Colorectal cancer prevention 2000: Screening recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 95, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 868-877

  Rex, Douglas K ^a   Johnson, David A ^b   Lieberman, David A ^c   Burt, Randall W ^d   Sonnenberg, Amnon ^e  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c PORTLAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^e VA Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BARIUM ENEMA; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; FAMILIAL CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGMOIDOSCOPY;

ADULT; AGED; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RISK; SIGMOIDOSCOPY;

EID: 0034127884     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9270(00)00851-0     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Landis S.H., Murray T., Bolden S., et al. Cancer statistics, 1999. CA Cancer J Clin. 49:1999;8-31.
2. Winawer S.J., Zauber A.G., Ho M.N., et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med. 329:1993;1977-1981.
3. Jorgensen O.D., Kronborg O., Fenger C. The Funen adenoma follow-up study Incidence and death from colorectal carcinoma in an adenoma surveillance program . Scand J Gastroenterol. 28:1993;869-874.
4. Thiss-Evensen E., Hoff G.S., Sauar J., et al. Population-based surveillance by colonoscopy Effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer. Telemark Polyp Study I . Scand J Gastroenterol. 34:1999;414-420.
5. Winawer S.J., Fletcher R.H., Miller L., et al. Colorectal cancer screening Clinical guidelines and rationale . Gastroenterology. 112:1997;594-642.
6. Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults. 1995;United States Congress, Washington.
7. Rex D.K., Lehman G.A., Ulbright T.M., et al. Colonic neoplasia in asymptomatic persons with negative fecal occult blood tests Influence of age, gender, and family history . Am J Gastroenterol. 88:1993;825-831.
8. Johnson D.A., Gurney M.S., Volpe R.J., et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of colonic neoplasms in asymptomatic patients with an age-related risk. Am J Gastroenterol. 85:1990;969-974.
9. Foutch P.G., Mai H., Pardy K., et al. Flexible sigmoidoscopy may be ineffective for secondary prevention of colorectal cancer in asymptomatic, average-risk men. Dig Dis Sci. 36:1991;924-928.
10. Lieberman D.A., Smith F.W. Screening for colon malignancy with colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 86:1991;946-951.
11. Rogge J.D., Elmore M.F., Mahoney S.J., et al. Low cost, office-based, screening colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 89:1994;1775-1780.
12. Lawitz E.J., Meier N.J., Kadakia S.C. Prevalence of colonic adenomas in average risk asymptomatic patients on daily aspirin. Gastrointest Endosc. 49:1999;AB63. (abstract).
13. Kadakia S.C., Wrobleski C.S., Kadakia A.S., et al. Prevalence of proximal colonic polyps in average-risk asymptomatic patients with negative fecal occult blood tests and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 44:1996;112-117.
14. Nelson D.B., McQuaid K.R., Bond J.H., et al. Population-based colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer is feasible, and safe. Preliminary results from the VA colonoscopy screening trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 49:1999;AB65. (abstract).
15. Imperiale T.F., Wagner D.R., Rogge J.D., et al. Risk of advanced proximal neoplasia based on distal colorectal findings An analysis from the Lilly colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention program . Am J Gastroenterol. 93:1998;1704. (abstract).
16. Selby J.V., Friedman G.D., Quesenberry C.P. Jr, et al. A case control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 326:1992;653-657.
17. Newcomb P.A., Norfleet R.G., Storer B.E., et al. Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 84:1992;1572-1575.
18. Dubow R.A., Katon R.M., Benner K.G., et al. Short (35-cm) versus long (60-cm) flexible sigmoidoscopy A comparison of findings and tolerance in asymptomatic screening for colorectal neoplasia . Gastrointest Endosc. 31:1985;305-308.
19. Foley D.P., Dunne P., O'Brien M., et al. Left-sided colonoscopy as screening procedure for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic volunteers ≥45 years. Gut. 28:1987;A1367. (abstract).
20. Goldsmith O., Frankel H., Gerety D. Fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy in an asymptomatic population. Gastrointest Endosc. 23:1978;228. (abstract).
21. Hoff G., Vath M., Gjone E., et al. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Design of a population screening study. Scan J Gastroenterol. 20:1985;351-355.
22. Lipshutz G.R., Kata R.M., McCool M.F., et al. Flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening procedure for neoplasia of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 148:1979;19-22.
23. Marks G., Boggs H.W., Castro A.F., et al. Sigmoidoscopic examinations with rigid and flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope in the surgeon's office A comparative prospective study of effectiveness in 1,012 cases . Dis Colon Rectum. 22:1979;162-168.
24. Meyer C.T., McBride W., Goldblatt R.S., et al. Clinical experience with flexible sigmoidoscopy in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. J Biol Med. 53:1980;345-352.
25. Rex D.K., Lehman G.A., Hawes R.H., et al. Performing screening flexible sigmoidoscopy using colonoscopes Experience in 500 subjects . Gastrointest Endosc. 36:1990;486-488.
26. Pearl R.K., Nelson R.L., Abcarian H., et al. Establishing a flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy program for surgical residents. Am Surg. 52:1986;577-580.
27. Smith L.E. Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy An office procedure . Can J Surg. 28:1985;233-236.
28. Ujszaszy L., Pronay G., Nagy G.Y., et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in an Hungarian county. Endoscopy. 17:1985;109-112.
29. Weiner R.S. Free flexible sigmoidoscopy on Kauai. Hawaii Med J. 45:1986;131.
30. Wherry D.C. Screening for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic patients using flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum. 24:1981;521-522.
31. Yarborough G.W., Waisbren B.A. The benefits of systematic fiberoptic flexible sigmoidoscopy. Arch Intern Med. 145:1985;95-96.
32. Atkin W.S., Hart A., Edwards R., et al. Uptake, yield of neoplasia, and adverse effects of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening. Gut. 42:1998;560-565.
33. Verne J.E., Aubrey R., Love S.B., et al. Population based randomized study of uptake and yield of screening by flexible sigmoidoscopy compared with screening by faecal occult blood testing. BMJ. 317:1998;182-185.
34. Johnson C.D., Ilstrup D.M., Fish N.M., et al. Barium enema Detection of colonic lesions in a community population . AJR. 167:1996;39-43.
35. Zauber A. Presented orally at Digestive Disease Week, New Orleans, May 1994.
36. Lemmel G.T., Haseman J.H., Rex D.K., et al. Neoplasia distal to the splenic flexure in patients with proximal colon cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 44:1996;109-111.
37. Dinning J.P., Hixon L.J., Clark L.C. Prevalence of distal colonic neoplasia associated with proximal colon cancer. Ann Intern Med. 154:1994;854-856.
38. Buffet C., Laurent-Puig P., Hagege H., et al. Occurrence of synchronous and metachronous polyps associated with colon cancer Differences between proximal and distal colorectal cancer . Gastroenterology. 102:1992;A347. (abstract).
39. Chodash H.B., Ahlquist D.A. Are rectosigmoid polyps a sensitive marker for proximal colon cancers? Gastrointest Endosc. 36:1990;213. (abstract).
40. Castiglione G., Ciatto S., Mazzotta A., et al. Sensitivity of screening sigmoidoscopy for proximal colorectal tumors. Lancet. 345:1995;726-727.
41. Nadir A., Ukleja A., Desai T.K. Colon cancer in the very old (>80 years) is predominantly proximal, without sentinel left colon polyp. Gastrointest Endosc. 45:1997;AB112. (abstract).
42. Shanafelt M.J., Esber E.J. Occurrence of distal neoplasia in patients with proximal colon cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 45:1997;AB118. (abstract).
43. Rex D.K., Chak A., Vasudeva R., et al. Prospective determination of distal colon findings in average-risk patients with proximal colon cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 49:1999;727-730.
44. Rex D.K., Rahmani E.Y., Haseman J.H., et al. Relative sensitivity of colonoscopy and barium enema for detection of colorectal cancer in clinical practice. Gastroenterology. 112:1997;17-23.
45. Nelson R.L., Persky V., Turyk M. Time trends in distal colorectal cancer subsite location related to age and how it affects choice of screening modality. J Surg Oncol. 69:1998;235-238.
46. Kee F., Wilson R.H., Gilliland R., et al. Changing site distribution of colorectal cancer. BMJ. 305:1992;158.
47. Mamazza J., Gordon P.H. The changing distribution of large intestine cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 25:1982;558-562.
48. Van Ness M.M., Chobanian S.J., Winters C. Jr, et al. A study of patient acceptance of double-contrast barium enema and colonoscopy. Which procedure is preferred by patients? Arch Intern Med. 147:1987;2175-2176.
49. Dominitz J.A., Provenzale D. Patients preference and quality of life associated with colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol. 92:1997;2171-2178.
50. McCarthy B.D., Moskowitz M.A. Screening flexible sigmoidoscopy Patients attitudes and compliance . J Gen Intern Med. 8:1993;120-125.
51. Lewis S.F., Jenson N.M. Screening sigmoidoscopy. Factors associated with utilization. J Gen Intern Med. 11:1996;542-544.
52. Vernon S.W. Participation in colorectal cancer screening A review . J Natl Cancer Inst. 89:1997;1406-1422.
53. Rex D.K., Cummings O.W., Helper D.J., et al. Five-year incidence of adenomas after negative colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk persons. Gastroenterology. 111:1996;1178-1181.
54. Atkin W.S., Cuzick J., Northover J.M., et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by once-only sigmoidoscopy. Lancet. 341:1993;736-740.
55. Haseman J.H., Lemmel G.T., Rahmani E.Y., et al. Failure of colonoscopy to detect colorectal cancer Evaluation of 47 cases in 20 hospitals . Gastrointest Endosc. 45:1997;451-455.
56. Fujii T., Rembacken B.J., Dixon M.F., et al. Flat adenomas in the United Kingdom Are treatable cancers being missed? Endoscopy. 30:1998;437-443.
57. Croese J. Colorectal cancer after open-access colonoscopy A community and case survey . Med J Australia. 170:1999;251-254.
58. Hart A.R., Kudo S., Mackay E.H., et al. Flat adenomas exist in asymptomatic people Important implications for colorectal cancer screening programmes . Gut. 43:1988;229-231.
59. Gorski T.F., Rosen L., Riether R., et al. Colorectal cancer after surveillance colonoscopy False-negative examination or fast growth? Dis Colon Rectum. 42:1999;877-880.
60. Hofstad B., Vatn M.H., Andersen S.N., et al. Growth of colorectal polyps Redetection and evaluation of unresected polyps for a period of three years . Gut. 39:1996;449-456.
61. Zauber A.G., Winawer S.J. Initial management and follow-up surveillance of patients with colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 26:1997;85-101.
62. Tada M., Inoue H., Yabata E., et al. Feasibility of the transparent cap-fitted colonoscope for screening and mucosal resection. Dis Colon Rectum. 40:1997;618-621.
63. Matsushita M., Hajiro K., Okazaki K., et al. Efficacy of total colonoscopy with a transparent cap in comparison with colonoscopy without the cap. Endoscopy. 30:1998;444-447.
64. Lieberman D.A. Cost-effectiveness model for colon cancer screening. Gastroenterology. 109:1995;1781-1790.
65. Provenzale D., Homan R.K., Oddone E.Z. Screening colonoscopy in average risk individuals is cost-effective compared with other practices. Am J Gastroenterol. 94:1999;2682. (abstract).
66. Waye J.D., Lewis B.S., Yessayan S. Colonoscopy A prospective report of complications . J Clin Gastroenterol. 15:1992;347-351.
67. Mandel J.S., Bond J.H., Church T.R., et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota colon cancer control study. N Engl J Med. 328:1993;1365-1371.
68. Basson M.D., Etter L., Panzini L.A. Rates of colonoscopic perforation in current practice. Gastroenterology. 114:1998;1115. (letter).
69. Zubarik R., Fleischer D.E., Mastropietro C., et al. Prospecive analysis of complications 30 days after outpatient colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 50:1999;322-328.
70. Macrae F., Tan K., William C. Towards safer colonoscopy A report on the complications of 5000 diagnostic or therapeutic colonoscopies . Gut. 24:1983;376-383.
71. Gghazi A., Grossman M. Complications of colonoscopy and polypectomy. Surg Clin North Am. 62:1982;889-896.
72. Nivatvongs S. Complications in colonoscopic polypectomy Lessons to learn from an experience with 1576 polyps . Am Surg. 54:1988;61-63.
73. Rex D.K. Colonoscopy. A review of its yield for cancers and adenomas by indication. Am J Gastroenterol. 90:1995;353-365.
74. Ransohoff D.F., Lang C.A., Ku H.S. Colonoscopic surveillance after polypectomy Considerations of cost effectiveness . Ann Intern Med. 114:1991;177-182.
75. Winawer S.J. Appropriate intervals for surveillance. Gastrointest Endosc. 49:1999;S63-S66.
76. Stewart B.T., Keck J.O., Duncan A.V., et al. Difficult or incomplete flexible sigmoidoscopy Implications for a screening programme . Aust N Z J Surg. 69:1999;19-21.
77. Painter J., Saunders D.B., Bell D.G., et al. Depth of insertion at flexible sigmoidoscopy Implications for colorectal cancer screening and instrument design . Endoscopy. 31:1999;227-231.
78. Jackson F.W., Ball M.D. Correction of deficiencies in flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope cleaning and disinfection technique in family practice and internal medicine offices. Arch Fam Med. 6:1997;578-582.
79. Riff E.R., Dehaan K., Garewal G.S. The role of sigmoidoscopy in asymptomatic patients. Clev Clin J Med. 57:1990;131-136.
80. Krevsky B., Matz L., Fisher R.S. When should a negative flexible sigmoidoscopy be repeated? Am J Gastroenterol. 87:1992;1324. (abstract).
81. Brint S.L., DiPalma J.A., Herrera J.L. Colorectal cancer screening Is one-year surveillance sigmoidoscopy necessary? Am J Gastroenterol. 88:1993;2019-2021.
82. Rex D.K., Lehman G.A., Ulbright T.M., et al. The yield of a second screening flexible sigmoidoscopy in average-risk persons after one negative examination. Gastroenterology. 106:1994;593-595.
83. Atkin W.S. Flexible sigmoidoscopy as a mass screening tool. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10:1998;219-223.
84. Kronborg O., Fenger C., Olsen J., et al. Randomized study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet. 348:1996;1467-1471.
85. Hardcastle J.D., Chamberlain J.O., Robinson M.H., et al. Randomized control trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 348:1996;1472-1477.
86. Ransohoff D.F., Lang C.A. Screening for colorectal cancer with the fecal occult blood tests A background paper . Ann Intern Med. 126:1997;811-822.
87. Lang C.A., Ransohoff D.F. Fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Is mortality reduced by chance selection for screening colonoscopy? JAMA. 271:1994;1011-1013.
88. Ederer F., Church T.R., Mandel J.S. Fecal occult blood screening in the Minnesota study Role of chance detection of lesions . J Natl Cancer Inst. 89:1997;1423-1428.
89. Byers T., Levin B., Rothenberger D. American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer Update 1997. American Cancer Society Detection and Treatment Advisory Group on Colorectal Cancer . CA Cancer J Clin. 47:1997;154-160.
90. Delco F., Sonnenberg A. Limitations of the faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 31:1999;119-126.
91. Ahlquist D.A., Wieand H.S., Moertel C.G., et al. Accuracy of fecal occult blood screening for colorectal neoplasia. A prospective study using Hemoccult and HemoQuant tests. JAMA. 269:1993;1262-1267.
92. Bini E.J., Rajapaksa R.C., Weinshel E.H. The findings and impact of nonrehydrated guaiac examination of the rectum (FINGER) study. Arch Intern Med. 159:1999;2022-2026.
93. Kewenter J, Breringe H, Engrås B, et al. The yield of flexible sigmoidoscopy and double-contrast barium enema in the diagnosis of neoplasms in the large bowel in patients with a positive Hemoccult test. Endoscopy 1995;27:159-63.
94. Elliot M.S., Levenstein J.H., Wright J.P. Faecal occult blood testing in the detection of colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 71:1984;785-786.
95. Frühmorgen P., Demling L. Early detection of colorectal carcinoma with a modified guaiac test A screening examination in 6000 humans . Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 41:1978;682-687.
96. Winawer S.J., Flechinger B.J., Schottenfeld D., et al. Screening for a colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 85:1991;1311-1318.
97. Sontag S.J., Durczak C., Aranha G.V., et al. Fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer in Veteran's Administration Hospital. Am J Surg. 145:1983;89-93.
98. Lurie J.D., Welch H.G. Diagnostic testing following fecal occult blood screening in the elderly. J Natl Cancer Inst. 91:1999;1641-1646.
99. Sharma V., Corder F.A., Raufman J.-P., et al. Misperceptions about colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) by internal medicine (IM) residents. Gastroenterology. 116:1999;A502. (abstract).
100. Levin B, Hess K, Johnson C. Screening for colorectal cancer. A comparison of 3 fecal occult blood tests. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:970-6.
101. Klos S.E., Drinka P., Goodwin J.S. The utilization of faecal occult blood testing in the institutionalized elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 39:1991;1169-1173.
102. Myers R.E., Balshem A.M., Wolf T.A., et al. Screening for colorectal neoplasia Physicians' adherence to complete diagnostic evaluation . Am J Public Health. 83:1993;1620-1622.
103. Myers R.E., Hyslop T., Gerrity M., et al. Physician intention to recommend complete diagnostic evaluation in colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 8:1999;587-593.
104. Read T.E., Read J.D., Butterfly L.F. Importance of adenomas 5 mm or less in diameter that are detected by sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 336:1997;8-12.
105. Schoen R.E., Corle D., Cranston L., et al. Is colonoscopy needed for the nonadvanced adenoma found in sigmoidoscopy? Gastroenterology. 115:1998;533-541.
106. Collett J.A., Platell C., Fletcher D.R., et al. Distal colonic neoplasms predict proximal neoplasia in average-risk, asymptomatic subjects. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 14:1999;67-71.
107. Zarchy T.M., Ershoff D. Do characteristics of adenomas on flexible sigmoidoscopy predict advanced lesions on baseline colonoscopy? Gastroenterology. 106:1994;1501-1504.
108. Wallace M.B., Kemp J.A., Trnka Y.M., et al. Is colonoscopy indicated for small adenomas found by screening flexible sigmoidoscopy? Ann Intern Med. 129:1998;273-278.
109. Levin T., Palitz A., Grossman S., et al. Predicting advanced proximal colonic neoplasia with screening sigmoidoscopy. JAMA. 281:1999;1611-1617.
110. Schoenfeld P., Ormseth E., Furlong C., et al. Do diminutive adenomatous polyps found on flexible sigmoidoscopy predict an increased risk of advanced proximal colonic adenomas? Am J Gastroenterol. 94:1999;2685. (abstract).
111. Bond J.H. Polyp guideline Diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance for patients with nonfamilial colorectal polyps . Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;836-843.
112. DeRoos A., Hermans J., Shaw P., et al. Colon polyps and carcinomas Prospective comparison of the single- and double-contrast examination in the same patients . Radiology. 154:1985;11-13.
113. Otchy D.P., Ransohoff D.F., Wolff B.G., et al. Metachronous colon cancer in persons who have had a large adenomatous polyp. Am J Gastroenterol. 91:1996;448-454.
114. Schrock T.R. Colonoscopy versus barium enema in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and polyps. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 3:1993;585-610.
115. Baker S.R., Alterman D.D. False negative barium enema in patients with sigmoid cancer and coexistent diverticula. Gastrointest Radiol. 10:1985;171-173.
116. Williams C.B., Macrae F.A., Bartram C.I. A prospective study of diagnostic methods in adenoma follow-up. Endoscopy. 14:1982;74-75.
117. Vellacott K.D., Amar S.S., Hardcastle J.D. Comparison of rigid and flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy with double contrast barium enemas. Br J Surg. 69:1982;399-400.
118. Cheong Y., Farrow R., Frank C.S., et al. Utility of flexible sigmoidoscopy as an adjunct to double-contrast barium enema examination. Abdom Imaging. 23:1998;138-140.
119. Fenlon H.M., Nunes D.P., Schroy P.C., et al. A comparison of virtual and conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps. N Engl J Med. 341:1999;1496-1503.
120. Hara A.K., Johnson C.D., Reed J.E., et al. Detection of colorectal polyps with CT colography Initial assessment of sensitivity and specificity . Radiology. 205:1997;59-65.
121. Rex D.K., Vining D., Kopecky K.K. An initial experience with screening for colon polyps using spiral CT with and without CT colography (virtual colonoscopy). Gastrointest Endosc. 50:1999;309-313.
122. Sonnenberg A., Delco F., Bauerfeind P. Is virtual colonoscopy a cost-effective option to screen for colorectal cancer? Am J Gastroenterol. 94:1999;2268-2274.
123. Akerkar G.A., Hung R.K., Yee J., et al. Virtual colonoscopy Real pain . Gastroenterology. 16:1999;A44. (abstract).
124. Powell S.M., Petersen G.M., Krush A.J., et al. Molecular diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl Med. 329:1993;1982-1987.
125. Lanspa S.J., Lynch H.T., Smyrk T.C., et al. Colorectal adenomas in the Lynch syndromes. Results of a colonoscopy screening program. Gastroenterology. 98:1990;1117-1122.
126. Love R.R., Morrissey J.F. Colonoscopy in asymptomatic individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med. 144:1984;2209-2211.
127. Vasen H.F.A., Jafer F.C.A., Memko F.H. Screening for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer A study of 22 kindreds in the Netherlands . Am J Med. 86:1989;278-281.
128. Lanspa S.J., Jenkins J.X., Cavalieri J., et al. Surveillance in Lynch syndrome. How aggressive? Am J Gastroenterol. 89:1994;1978-1980.
129. Järvinén H.J., Mecklin J.P., Sistonen P. Screening reduces colorectal cancer rate in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 108:1995;1405-1411.
130. Vasen H.F., Watson P., Mecklin J.P., et al. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology. 116:1999;1453-1456.
131. Terdiman J.P., Conrad P.G., Sleisenger M.H. Genetic testing in hereditary colorectal cancer Indications and procedures . Am J Gastroenterol. 94:1999;2344-2356.
132. Boland C.R., Thibodeau S.N., Hamilton S.R., et al. A National Cancer Institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition Development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer . Cancer Res. 58:1998;5248-5257.
133. St. John D.J.B., McDermott F.T., Hopper J.L., et al. Cancer risk in relatives of patients with colon colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 118:1993;785-790.
134. Lovett E. Family studies in cancer of the colon and rectum. Br J Surg. 63:1976;13-18.
135. Macklin M.T. Inheritance of cancer of the stomach and large intestine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 24:1960;551-571.
136. Woolf C.M. A genetic study of carcinoma in the large intestine. Am J Hum Genet. 10:1958;42-47.
137. Fuchs C.S., Giovannucci E.L., Colditz G.A., et al. A prospective study of family history and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 331:1994;1669-1674.
138. Gaglia P., Atkins W.S., Whitelaw S., et al. Variables associated with the risk of colorectal adenomas in asymptomatic patients with a family history of colorectal cancer. Gut. 36:1995;385-390.
139. Winawer S.J., Zauber A.G., Gerdes H., et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;82-87.
140. Ahsan H., Neugut A.I., Garbowski G.C., et al. Family history of colorectal adenomatous polyps and increased risk for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 128:1998;900-905.
141. Bond J. Polyp guideline: Diagnosis, treatment and surveillance for patients with colorectal polyps. Am J Gastroenterol (in press).
142. Burt R.W. Impact of family history on screening surveillance. Gastrointest Endosc. 49:1999;S41-S44.