Time Factors in Conscious Processes: Reply to Gilberto Gomes

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-12

  Libet, Benjamin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Key Words: conscious experience; consciousness; conscious will; voluntary action; cerebral timing

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; HUMAN; MENTAL FUNCTION; PERCEPTION; REACTION TIME; REPRODUCIBILITY; TIME;

CONSCIOUSNESS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY; HUMANS; MENTAL PROCESSES; PERCEPTION; REACTION TIME; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0034149914     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0408     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Amassian V. E., Somasundaram M., Rothswell J. C., Britton T., Cracco J. B., Cracco R. Q., Maccabee P. J., Day B. L. Parasthesias are elicited by single pulse magnetic coil stimulations of motor cortex in susceptible humans. Brain. 114:1991;2505-2520.
2. Churchland P. S. On the alleged backwards referral of experiences and its relevance to the mind-body problem. Philosophy of Science. 48:1981;165-181.
3. Glynn I. M. Consciousness and time. Nature. 348:1990;477-479.
4. Gomes G. The timing of conscious experiences: A critical review and reinterpretation of Libet's research. Consciousness and Cognition. 7:1998;559-595.
5. Grossman R. G. Are current concepts and methods in neuroscience adequate for studying the neural basis of consciousness and mental activity? Pinsker H. H., Willis W. D. Jr. Information processing in the neurons system. 1980;331-338 Raven Press, New York.
6. Keller I., Heckhausen H. Readiness potentials preceding spontaneous acts: Voluntary vs. involuntary control. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. 76:1990;351-361.
7. Libet B. The experimental evidence for subjective referral of a sensory experience backwards in time: Reply to P. S. Churchland. Philosophy of Science. 48:1981;182-197.
8. Libet B. Brain stimulation in the study of neural functions for conscious sensory experience. Human Neurobiology. 1:1982;235-242.
9. Libet B. Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 8:1985;529-566.
10. Libet B. Conscious vs. neural time. Nature. 352:1991;27.
11. Libet B. Voluntary acts and readiness potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 82:1992;85-86.
12. Libet B. The neural time factor in conscious and unconscious events. Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness. Ciba Foundation Symposium. 174:1993;123-146.
13. Libet B. Neural Processes in the production of conscious experience. Velmans M. The science of consciousness. 1996;96-117 Routledge, London.
14. Libet B. Do we have free will? Journal of Consciousness Studies. 6:1999;47-57.
15. Libet B., Alberts W. W., Wright E. W. Jr., Feinstein B. Responses of human somato-sensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation. Science. 158:1967;1597-1600.
16. Libet B., Alberts W. W., Wright E. W. Jr., Feinstein B. Cortical and thalamic activation in conscioius sensory experience. Somjen G. G. Neurophysiology studied in man. 1972;157-168 Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
17. Libet B., Gleason C. A., Wright E. W. Jr., Pearl D. K. Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain. 106:1983;623-642.
18. Libet B., Pearl D. K., Morledge D. A., Gleason C. A., Hosobuchi Y., Barbaro N. M. Control of the transition from sensory detection to sensory awareness in man, by the duration of a thalamic stimulus: The cerebral "time-on" factor. Brain. 114:1991;1731-1757.
19. Libet B., Wright E. W. Jr., Gleason C. A. Readiness potentials preceding unrestricted 'spontaneous' vs. preplanned voluntary acts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 54:1982;322-335.
20. Libet B., Wright E. W. Jr., Feinstein B., Pearl D. K. Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious sensory experience: A functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man. Brain. 102:1979;191-222.
21. Libet B., Wright E. W. Jr., Feinstein B., Pearl D. K. Retroactive enhancement of a skin sensation by a delayed cortical stimulus in man. Consciousness and Cognition. 1:1992;367-375.
22. Marshall J. C. An open mind? Nature. 339:1989;25-26.
23. Ray P. G., Meador K. J., Epstein C. M., Loring D. W., Day L. J. Magnetic stimulation of visual cortex: Factors influencing the perception of phosphenes. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 15:1998;351-357.
24. Ray P. G., Meador K. J., Smith J. R., Wheless J. W., Sittenfeld M., Clifton G. L. Physiology of perception: Cortical stimulation and recording in humans. Neurology. 52:1999;1044-1049.