Head restraints - The neglected countermeasure

Accident Analysis and Prevention

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 143-150

  O'Neill, Brian ^a  

^a 1005 North Glebe Road ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Head restraints; Motor vehicle crashes; Neck injuries; Occupant protection; Whiplash

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HELMET; HUMAN; RISK FACTOR; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; WHIPLASH INJURY;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HUMANS; MANIKINS; RISK FACTORS; WHIPLASH INJURIES;

EID: 0034145427     PISSN: 00014575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00057-3     Document Type: Short Survey

References (28)

1. Boström, O., Svensson, M.Y., Aldman B., et al., 1996. A new neck injury criterion candidate - based on injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental neck extension trauma. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 123-36. IRCOBI, Lyon, France.
2. Cameron, M.H., 1980. The Effect of Australian Design Rule 22A for Head Restraints (CR 12). Department of Transport, Office of Road Safety, Melbourne, Australia.
3. Cameron, M.H., Wessels, J.P., 1979. The Effectiveness of Australian Design Rule 22 for Head Restraints (CR 5). Department of Transport, Office of Road Safety, Melbourne, Australia.
4. Crowe, K., 1962. Letter to Tribune. Medical Tribune, December 21.
5. Council of the European Communities, 1996. Council Directive 96/37/EC. Official Journal of the European Communities 39, 28-71.
6. Council of the European Communities, 1978. Council Directive 78/932/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities 21, 1-15.
7. Davidsson, J., Svensson, M.Y., Flogard, A., et al., 1998. BioRID I - a new biofidelic rear impact dummy. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 377-90. IRCOBI, Göteborg, Sweden.
8. Eichberger, A., Steffan, H., Geigl, B., et al., 1998. Evaluation of the applicability of the neck injury criterion (NIC) in rear end impacts on the basis of human subject tests. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 321-33. IRCOBI, Göteborg, Sweden.
9. Estep, C.R., Lund, A.K., Vann, D.T., 1995. Measurement and evaluation of head restraints in 1995 vehicles. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA.
10. Farmer, C.M., Wells, J.K., Werner, J.V., 1999. Relationship of head restraint positioning to driver neck injury in rear-end crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 31, 719-728.
11. Garrett, J.W., Morris, D.F., 1972. Performance evaluation of automobile head restraints. SAE Technical Paper Series 720034. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
12. Kahane, C.J., 1982. An Evaluation of Head Restraints, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 202. Report DOT-HS-806-108. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
13. Lundell, B., Jakobsson, L., Alfredsson, B., Jernström, C., Isakkson-Hellman, I., 1998. Guidelines for and the design of a car seat concept for improved protection against neck injuries in rear end car impacts. SAE Technical Paper Series 980301. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
14. McIntire R.T., Compere E.L., Watts J.W., Abbott K.H. Whiplash injuries: a panel discussion. Journal of the International College of Surgeons. 228:1957;54-63.
15. McNab, I., 1965. Whiplash injuries of the neck. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 11-15. AAAM, Lake Bluff, IL.
16. Mertz, H.J., Patrick, L.M., 1967. Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. SAE Technical Paper Series 670919. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
17. Morris, C.R., Lund, A.K., Vann, D.T. 1998. Measurement and evaluation of head restraints in 1997 vehicles: procedures and detailed results. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA.
18. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1997. 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 571 Section 202, Head Restraints. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
19. Olsson, I., Bunketorp, O., Carlsson, G., et al., 1990. An in-depth study of neck injuries in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, 269-80. IRCOBI, Lyon, France.
20. O'Neill B., Haddon Jr W., Kelley A.B., Sorenson W.W. Automobile head restraints - frequency of neck injury claims in relation to the presence of head restraints. American Journal of Public Health. 62:1972;309-406.
21. Ruedemann, A.D., 1957. Automobile safety device - headrest to prevent whiplash injury. Journal of the American Medical Association 164, 1889.
22. Severy, D.M., Brink, H.M., Baird, J.D., 1968. Backrest and head restraint design for rear-end collision protection. SAE Technical Paper Series 680079. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
23. Severy, D.M., Brink, H.M., Baird, J.D., 1967. Preliminary findings of head support designs. In: Proceeding of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 337-402. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
24. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1995. Devices for use in defining and measuring vehicle seating accommodation, J826. Warrendale, PA.
25. States, J.D., Balcerak, J.C., Williams, J.S., et al., 1972. Injury frequency and head restraint effectiveness in rear-end impact accidents. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 228-45. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
26. Svensson, M.Y., Aldman, B., Lövsund, P., et al., 1993. Pressure effects in the spinal canal during whiplash extension motion-a possible cause of injury to the cervical spinal ganglia. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, 189-200. IRCOBI, Lyon, France.
27. United Nations, Economic and Social Council, 1997. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE); status of the agreement concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles, and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions (GE 97-20450). Regulation no. 25; uniform provisions concerning the approval of head restraints (headrests), whether or not incorporated in vehicles seats, pp. 79-80. United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.
28. Wiklund, K., Larsson, H., 1998. Saab active head restraint (SAHR) - seat design to reduce the risk of neck injuries in rear impacts. SAE Technical Paper Series 980297. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.