Dubious premises - Evil conclusions: Moral reasoning at the Nuremberg trials

Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 261-274

  Pellegrino, Edmund D ^a   Thomasma, David C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034147227     PISSN: 09631801     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0963180100902123     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. 1. Guardini R. Power and Responsibility. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1961:xiii.
2. 2. Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Council Law No. 10, vols. I, II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. All subsequent quotes from trial testimony are from this source.
3. 3. Lifton RJ. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
4. 4. Reich WT. The betrayal of care: medical ethics in the long shadow of Nuremberg. In: Rotter-Theil S, Troehler U, eds. Tasks for the Future: Health Care Ethics after the Nuremberg Code. Basel: Karger, 1998.
5. 5. Caplan AL. How did medicine go wrong? In: Caplan AL, ed. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 1992:71-8.
6. 6. Goldhagan DG. Hitler's Killing Executioners. New York: Vantage Books, 1997.
7. 7. Burleigh M. Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
8. 8. Arendt H. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Meridian Books, 1971.
9. 9. Proctor R. Nazi doctors, racial medicine and human experimentation. In: Annas GJ, Grodin MA, eds. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992:17-31.
10. 10. See note 9, Proctor 1992:17, 31. Citation; Ramm R. Arztliche Rechts-und Standeskunde. Berlin: 1942.
11. 10. See note 9, Proctor 1992:17, 31. Citation; Ramm R. Arztliche Rechts-und Standeskunde. Berlin: 1942.
12. 11. See note 5, Caplan 1992.
13. 12. Jonsen A, Toulmin S. The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reason. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1988.
14. 13. George M. Aristotelian-Thomistic reflections on the use of metaphors and parables in philosophy. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, Pittsburgh, Penn., 27-29 March 1998.
15. 14. St. Aubyn G. The Art of Argument. New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1962:92-102.
16. 15. Seriven M. Reasoning. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976:210-5.
17. 16. Ernst E. 50 years ago: the Nuremberg doctor's tribunal. Part 4: Nazi medicine's relevance today. Wien Med Wochenschr 1997;147(3):70-1.
18. 17. Caplan AL. The doctors' trial and analogies to the Holocaust. In: Annas GJ, Grodin MA, eds. Contemporary Bioethical Debates on the Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992:270-4.
19. 18. See note 15, Seriven 1976:212.
20. 19. See note 2, Trials 1949.
21. 20. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 59.
22. 21. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 59.
23. 22. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 59.
24. 23. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 989.
25. 24. Brief of Michael Grodin et al. as Amicus Curiae. Available on the Boston University Health Law Program home page, http://www-busph.bu.edu/LW/Brief.htm.
26. 25. Pellegrino ED. Societal duty and moral complicity: the physician's dilemma of divided loyalty. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1993;16:371-91.
27. 26. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 72.
28. 27. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 961.
29. 28. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 972.
30. 29. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 970.
31. 30. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 126.
32. 31. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 136.
33. 32. Pellegrino ED. The Nazi doctors and Nuremberg: some moral lessons revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127:307-8.
34. 33. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 139.
35. 34. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 973.
36. 35. Gallagher HG. By Trust Betrayed: Patients, Physicians and the License to Kill. New York: Henry Holt, 1990.
37. 36. Veatch RM. Medical Ethics, 2nd ed. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett, 1997.
38. 37. Gallagher H. Managed care: the German experiment. Physicians for a National Health Newsletter 1997;July:5-9.
39. 38. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, pp. 155-6.
40. 39. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 161.
41. 40. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 992.
42. 41. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 992.
43. 42. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 992.
44. 43. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 135.
45. 44. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 136.
46. 45. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 140.
47. 46. Pellegrino ED. Compassion needs reason too. JAMA 1993;270:874-5.
48. 47. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 138.
49. 48. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 140.
50. 49. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 77.
51. 50. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 85.
52. 51. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 969. Hartmann (1882-1950) was a German realist philosopher and ethicist.
53. 52. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. I, p. 939.
54. 53. See note 2, Trials 1949: vol. II, p. 141.
55. 54. Burleigh M. Death and Deliverance: Euthanasia in Germany, 1900-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
56. 55. Russell B. The Tyranny of Survival. New York: Macmillan, 1974.
57. 56. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. For the Patient's Good: The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
58. 57. See note 9, Proctor 1992:18-20.
59. 58. Michalczyk J, ed. Medicine, Ethics and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues. Kansas City, Mo.: Sheed & Ward, 1994.
60. 59. Brief of Michael Grodin et al. as Amicus Curiae. Available on the Boston University Health Law Program home page, http://www-busph.bu.edu/LW/Brief.htm.
61. 60. See note 56, Pellegrino, Thomasma 1987. For specific philosophical arguments on the end of medicine, see Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. Helping and Healing: Religious Commitment in Health Care. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1997.
62. 61. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. The Virtues in Medical Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.