Islamism in Sudan's civil war

Orbis

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 267-281

  Glickman, Harvey ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034148442     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(00)00023-5     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. 1 Carey Goldberg, "Crossing Flaming Swords over God and Physics," New York Times, Apr. 20, 1999.
2. 2 The author gratefully acknowledges the help of his research assistant, Beth Harris. Part of this paper was presented to the colloquium "Religion, Ethnicity and Identity: Implications for Conflict and Conflict Resolution," Haverford College, Nov. 11, 1998. Several commentators, especially Ann Mosely Lesch, provided valuable remarks. A later version was prepared for the Foreign Policy Research Institute conference "Ethnic Conflict: The Role of Religion, the Role of Mediation, and the Role of the Media," Philadelphia, May 25, 1999.
3. 2 The author gratefully acknowledges the help of his research assistant, Beth Harris. Part of this paper was presented to the colloquium "Religion, Ethnicity and Identity: Implications for Conflict and Conflict Resolution," Haverford College, Nov. 11, 1998. Several commentators, especially Ann Mosely Lesch, provided valuable remarks. A later version was prepared for the Foreign Policy Research Institute conference "Ethnic Conflict: The Role of Religion, the Role of Mediation, and the Role of the Media," Philadelphia, May 25, 1999.
4. 3 See Nikki R. Keddie, "The New Religious Politics: Where, When and Why Do 'Fundamentalisms' Appear?" Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 40, no. 4 (1998), pp. 696-723.
5. 4 Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Profile: Sudan, 1997-98 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 15-17.
6. 5 See Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp. 246-65; and Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confrontsthe Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
7. 5 See Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simonand Schuster, 1996), pp. 246-65; and Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
8. 6 Ann Mosely Lesch, "Sudan: The Torn Country," Current History, May 1999, pp. 218-22.
9. 7 Francis Deng, "Ending Civil War in Sudan," Mediterranean Quarterly, Winter 1994, p. 47.
10. 8 Francis Deng, War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1985), p. 494.
11. 9 Peter Woodward, Sudan, 1898-1989: The Unstable State (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 20-25.
12. 10 M. W. Daly, "Islam, Secularism and Ethnic Identity in the Sudan," in Religion and Political Power, ed. Gustavo Benavides and M. W. Daly (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 22; see also Woodward, Sudan 1898-1989, pp. 4-5, 77-78. The region informally recognized as southern Sudan consists ofabout four million people in the provinces of Eastern and Western Equatoria, Upper Nile, and Bahr el Ghazal.
13. 10 M. W. Daly, "Islam, Secularism and Ethnic Identity in the Sudan," in Religion and Political Power, ed.Gustavo Benavides and M. W. Daly (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 22; see also Woodward, Sudan 1898-1989, pp. 4-5, 77-78. The region informally recognized as southern Sudan consists of about four million people in the provinces of Eastern and Western Equatoria, Upper Nile, and Bahr el Ghazal.
14. 10 M. W. Daly, "Islam, Secularism and Ethnic Identity in the Sudan," in Religion and Political Power, ed.Gustavo Benavides and M. W. Daly (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 22; see also Woodward, Sudan 1898-1989, pp. 4-5, 77-78. The region informally recognized as southern Sudan consists of about four million people in the provinces of Eastern and Western Equatoria, Upper Nile, and Bahr el Ghazal.
15. 11 Daly, "Islam, Secularism and Ethnic Identity," p. 89.
16. 12 Woodward, Sudan 1898-1989, p. 107.
17. 13 Francis Deng, Dynamics of Identification: A Basis for National Integration in the Sudan (Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1973); Dunstan M. Wai, The Arab-African Conflict in the Sudan (New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1981).
18. 13 Francis Deng, Dynamics of Identification: A Basis for National Integration in the Sudan (Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1973); Dunstan M. Wai, The Arab-African Conflict in the Sudan (New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1981).
19. 14 Deng, War of Visions, p. 421.
20. 15 Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, "Christian-Muslim Relations in the Sudan, Peaceful Co-existence at Risk," in The Vatican, Islam and the Middle East, ed. Call C. Ellis (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1987), pp. 266-67; see also Gabriel Warburg, "National Identity in the Sudan: Fact, Fiction, and Prejudice in Ethnic and Religious Relations," Asian and African Studies, July 1990, p. 185.
21. 15 Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, "Christian-Muslim Relations in the Sudan, Peaceful Co-existence at Risk," in The Vatican, Islam and the Middle East, ed. Call C. Ellis (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1987), pp. 266-67; see also Gabriel Warburg, "National Identity in the Sudan: Fact, Fiction, and Prejudice in Ethnic and Religious Relations," Asian and African Studies, July 1990, p. 185.
22. 16 Dunstan M. Wai, "Revolution, Rhetoric, and Reality in the Sudan," Journal of Modern African Studies, March 1979, p. 74.
23. 17 Arnold Toynbee, Between Niger and Nile (London: Alien and Unwin, 1965), pp. 5-6.
24. 18 Quoted in Wai, "Revolution, Rhetoric, and Reality," p. 73.
25. 19 Arthur Lowrie, ed., Islam, Democracy, the State and the West: A Round Table with Dr. Hasan Turabi (Tampa, Fla.: World and Islam Studies Enterprise, 1993), p. 13.
26. 20 Ann Elizabeth Mayer, "The Fundamentalist Impact on Law, Policy and Constitutions in Iran, Pakistan and Sudan," in Fundamentalisms and the State, Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, vol. 3 of The Fundamentalism Project, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 110-51.
27. 21 Woodward, Sudan 1898-1989, p. 111.
28. 22 Ibid., p. 157.
29. 23 William Langewiesche, "Turabi's Law," The Atlantic Monthly, Aug. 1994, p. 27.
30. 24 Ibid., p. 28.
31. 25 John O. Voll, "Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan," in Fundamentalisms Observed, vol. 1 of the Fundamentalism Project, p. 393; Peter Woodward, "Sudan: Islamic Radicals in Power," inPolitical Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? ed. John L. Esposito (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 95-114.
32. 25 John O. Voll, "Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan," in FundamentalismsObserved, vol. 1 of The Fundamentalism Project, p. 393; Peter Woodward, "Sudan: Islamic Radicals in Power," inPolitical Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? ed. John L. Esposito (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 95-114.
33. 26 Langewiesche, "Turabi's Law," p. 29.
34. 27 U.S. Department of State, Country Human Rights Reports 1997: Sudan (http://www.state.gov/www/global/human-rights/1998-hrp~report/sudan.html).
35. 28 House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Africa Subcommittee, Hearings on Sudan, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., May 1992, p. 21.
36. 29 David Little, "Islam and Society: The Sudanese Experiment" (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, n.d. [1998?]).
37. 30 David Little, Islamic and Christian Cross-Currents in Sudan, lecture notes, U.S. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C., Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 1-4.
38. 31 U.S. Department of State, Country Human Rights Reports 1993: Sudan (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994), archived online (see http://www.state.gov/www/global/human-rights/hrp-reports-mainhp.html). The 1997 report provides a similarly grim account.
39. 32 Kate Almquist, "Religion and Politics in Sudan: A Humanitarian Agency's Perspective" (paper presented to the United States Institute of Peace conference "Religion, Nationalism and Peace in Sudan," Washington, D.C., Sept. 16, 1997), p. 3; see also Gino Barsella and Miguel A. Ayusu Guixot, Struggling to Be Heard: The ChristianVoice in Independent Sudan (London: Paulines Publications, 1998).
40. 32 Kate Almquist, "Religion and Politics in Sudan: A Humanitarian Agency's Perspective" (paper presented tothe United States Institute of Peace conference "Religion, Nationalism and Peace in Sudan," Washington, D.C.,Sept. 16, 1997), p. 3; see also Gino Barsella and Miguel A. Ayusu Guixot, Struggling to Be Heard: The Christian Voice in Independent Sudan (London: Paulines Publications, 1998).
41. 33 Sudan News and Views, Sept. 1997 and July 2, 1998 (http://www.webzone1.co.uk/www/sudan/snv/snv28.html).
42. 34 Donald Rothchild and David A. Lake, The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 208.
43. 35 Lesch, "Sudan: The Torn Country," p. 220.
44. 36 "Sudan Loses its Chains," The Economist, June 12, 1999, pp. 39-40.
45. 37 Ann Mosely Lesch, "The Destruction of Civil Society in the Sudan," in Civil Society in the Middle East, ed. Augustus Richard Norton (Leiden: Brill, 1996), vol. 2, pp. 153-91.
46. 38 "Kampala Declaration on Human Rights in Sudan," ACAS (Association of Concerned Africa Scholars) Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1999, pp. 24-29.
47. 39 Moyiga Nduru, "Sudan: Exiled Opposition Rejects This Week's Peace Pact," July 2, 1998 (http://www.one-world.org/ips2/apr/sudan2.html).
48. 40 Michael O'Hanlon, "How to Stop Genocide: Saving Lives with Force," The New Republic, July 12, 1999, pp. 21-23.
49. 41 Ian Fisher, "Oil Flowing in Sudan, Raising Stakes in Its Civil War," New York Times, Oct. 17, 1999; "Sudan, Through the Looking Glass," The Economist, Oct. 30, 1999, p. 53; "Sudan Palace Coup," The Economist, Dec. 18,1999, p. 41.
50. 41 Ian Fisher, "Oil Flowing in Sudan, Raising Stakes in Its Civil War," New York Times, Oct. 17, 1999; "Sudan, Through the Looking Glass," The Economist, Oct. 30, 1999, p. 53; "Sudan Palace Coup," The Economist, Dec. 18,1999, p. 41.
51. 41 Ian Fisher, "Oil Flowing in Sudan, Raising Stakes in Its Civil War," New York Times, Oct. 17, 1999; "Sudan, Through the Looking Glass," The Economist, Oct. 30, 1999, p. 53; "Sudan Palace Coup," The Economist, Dec. 18, 1999, p. 41.
52. 42 Lesch, "Sudan: The Torn Country," p. 218.