Life goals as a function of social class and child rearing practices in India

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 227-245

  Budhwar, Laxmi ^a   Reeves, David ^a   Farrell, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Child rearing practices; Cross cultural studies; Futuristic orientations; India; Life goals; Middle class

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034148533     PISSN: 01471767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00033-4     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Adler, N. J. (1983). Cross-cultural management: Issues to be faced. International Studies of Management and Organization, XIII(12), 7-45.
2. Ajiferuke, M., & Boddewyn, J. (1970). "Culture" and other explanatory variables in comparative management studies. Academy of Management Journal, 13(2), 153-163.
3. Ames, E., & Randeri, K. (1965). Some differences in the child rearing practices in Indian and Canadian mothers. Indian Psychological Review, 2(1), 15-18.
4. Bakshi, S. (1977). Child Rearing and Personality: Interview-schedule, Child-rearing Practices as Related to Personality Development. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India.
5. Barber, B. (1957). Social Stratification: A Comparative Analysis of Structures and Process. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
6. Bendix, R., & Lipset, S. M. (eds.) (1967). Class, Status, and Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
7. Berger, J., Cohen, B. P., & Zelditich Jr, M. (1972). Status characteristics and social interaction. American Sociological Review, 73, 241-255.
8. Blumenfeld, S. L. (1995). Why home schooling is important for America. Vital Speeches of the Day, 61(24), 763-766.
9. Bottomore, T. (1993). Elites and Society. London: Routledge.
10. Bumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64, 1299-1317.
11. Carstairs, G. M. (1967). Twice Born: A Study of a Community of High-caste Hindus. Indiana: Bloomington Indiana University Press.
12. Census of India. (1991). Series 1 India paper 1 of 1991, Provisional Population Totals, March 25.
13. Centers, R. C. (1953). Social class, occupation, and imputed belief. American Journal of Sociology, 58, 546-563.
14. Centers, R. C. (1949). The Psychology of Social Classes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
15. Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111-1119.
16. Chaudhary, L. (1992). Futuristic Orientations in Families in Relation to Child-rearing Practices and Family Environment. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Jodhpur, India.
17. Chaudhary, L. (1987). Futuristic-orientation of Women. Unpublished Masters' thesis, Department of Psychology, Jodhpur, India.
18. Cotton, C. C. (1993). Social class as a neglected variable in organizational behavior. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 409-417.
19. Cousins, J. H., Power, T. G., & Olvera-Ezzell, N. (1993). Mexican-American mothers' socialization strategies: Effects of education, acculturation, and health locus of control. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 55, 258-276.
20. Davar, B. V. (1995). Mental illness among Indian women. Economic and Political Weekly, November 11, 2879-2886.
21. Hahn, M. E. (1976). The California Life Goals Evaluation Schedule Manual. Los Angeles: Weston Psychological Services.
22. Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, 75-89.
23. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
24. Husain, A. S. (1994). The National Culture of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
25. Inkelas, A. (1960). Industrial man: The relation of status to experience perception and value. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 1-31.
26. Jahn, M. (1996). How big is your group's generation gap? Medical Economics, 73(18), 196-206.
27. Joshi, M. C., & Dhariwal, A. (1971). Personality Structure of Satnames Boys. Research Project. Department of Psychology, Ravi Shankar University, Raipur, India.
28. Joshi, M. C., & Tiwari, J. (1977). Personality development of children in relation to child-rearing practices among socio-economic classes. Indian Psychological Review, 14(4), 5-15.
29. Kapadia, K. (1995). Gender, Caste and Class in Rural South India. Boulder: Westview.
30. Kelley, M. L., & Tseng, H. M. (1992). Cultural differences in child rearing: A comparison of immigrant Chinese and Caucasian American mothers. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 23(4), 444-455.
31. Krishnaji, N. (1995). Working mothers and child survival in rural India: Insights from spatial patterns. Economic and Political Weekly, November 4, 2803-2808.
32. Levina, R. A. (1970). Cross-cultural study in child psychology. In P. S. Mussen, Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology (pp. 559-612). New York: Wiley.
33. Luthar, S. S., & Quinlan, D. M. (1993). Parental images in two cultures: A study of women in India and America. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 24(2), 186-202.
34. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
35. Minturn, L., & Hitchcock, J. T. (1966). The Rajputs of Khalapur, India. New York: Wiley.
36. Minturn, L., & Lambert, W. W. (1964). Mothers of Six Cultures: Antecedents of Child-rearing. New York: Wiley.
37. Misra, S., Ghosh, R., & Kanungo, R. N. (1990). Measurement of family involvement: A cross-national study of managers. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 21(2), 232-248.
38. Nandy, A., & Kakar, S. (1980). Culture and personality. In U. Pareek, A Survey of Research in Psychology 1971-1976. Part-I (pp. 136-167). Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
39. New, R. S. (1988). Parental goals and infant care. Special issues: Parental behavior in diverse societies. New Directions of Child Development, 40, 51-63.
40. Nurmi, J. (1992). Age differences in adult life goals, concerns and their temporal extension: A life course approach to future-oriented motivation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15(4), 487-508.
41. Ogbu, G. U. (1981). Origin of human competence: A cultural-ecological perspective. Child Development, 52, 413-429.
42. Pathak, L. K., & Chaudhary, L. (1990). Futuristic orientations of women. The Journal of Sociological Studies, 9, 17-30.
43. Perlin, L. I., & Kohn, M. L. (1966). Social class, occupation, and parental values: A cross-national study. American Sociological Review, 31(4), 466-479.
44. Pervin, L. A. (Ed.) (1989). Goals Concepts in Personality and Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Power, T. G., & Shanks, J. A. (1989). Parents as socializers, maternal and parental views. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(1), 203-220.
46. Raina, M. K., & Vats, A. (1990). Life goals of Indian and American students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 57-71.
47. Scott, W. A., Scott, R., Boehnke, K., Cheng, S. W., Leung, K., & Saski, M. (1991). Children's personality as a function of family relations within and between cultures. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 22(1), 182-208.
48. Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of Child Rearing. Evanston, III: Row Peterson.
49. Seymour, S. (1995). Family structure, marriage, caste, and class, and women's education: Exploring the linkages in an Indian town. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2(1), 68-86.
50. Seymour, S. (1988). Expressions of responsibility among Indian children: Some precursors of adult status and sex roles. Ethos, 16, 355-370.
51. Seymour, S. (1976). Caste/class and child-rearing in changing Indian town. American Ethnologist, 3(4), 783-796.
52. Sfroza, N., &Thomas, K. (1997). The generation gap. Incentive, 171(6), 33-44.
53. Sills, D. L. (1968). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Vol. 15). USA: Macmillan and Free Press (pp. 296-336).
54. Singh, M., & Kaur, S. (1981). Mother-child interaction in rural and urban areas. Indian Psychological Review, 20(2), 7-16.
55. Singhal, R., & Mishra, G. (1989). Variations in achievement cognitions: The role of ecology, age and gender. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 93-107.
56. Singhal, R., & Mishra, G. (1994). Achievement goals: A situational-contextual analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(2), 239-258.
57. Stopes-Roe, M., & Cochrane, R. (1990). The child-rearing values of Asian and British parents and young people: An inter-ethnic and inter-generational comparison in the evaluation of Kohn's 13 qualities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29(2), 149-160.
58. Swaminathan, M. (1994). Women, work and breast feeding. Occasional Paper, No. 2, MSSRF, India.
59. Thomas, A. S., & Philip, A. (1994). India: Management in an ancient and modern civilization. International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(12), 91-115.
60. Triandis, H., Marin, G., Betacourt, H., Lisansky, J., & Chang, B. (1982). Dimensions of familism among Hispanic and mainstream navy recruits. Technical Report, No. 14, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign.
61. Vencatesan, J. (1996). Women's multiple roles and coping strategies: Myths and realities. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 3(1), 39-56.
62. Whiting, B. B. (Ed.) (1963). Six Cultures: Studies of Child-rearing. New York: Wiley.
63. Winterbottom, M. R. (1958). The relation of need for achievement to learning experiences in independence and mastery. In J. W. Atkinson, Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society (pp. 468-472). Princeton NJ: Von Nostrand Reinhold.
64. World Bank Report (1994). Social Indicators of Development. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
65. Wilkie, W. L. (1986). Consumer Behavior. New York: Wiley.
66. Wright, E. O. (1979). Class Structure and Income Determination. London: Academic Press.
67. Zetlin, M. (1992). Young managers face a generation gap. Management Review, 81(1), 10-15.