnetic stimulation as a method to discriminate between diaphragm and rib cage muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 1692-1700.