Greening the mainstream: Paradoxes of antistatism and anticonsumerism in the French environmental movement

Environmental History

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 6-26

  Bess, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENTALISM; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICAL IDEOLOGY;

EID: 0034123949     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985533     Document Type: Article

References (226)

1. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
2. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
3. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
4. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
5. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
6. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
7. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
8. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
9. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
10. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
11. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
12. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
13. The French environmental movement has generated a considerable literature, both in French and in English, but no full-scale historical study of its genesis and subsequent development has yet appeared. Existing works tend to fall into three categories: journalistic accounts in French, offering biographical sketches of the movement's leaders as well as colorful narratives of the movement's most dramatic battles; in-depth studies by political scientists and sociologists, offering analyses of the movement's structure, background, tactics, and ideology; and a wide range of more narrowly focused articles, exploring particular themes or turning points in the movement's history. Two interesting studies with detailed sociological information are Brendan Prendiville, Environmental Politics in France (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); and Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992). A particularly perceptive account is given in Daniel Boy, "Les écologistes en France," French Politics and Society 10 (Summer 1992): 1-25. An in-depth history of France's (and Europe's) first nature protection society, the Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, from its creation in 1854 until the 1920s, is found in Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). See also Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 830-62, and "Ecology and the Crisis of Agriculture in Postwar France," French Politics and Society 13 (Fall 1995), 33-50. For valuable historical sketches of the movement's early years, see Jean-Pierre Raffin, "De l'écologie scientifique à l'écologie politique," and Serge Moscovici, "La polymérisation de l'écologie," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 27-32, 15-26. See also Jean Carlier, "De la Nouvelle Héloise à René Dumont," and Alain Ravenau, "Quelques mythes fondateurs," in Les natures du vert, ed. Thierry Grillet and Daniel Le Conte Des Floris (Paris: Autrement, 1986), 170-85, 148-69. For French histories of ecology as a science, see Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); and Jean-Marc Drouin, L'écologie et son histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1993).
14. Examples of this attitude can be found in both popular and scholarly literature. See, for example, E. P. Thompson, "Postface: France and the European Peace Movement," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 247; "Going Green," The Economist, 29 February 1992; and Russell J. Dalton, The Green Rainbow: Environmental Groups in Western Europe (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 91.
15. Examples of this attitude can be found in both popular and scholarly literature. See, for example, E. P. Thompson, "Postface: France and the European Peace Movement," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 247; "Going Green," The Economist, 29 February 1992; and Russell J. Dalton, The Green Rainbow: Environmental Groups in Western Europe (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 91.
16. Examples of this attitude can be found in both popular and scholarly literature. See, for example, E. P. Thompson, "Postface: France and the European Peace Movement," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 247; "Going Green," The Economist, 29 February 1992; and Russell J. Dalton, The Green Rainbow: Environmental Groups in Western Europe (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 91.
17. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
18. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
19. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
20. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
21. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
22. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
23. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
24. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
25. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
26. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
27. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
28. See Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986); Robin Morgan and Brian Whitaker, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Arrow, 1986); Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 93; Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), esp. ch. 3; Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP (Paris: IFOP, 1991); David Hanley, "The Parties and the Nuclear Consensus," in Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France, ed. Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 82-89; and Jerôme Strazzulla and Jean-Claude Zerbib, Tchernobyl (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1991). For excellent overviews of the French electro-nuclear program, see James Jasper, Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages, trans. John Barzman (London: Zed, 1991); and Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak, The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). On public opinion see the exhaustive compilation of four decades of polls in Jacques Antoine and Véronique Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement: l'Evolution de l'opinion publique française perçue à travers les sondages (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Socio-Economiques et de Management, 1991); see also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984).
29. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
30. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
31. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
32. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
33. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
34. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
35. See Michael Bess, "Ecology and Artifice: Shifting Perceptions of Nature and High Technology in Postwar France," Technology and Culture 36:4 (October 1995): 830-62. For discussions of French anxiety about losing Great Power status, see for example Claude Digeon, La crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870-1914 (Paris: PUF, 1959); Allan Mitchell, Victors and Vanquished: The German Influence on Army and Church in France After 1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Koenraad W. Swart, The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964); Walter A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1-117; and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, "Changes in French Foreign Policy Since 1945," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 331-400.
36. Charles de Gaulle, quoted in Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968), 39.
37. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
38. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
39. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
40. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
41. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
42. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
43. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
44. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
45. One of the first books published in English on these state-sponsored high-tech initiatives, or grands programmes, was Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). This was followed a decade later by John Zysman, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain, eds., French Politics and Public Policy (New York: St. Martin's, 1980); and Richard F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A more recent work is Robert L. Frost, "Mechanical Dreams: Democracy and Technological Discourse in Twentieth-Century France," in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992). In French, several excellent recent works on the grands programmes have been published. See Jean-Jacques Salomon, Le gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samourai: La politique française de la technologie (Paris: Economica, 1986); Elie Cohen, Le Colbertisme 'high-tech'; Patrick Cohendet and André Lebeau, Choix stratégiques et grands programmes civils (Paris: Economica, 1987); and Philippe Braillard and Alain Demant, Eureka et l'Europe technologique (Brussels: Axes\Bruylant, 1991).
46. See the revealing televised interviews with a wide variety of French citizens about nuclear energy, conducted in 1980 by the journalist Charles Villeneuve, and published as Les Français et les centrales nucléaires (Europe 1/Sofedir, 1980). See also M. Marie et al., L'Opinion Publique Face au Nucléaire, vol. 1, Sondages, and vol. 2, Entretiens (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Travaux de Recherches Appliquées, 1980); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984); Philippe Ansel, L'Attitude des Français à l'ágard de l'énergie nucléaire en 1992 (Paris: EDF [Direction de la Communication], March 1993); Commission des Communautés Européennes, L'Opinion européenne et les questions énergétiques en 1991 (Brussels: CCE, 1992); and Antoine and Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement.
47. See the revealing televised interviews with a wide variety of French citizens about nuclear energy, conducted in 1980 by the journalist Charles Villeneuve, and published as Les Français et les centrales nucléaires (Europe 1/Sofedir, 1980). See also M. Marie et al., L'Opinion Publique Face au Nucléaire, vol. 1, Sondages, and vol. 2, Entretiens (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Travaux de Recherches Appliquées, 1980); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984); Philippe Ansel, L'Attitude des Français à l'ágard de l'énergie nucléaire en 1992 (Paris: EDF [Direction de la Communication], March 1993); Commission des Communautés Européennes, L'Opinion européenne et les questions énergétiques en 1991 (Brussels: CCE, 1992); and Antoine and Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement.
48. See the revealing televised interviews with a wide variety of French citizens about nuclear energy, conducted in 1980 by the journalist Charles Villeneuve, and published as Les Français et les centrales nucléaires (Europe 1/Sofedir, 1980). See also M. Marie et al., L'Opinion Publique Face au Nucléaire, vol. 1, Sondages, and vol. 2, Entretiens (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Travaux de Recherches Appliquées, 1980); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984); Philippe Ansel, L'Attitude des Français à l'ágard de l'énergie nucléaire en 1992 (Paris: EDF [Direction de la Communication], March 1993); Commission des Communautés Européennes, L'Opinion européenne et les questions énergétiques en 1991 (Brussels: CCE, 1992); and Antoine and Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement.
49. See the revealing televised interviews with a wide variety of French citizens about nuclear energy, conducted in 1980 by the journalist Charles Villeneuve, and published as Les Français et les centrales nucléaires (Europe 1/Sofedir, 1980). See also M. Marie et al., L'Opinion Publique Face au Nucléaire, vol. 1, Sondages, and vol. 2, Entretiens (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Travaux de Recherches Appliquées, 1980); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984); Philippe Ansel, L'Attitude des Français à l'ágard de l'énergie nucléaire en 1992 (Paris: EDF [Direction de la Communication], March 1993); Commission des Communautés Européennes, L'Opinion européenne et les questions énergétiques en 1991 (Brussels: CCE, 1992); and Antoine and Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement.
50. See the revealing televised interviews with a wide variety of French citizens about nuclear energy, conducted in 1980 by the journalist Charles Villeneuve, and published as Les Français et les centrales nucléaires (Europe 1/Sofedir, 1980). See also M. Marie et al., L'Opinion Publique Face au Nucléaire, vol. 1, Sondages, and vol. 2, Entretiens (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Travaux de Recherches Appliquées, 1980); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984); Philippe Ansel, L'Attitude des Français à l'ágard de l'énergie nucléaire en 1992 (Paris: EDF [Direction de la Communication], March 1993); Commission des Communautés Européennes, L'Opinion européenne et les questions énergétiques en 1991 (Brussels: CCE, 1992); and Antoine and Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement.
51. See the revealing televised interviews with a wide variety of French citizens about nuclear energy, conducted in 1980 by the journalist Charles Villeneuve, and published as Les Français et les centrales nucléaires (Europe 1/Sofedir, 1980). See also M. Marie et al., L'Opinion Publique Face au Nucléaire, vol. 1, Sondages, and vol. 2, Entretiens (Paris: Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Travaux de Recherches Appliquées, 1980); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, L'Energie Nucléaire et l'Opinion Publique (Paris: OCDE, 1984); Philippe Ansel, L'Attitude des Français à l'ágard de l'énergie nucléaire en 1992 (Paris: EDF [Direction de la Communication], March 1993); Commission des Communautés Européennes, L'Opinion européenne et les questions énergétiques en 1991 (Brussels: CCE, 1992); and Antoine and Popelin-Camus, Nucléaire, écologie, environnement.
52. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
53. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
54. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
55. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
56. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
57. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
58. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
59. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
60. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
61. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
62. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
63. See, for example, Pierre Aguesse, Clefs pour l'écologie (Paris: Séghers, 1971); Marcel Clébant, Croisade pour la mer (Paris: Fayard, 1972); Barry Commoner, Quelle terre laisserons-nous ànos enfants? (Paris: Seuil, 1969); Pierre George, L'environnement (Paris: PUF, 1971); Philippe Saint-Marc, Socialisation de la nature (Paris: Stock, 1975); Jacques Vernier, La bataille de l'environnement (Paris: Laffont, 1971); René Dumont, L'utopie ou la mort (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Prof. Mollo-Mollo [Philippe Lebreton], L'énergie, c'est vous (Paris: Stock, 1974); Ivan Illich, Energie et équité (Paris: Seuil, 1973), and La convivialité (Paris: Seuil, 1974); Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1974); and René Dubos, Nous n'avons qu'une terre (Paris: Denoël, 1972).
64. See Dumont, L'Utopie; Jean-Paul Besset, René Dumont (Paris: Stock, 1992); Brice Lalonde et al., Pourquoi les écologistes font-ils de la politique? (Paris: Seuil, 1978); and Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78. For a concise history of the antinuclear struggles in France through the 1970s and into the 1980s, see Jasper, Nuclear Politics.
65. See Dumont, L'Utopie; Jean-Paul Besset, René Dumont (Paris: Stock, 1992); Brice Lalonde et al., Pourquoi les écologistes font-ils de la politique? (Paris: Seuil, 1978); and Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78. For a concise history of the antinuclear struggles in France through the 1970s and into the 1980s, see Jasper, Nuclear Politics.
66. See Dumont, L'Utopie; Jean-Paul Besset, René Dumont (Paris: Stock, 1992); Brice Lalonde et al., Pourquoi les écologistes font-ils de la politique? (Paris: Seuil, 1978); and Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78. For a concise history of the antinuclear struggles in France through the 1970s and into the 1980s, see Jasper, Nuclear Politics.
67. See Dumont, L'Utopie; Jean-Paul Besset, René Dumont (Paris: Stock, 1992); Brice Lalonde et al., Pourquoi les écologistes font-ils de la politique? (Paris: Seuil, 1978); and Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78. For a concise history of the antinuclear struggles in France through the 1970s and into the 1980s, see Jasper, Nuclear Politics.
68. See Dumont, L'Utopie; Jean-Paul Besset, René Dumont (Paris: Stock, 1992); Brice Lalonde et al., Pourquoi les écologistes font-ils de la politique? (Paris: Seuil, 1978); and Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78. For a concise history of the antinuclear struggles in France through the 1970s and into the 1980s, see Jasper, Nuclear Politics.
69. See Tad Shull, "The Ecologists in the Regional Elections: Strategies Behind the Split," French Politics and Society 10 (Spring 1992): 13-19; Jane Jenson, "From Baba Cool to a Vote Utile: The Trajectory of the French Verts," French Politics and Society 7 (Fall 1989): 1-15; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992).
70. See Tad Shull, "The Ecologists in the Regional Elections: Strategies Behind the Split," French Politics and Society 10 (Spring 1992): 13-19; Jane Jenson, "From Baba Cool to a Vote Utile: The Trajectory of the French Verts," French Politics and Society 7 (Fall 1989): 1-15; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992).
71. See Tad Shull, "The Ecologists in the Regional Elections: Strategies Behind the Split," French Politics and Society 10 (Spring 1992): 13-19; Jane Jenson, "From Baba Cool to a Vote Utile: The Trajectory of the French Verts," French Politics and Society 7 (Fall 1989): 1-15; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992).
72. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
73. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
74. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
75. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
76. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
77. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
78. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
79. For book lists and critical reviews, see the journals Ecologie et Politique (1991-present) and Combat Nature (1970s-present). For local and national organizational efforts, the best source is the office of the political party Les Verts, in Paris. For grassroots organizations throughout France, see the coordinating body for ecological initiatives, France Nature Environnement/Fédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature, in Paris. For books discussing such organizational efforts, see, for example, Philippe Lebreton, La nature en crise (Paris, Sang de la Terre, 1988); and Christian Brodhag, Objectif Terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris, Le Félin, 1990). On the French green presence in the European Parliament, see, for example, Marc Abélès, "Les écologistes au Parlement Européen," and Yves Cochet, "Envie d'une Europe," in Le défi écologiste, ed. Marc Abélès (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 117-26, 127-34. See also the various publications by the Groupe Vert au Parlement Européen, such as Agriculture et écologie: un mariage fertile: Vers une réforme agricole écologique et sociale durable, Green Papers #10 (European Parliament, 1992).
80. On the political activities of the French greens, see especially Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; and Guillaume Sainteny, Les verts (Paris: PUF, 1991).
81. On the political activities of the French greens, see especially Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; and Guillaume Sainteny, Les verts (Paris: PUF, 1991).
82. "Pourquoi nous irons au Larzac," Lo Bramaïre, special leaflet ed., 24-26 August 1973, 2.
83. André Gorz (Michel Bosquet), Ecology as Politics, trans. Patsy Vigderman and Jonathan Cloud (Boston: South End Press, 1980 [first French ed., 1975]), 27-28. I have slightly rephrased the translation of the second sentence to clarify it.
84. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
85. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
86. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
87. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
88. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
89. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
90. See, for example, Jean Baudrillard, La société de consommation: Ses mythes, ses structures (Paris: Denoël, 1970); Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Vive la consommation," L'Histoire 102 (July-August 1987): 90-100; and Paul Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses: La société française et le moderne, 1945-1985 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985). For broader background discussions and bibliographies, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1958); and Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979).
91. Keith A. Reader, ed., The May 1968 Events in France: Reproductions and Interpretations (New York: St. Martin's, 1993); David Caute, The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988); and Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987).
92. Keith A. Reader, ed., The May 1968 Events in France: Reproductions and Interpretations (New York: St. Martin's, 1993); David Caute, The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988); and Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987).
93. Keith A. Reader, ed., The May 1968 Events in France: Reproductions and Interpretations (New York: St. Martin's, 1993); David Caute, The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988); and Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987).
94. See the documents assembled in Walter Lewino, L'imagination au pouvoir (Paris: Eric Losfeld, 1968); and Alain Schnapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The French Student Uprising, November 1967-June 1968: An Analytical Record, trans. Maria Jolas (Boston: Beacon, 1971).
95. See the documents assembled in Walter Lewino, L'imagination au pouvoir (Paris: Eric Losfeld, 1968); and Alain Schnapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The French Student Uprising, November 1967-June 1968: An Analytical Record, trans. Maria Jolas (Boston: Beacon, 1971).
96. Alain Buhler, Petit dictionnaire de la révolution
97. The writings of Daniel Cohn-Bendit, the French student leader in 1968, constitute another key source from which any direct reference to environmental issues remains strikingly absent. In his Obsolete Communism: The Left-wing Alternative, trans. Arnold Pomerans (New York: McGraw-Hill [1968]), one finds abundant references to alienation and bureaucracy, Trotskyism and Gaullism, authoritarianism and capitalism, but virtually nothing on the environment. This fact is all the more notable given the future role of Cohn-Bendit in the late 1990s as a political leader of the French green movement. See also the analyses offered in D. L. Hanley and A. P. Kerr, eds., May '68: Coming of Age (London: Macmillan, 1989); Laurent Joffrin, Mai 68 (Paris: Seuil, 1988);
98. The writings of Daniel Cohn-Bendit, the French student leader in 1968, constitute another key source from which any direct reference to environmental issues remains strikingly absent. In his Obsolete Communism: The Left-wing Alternative, trans. Arnold Pomerans (New York: McGraw-Hill [1968]), one finds abundant references to alienation and bureaucracy, Trotskyism and Gaullism, authoritarianism and capitalism, but virtually nothing on the environment. This fact is all the more notable given the future role of Cohn-Bendit in the late 1990s as a political leader of the French green movement. See also the analyses offered in D. L. Hanley and A. P. Kerr, eds., May '68: Coming of Age (London: Macmillan, 1989); Laurent Joffrin, Mai 68 (Paris: Seuil, 1988);
99. The writings of Daniel Cohn-Bendit, the French student leader in 1968, constitute another key source from which any direct reference to environmental issues remains strikingly absent. In his Obsolete Communism: The Left-wing Alternative, trans. Arnold Pomerans (New York: McGraw-Hill [1968]), one finds abundant references to alienation and bureaucracy, Trotskyism and Gaullism, authoritarianism and capitalism, but virtually nothing on the environment. This fact is all the more notable given the future role of Cohn-Bendit in the late 1990s as a political leader of the French green movement. See also the analyses offered in D. L. Hanley and A. P. Kerr, eds., May '68: Coming of Age (London: Macmillan, 1989); Laurent Joffrin, Mai 68 (Paris: Seuil, 1988);
100. Adrien Dansette, Mai 1968 (Paris: Plon, 1971); and Alain Touraine, The May Movement, trans. Leonard F. X. Mayhew (New York: Random House, 1971).
101. Adrien Dansette, Mai 1968 (Paris: Plon, 1971); and Alain Touraine, The May Movement, trans. Leonard F. X. Mayhew (New York: Random House, 1971).
102. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
103. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
104. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
105. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
106. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
107. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
108. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
109. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
110. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
111. I am omitting here a discussion of what was arguably yet another key environmentalist offshoot of the events of May: the bitter conflict of the 1970s over France's massive nuclear energy program. For a book that makes a direct connection between May '68 and the antinuclear movement, see Touraine, The May Movement. See also Jasper, Nuclear Politics; Philippe Simmonnot, Les nucléocrates (Grenoble: PUG, 1978); Martine Chaudron and Yves Le Pape, "Le mouvement écologique dans la lutte antinucléaire," in Nucléopolis: Matériaux pour l'analyse d'une société nucléaire, ed. Francis Fagnani and Alexandre Nicolon (Grenoble: PUG, 1979), 25-78; Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histoire(s) de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985); Robert L. Frost, Alternating Currents: Nationalized Power in France, 1946-1970 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dominique Finon, L'Echec des surgénérateurs (Grenoble: PUG, 1989); Louis Puiseux: La babel nucléaire (Paris: Galieleacute;e, 1977); and Collectif d'Enquête, Aujourd'hui Malville, demain la France: Livre noir (La pensée sauvage, 1978).
112. An excellent book on the "néo-ruraux" is Danièle Léger and Bertrand Hervieu, Le retour à la nature: Au fond de la forêt . . . l'état (Paris: Seuil, 1979).
113. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
114. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
115. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
116. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
117. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
118. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
119. For a lucid analysis of this "return to nature," see Nicole Mathieu, "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France: Des années cinquante aux années quatrevingts," in Economie Rurale 187 (May-June 1990): 35-41. The article is followed by a very helpful bibliography. See also the special issue of Le Monde, "La société française en mouvement" (Dossiers et Documents du Monde, October 1981), esp. sec. 4, "Le naturel et ses embuches"; Yonnet, Jeux, modes, et masses; and John Ardagh, France Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), ch. 4. For discussions of the emergence of a new, nature-oriented conception of leisure and vacationing among the French, see Jacky Herbin, ed., Tourisme et Environnement (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992); DATAR/Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Reconversions, ed., Une nouvelle étape pour l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Documentation Française, 1990); and Jean-Yves Capul, ed., L'Etat de la décentralisation (Paris: Documentation Française, 1992 [Cahiers Français no. 256]).
120. For the reminiscences of Brice Lalonde, leader of one of France's two environmentalist political parties, about his days as a soixante-huitard and the long-term impact of the events of May '68, see Brice Lalonde, Sur la vague verte (Paris: Laffont, 1981), ch. 8.
121. See in particular Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992); Sainteny, Les Verts, 13-25; Shull, "Ecologists in the Regional Elections"; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: La Renaissance, 1992).
122. See in particular Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992); Sainteny, Les Verts, 13-25; Shull, "Ecologists in the Regional Elections"; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: La Renaissance, 1992).
123. See in particular Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992); Sainteny, Les Verts, 13-25; Shull, "Ecologists in the Regional Elections"; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: La Renaissance, 1992).
124. See in particular Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992); Sainteny, Les Verts, 13-25; Shull, "Ecologists in the Regional Elections"; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: La Renaissance, 1992).
125. See in particular Boy, "Les écologistes en France"; Jean-Luc Bennahmias and Agnès Roche, Des verts de toutes les couleurs: Histoire et sociologie du mouvement écolo (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992); Sainteny, Les Verts, 13-25; Shull, "Ecologists in the Regional Elections"; and Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques le Seigneur, Génération Verte: Les écologistes en politique (Paris: La Renaissance, 1992).
126. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
127. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
128. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
129. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
130. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
131. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
132. See for, example, Dominique Simonnet, L'écologisme, 2d ed. (Paris: PUF, 1982); Jean-Paul Deléage, Histoire de l'écologie, une science de l'homme et de la nature (Paris: La Découverte, 1992); Pascal Acot, Histoire de l'écologie (Paris: PUF, 1988); Christian Brodhag, Objectif terre: Les Verts, de l'écologie à la politique (Paris: Félin, 1990); Antoine Waechter, Dessine-moi une planète (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990); Fabrice Nicolino, Le tour de France d'un écologiste (Paris: Seuil, 1993); and Gorz, Ecology as Politics.
133. Political scientists have written several works on the French and/or European environmental movements, all of them containing lengthy discussions of the complex and evolving relationships between the greens and the state. See Sainteny, Les verts; Simonnet, L'écologisme; Dalton, Green Rainbow; and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, "Green Parties and Alternative Lists Under Cross-National Perspective," in New Politics in Western Europe, ed. F. Müller-Rommel (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989).
134. Political scientists have written several works on the French and/or European environmental movements, all of them containing lengthy discussions of the complex and evolving relationships between the greens and the state. See Sainteny, Les verts; Simonnet, L'écologisme; Dalton, Green Rainbow; and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, "Green Parties and Alternative Lists Under Cross-National Perspective," in New Politics in Western Europe, ed. F. Müller-Rommel (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989).
135. Political scientists have written several works on the French and/or European environmental movements, all of them containing lengthy discussions of the complex and evolving relationships between the greens and the state. See Sainteny, Les verts; Simonnet, L'écologisme; Dalton, Green Rainbow; and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, "Green Parties and Alternative Lists Under Cross-National Perspective," in New Politics in Western Europe, ed. F. Müller-Rommel (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989).
136. Political scientists have written several works on the French and/or European environmental movements, all of them containing lengthy discussions of the complex and evolving relationships between the greens and the state. See Sainteny, Les verts; Simonnet, L'écologisme; Dalton, Green Rainbow; and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, "Green Parties and Alternative Lists Under Cross-National Perspective," in New Politics in Western Europe, ed. F. Müller-Rommel (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989).
137. See the lucid analysis of this subject by a veteran environmental activist in Lebreton, La nature en crise, 311-17. See also the discussion by the leader of the French Green Party, Antoine Waechter, in Dessine-moi une planète, 213-16.
138. See the lucid analysis of this subject by a veteran environmental activist in Lebreton, La nature en crise, 311-17. See also the discussion by the leader of the French Green Party, Antoine Waechter, in Dessine-moi une planète, 213-16.
139. Alexandre Kiss, ed., L'écologie et la loi: Le statut juridique de l'environnement (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1989), 7. See also François Ost, La nature hors la loi: L'écologie à l'épreuve du droit (Paris: La Découverte, 1995); and Raphaël Romi, "Le droit de l'environnement à la recherche de la démocratie," Écologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 89-94.
140. Alexandre Kiss, ed., L'écologie et la loi: Le statut juridique de l'environnement (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1989), 7. See also François Ost, La nature hors la loi: L'écologie à l'épreuve du droit (Paris: La Découverte, 1995); and Raphaël Romi, "Le droit de l'environnement à la recherche de la démocratie," Écologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 89-94.
141. Alexandre Kiss, ed., L'écologie et la loi: Le statut juridique de l'environnement (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1989), 7. See also François Ost, La nature hors la loi: L'écologie à l'épreuve du droit (Paris: La Découverte, 1995); and Raphaël Romi, "Le droit de l'environnement à la recherche de la démocratie," Écologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 89-94.
142. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
143. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
144. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
145. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
146. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
147. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
148. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
149. The early years of this ministry are recounted in the memoirs of the first minister of the environment, Robert Poujade, in Le ministère de l'impossible (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975). Subsequent books by holders of this office include Lalonde, Sur la vague verte; Ségolène Royal, Pays, paysans, paysages: La réconciliation est-elle possible? (Paris: Laffont, 1993); and Michel Barnier, Le défi ácologique: Chacun pour tous (Paris: Hachette, 1991). For a pithy balance sheet of the ministry's activities, see Lebreton, La nature en crise, chs. 5, 7, 8. For discussions of various agencies and their functioning, see Chantal Ausseur-Dolléans, Guide de la protection des éspaces naturels et urbains (Paris: Documentation Française, 1991); Yves Jegouzo and Christophe Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1990); and Priscilla de Roo and Jean-Paul Laborie, eds., Atlas de l'aménagement du territoire (Paris: Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale/La Documentation Française, 1988).
150. Jegouzo and Sanson, Le guide de l'environnement
151. Ibid., 43-49, 279-88.
152. Florian Charvolin, "L'invention de l'environnement en France (1960-1971): Les pratiques documentaires d'agrégation à l'origine du Ministère de la protection de la nature et de l'environnement" (Ph.D. diss., Université Pierre Mendès-France de Grenoble and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation, 1993), 403. See also the incisive discussion in Bruno Latour, "Moderniser ou écologiser? A la recherche de la septième cité," Écologie Politique 13 (Spring 1995): 5-30.
153. Florian Charvolin, "L'invention de l'environnement en France (1960-1971): Les pratiques documentaires d'agrégation à l'origine du Ministère de la protection de la nature et de l'environnement" (Ph.D. diss., Université Pierre Mendès-France de Grenoble and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation, 1993), 403. See also the incisive discussion in Bruno Latour, "Moderniser ou écologiser? A la recherche de la septième cité," Écologie Politique 13 (Spring 1995): 5-30.
154. See the discussion in Dalton, Green Rainbow, 90-96.
155. Jean-Pierre Raffin, professor of ecological science, University of Paris VII, and Green member of the European Parliament, interview by author, Paris, July 1993; Laurence Mermet, press attachée of FNE/FFSPN, interview by author, Paris, January 1993. For an overview of the activities of FNE/FFSPN, see Pierre Delacroix, "La fédération française des sociétés de protection de la nature," Administration 139 (April 1988): 15-24.
156. Jean-Pierre Raffin, professor of ecological science, University of Paris VII, and Green member of the European Parliament, interview by author, Paris, July 1993; Laurence Mermet, press attachée of FNE/FFSPN, interview by author, Paris, January 1993. For an overview of the activities of FNE/FFSPN, see Pierre Delacroix, "La fédération française des sociétés de protection de la nature," Administration 139 (April 1988): 15-24.
157. Jean-Pierre Raffin, professor of ecological science, University of Paris VII, and Green member of the European Parliament, interview by author, Paris, July 1993; Laurence Mermet, press attachée of FNE/FFSPN, interview by author, Paris, January 1993. For an overview of the activities of FNE/FFSPN, see Pierre Delacroix, "La fédération française des sociétés de protection de la nature," Administration 139 (April 1988): 15-24.
158. Some of these organizations choose simplicity in naming themselves (e.g., Picardie Nature), some opt for full bureaucratic signification (e.g., Federation of Associations for the Protection of the Environment and Nature Along the Coast of Armor), and some wax more picturesque in their titles (e.g., Friends of Skunks, Foxes, and Other Persecuted Creatures; and the Association of Apple Munchers). For a comprehensive listing of these associations, see France Nature Environnement, La liste des asssociations (Paris: France Nature Environment, 1993).
159. For a discussion of these neocorporatist practices throughout Western Europe, see Dalton, Green Rainbow, 192-95. See also Gerhard Lehmbruch and Philippe Schmitter, eds., Patterns of Neo-Corporatist Policymaking (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1982).
160. For a discussion of these neocorporatist practices throughout Western Europe, see Dalton, Green Rainbow, 192-95. See also Gerhard Lehmbruch and Philippe Schmitter, eds., Patterns of Neo-Corporatist Policymaking (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1982).
161. Pierre Samuel, president of Les Amis de la Terre, interview by author, Bourg-la-Reine, June 1993.
162. See also Lebreton, La nature en crise.
163. For a detailed listing of these consultative committees and a brief description of their functioning, see Georges Cingal, "Rapport D'Activités," La Lettre du Herisson 139bis (Juillet-Août 1992): 38-39.
164. See Béatrice D'Erceville, "A la recherche du rayon vert," LSA 1290 (6 February 1992): 80-82. A collection of some two hundred magazine and newspaper articles on the topic of business and the environment is available to researchers at the Médiathèque of the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette, Paris. See "Gérer L'Environnement," TI 53 Gérer, in this collection.
165. See Béatrice D'Erceville, "A la recherche du rayon vert," LSA 1290 (6 February 1992): 80-82. A collection of some two hundred magazine and newspaper articles on the topic of business and the environment is available to researchers at the Médiathèque of the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette, Paris. See "Gérer L'Environnement," TI 53 Gérer, in this collection.
166. Martine Guenzet, "Voici venir les 'hommes verts,'" Enjeux-Les Échos 128 (October 1992): 31-33; Olivier Boiral et Dominique Jolly, "Stratégie, compétitivité, et écologie," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992): 80-95; Gérard Negreanu, "Que pèsera l'écologie?" L'Entreprise 82 (July 1992): 67-71; Frédéric Brillet, "Les hommes verts de l'entreprise," Challenges (February 1993): 52-53.
167. Martine Guenzet, "Voici venir les 'hommes verts,'" Enjeux-Les Échos 128 (October 1992): 31-33; Olivier Boiral et Dominique Jolly, "Stratégie, compétitivité, et écologie," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992): 80-95; Gérard Negreanu, "Que pèsera l'écologie?" L'Entreprise 82 (July 1992): 67-71; Frédéric Brillet, "Les hommes verts de l'entreprise," Challenges (February 1993): 52-53.
168. Martine Guenzet, "Voici venir les 'hommes verts,'" Enjeux-Les Échos 128 (October 1992): 31-33; Olivier Boiral et Dominique Jolly, "Stratégie, compétitivité, et écologie," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992): 80-95; Gérard Negreanu, "Que pèsera l'écologie?" L'Entreprise 82 (July 1992): 67-71; Frédéric Brillet, "Les hommes verts de l'entreprise," Challenges (February 1993): 52-53.
169. Martine Guenzet, "Voici venir les 'hommes verts,'" Enjeux-Les Échos 128 (October 1992): 31-33; Olivier Boiral et Dominique Jolly, "Stratégie, compétitivité, et écologie," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992): 80-95; Gérard Negreanu, "Que pèsera l'écologie?" L'Entreprise 82 (July 1992): 67-71; Frédéric Brillet, "Les hommes verts de l'entreprise," Challenges (February 1993): 52-53.
170. See Alexandre Vatimbella, Le capitalisme vert (Paris: Syros/Alternatives, 1992), 34-35; Sylvia Vaisman, "Pollution: la grande peur des financiers," Enjeux-Les Échos 126 (June 1992): 66ff.; Dominique Jolly, "La politique environnementale d'un groupe industriel: le cas d'Elf-Aquitaine," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992), 117-21.
171. See Alexandre Vatimbella, Le capitalisme vert (Paris: Syros/Alternatives, 1992), 34-35; Sylvia Vaisman, "Pollution: la grande peur des financiers," Enjeux-Les Échos 126 (June 1992): 66ff.; Dominique Jolly, "La politique environnementale d'un groupe industriel: le cas d'Elf-Aquitaine," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992), 117-21.
172. See Alexandre Vatimbella, Le capitalisme vert (Paris: Syros/Alternatives, 1992), 34-35; Sylvia Vaisman, "Pollution: la grande peur des financiers," Enjeux-Les Échos 126 (June 1992): 66ff.; Dominique Jolly, "La politique environnementale d'un groupe industriel: le cas d'Elf-Aquitaine," Revue Française de Gestion (June-August 1992), 117-21.
173. Quoted in Vatimbella, Le capitalisme vert, 131.
174. Martine Orange, "Environnement: Nouveau moteur de l'investissement," L'Usine Nouvelle 2398 (18 February 1993): 16-20; Jean-Michel Meyer, "Le big-bang des industries vertes," L'Usine Nouvelle (Spécial Éco-industries, 1992), 12-17. See also Maryse Guigo et. al., Gestion de l'environnement et études d'impact (Paris: Masson, 1991); and M. Michel Pecqueur, ed., Bilan et perspectives des activités industrielles liées à la protection de l'environnement en France (Paris: Conseil Economique et Social/Direction des Journaux Officiels, 1993).
175. Martine Orange, "Environnement: Nouveau moteur de l'investissement," L'Usine Nouvelle 2398 (18 February 1993): 16-20; Jean-Michel Meyer, "Le big-bang des industries vertes," L'Usine Nouvelle (Spécial Éco-industries, 1992), 12-17. See also Maryse Guigo et. al., Gestion de l'environnement et études d'impact (Paris: Masson, 1991); and M. Michel Pecqueur, ed., Bilan et perspectives des activités industrielles liées à la protection de l'environnement en France (Paris: Conseil Economique et Social/Direction des Journaux Officiels, 1993).
176. Martine Orange, "Environnement: Nouveau moteur de l'investissement," L'Usine Nouvelle 2398 (18 February 1993): 16-20; Jean-Michel Meyer, "Le big-bang des industries vertes," L'Usine Nouvelle (Spécial Éco-industries, 1992), 12-17. See also Maryse Guigo et. al., Gestion de l'environnement et études d'impact (Paris: Masson, 1991); and M. Michel Pecqueur, ed., Bilan et perspectives des activités industrielles liées à la protection de l'environnement en France (Paris: Conseil Economique et Social/Direction des Journaux Officiels, 1993).
177. Martine Orange, "Environnement: Nouveau moteur de l'investissement," L'Usine Nouvelle 2398 (18 February 1993): 16-20; Jean-Michel Meyer, "Le big-bang des industries vertes," L'Usine Nouvelle (Spécial Éco-industries, 1992), 12-17. See also Maryse Guigo et. al., Gestion de l'environnement et études d'impact (Paris: Masson, 1991); and M. Michel Pecqueur, ed., Bilan et perspectives des activités industrielles liées à la protection de l'environnement en France (Paris: Conseil Economique et Social/Direction des Journaux Officiels, 1993).
178. Arnaud Comolet, "Le renouveau écologique: de l'éco-utopie à l'éco-capitalisme," Futuribles 151 (September 1991): 45.
179. See also Economie et Statistique 258/259 (October-November 1992),
180. a special issue entitled "L'Économie de l'environnement."
181. For a more sceptical reading of recent developments, see Denis Duclos, "Les industriels et l'environnement: un nouveau paradigme?" Écologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 95-124.
182. See, for example, the detailed discussion of this tension in Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, trans. P. S. Falla, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978).
183. For an illuminating discussion of the similarities and differences between the socialist tradition and the environmentalist tradition, see Alain Lipietz, Green Hopes: The Future of Political Ecology, trans. Malcolm Slater (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), especially chs. 3, 4, 5. See also Alain Lipietz, "Les Verts: bleus, blancs, rouges . . . ou bruns?" and Alfred Grosser, "Faut-il avoir peur de l'écologie?" in Libération (March 1992): 64-65; Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques Ie Seigneur, Génération Verte (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992), ch. 8; and Bruno Latour, "Arrachement ou attachement à la nature?" Ecologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 15-26.
184. For an illuminating discussion of the similarities and differences between the socialist tradition and the environmentalist tradition, see Alain Lipietz, Green Hopes: The Future of Political Ecology, trans. Malcolm Slater (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), especially chs. 3, 4, 5. See also Alain Lipietz, "Les Verts: bleus, blancs, rouges . . . ou bruns?" and Alfred Grosser, "Faut-il avoir peur de l'écologie?" in Libération (March 1992): 64-65; Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques Ie Seigneur, Génération Verte (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992), ch. 8; and Bruno Latour, "Arrachement ou attachement à la
185. For an illuminating discussion of the similarities and differences between the socialist tradition and the environmentalist tradition, see Alain Lipietz, Green Hopes: The Future of Political Ecology, trans. Malcolm Slater (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), especially chs. 3, 4, 5. See also Alain Lipietz, "Les Verts: bleus, blancs, rouges . . . ou bruns?" and Alfred Grosser, "Faut-il avoir peur de l'écologie?" in Libération (March 1992): 64-65; Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques Ie Seigneur, Génération Verte (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992), ch. 8; and Bruno Latour, "Arrachement ou attachement à la nature?" Ecologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 15-26.
186. For an illuminating discussion of the similarities and differences between the socialist tradition and the environmentalist tradition, see Alain Lipietz, Green Hopes: The Future of Political Ecology, trans. Malcolm Slater (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), especially chs. 3, 4, 5. See also Alain Lipietz, "Les Verts: bleus, blancs, rouges . . . ou bruns?" and Alfred Grosser, "Faut-il avoir peur de l'écologie?" in Libération (March 1992): 64-65; Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques Ie Seigneur, Génération Verte (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992), ch. 8; and Bruno Latour, "Arrachement ou attachement à la nature?" Ecologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 15-26.
187. For an illuminating discussion of the similarities and differences between the socialist tradition and the environmentalist tradition, see Alain Lipietz, Green Hopes: The Future of Political Ecology, trans. Malcolm Slater (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), especially chs. 3, 4, 5. See also Alain Lipietz, "Les Verts: bleus, blancs, rouges . . . ou bruns?" and Alfred Grosser, "Faut-il avoir peur de l'écologie?" in Libération (March 1992): 64-65; Raymond Pronier and Vincent Jacques Ie Seigneur, Génération Verte (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1992), ch. 8; and Bruno Latour, "Arrachement ou attachement à la nature?" Ecologie Politique 5 (Winter 1993): 15-26.
188. The danger of nuclear war is excluded here (although it certainly has immense ecological implications) since it falls more appropriately under the analytical categories of international politics and military history than environmental politics. During the postwar era, most citizens concerned about the danger of a nuclear holocaust tended to organize their efforts directly around the concepts and strategies of "peace activism" rather than around the broader cause of environmental activism," even though a significant linkage between the two domains undoubtedly existed. While large numbers of people genuinely feared a nuclear conflagration, most did not believe it warranted a drastic shift to a no-growth economy; rather, the fear of nuclear war led to more precisely focused efforts aimed at curbing the arms race or influencing the conduct of superpower diplomacy. For purposes of the present argument, the point is that the fear of nuclear war failed to exert a mass-radicalizing effect on behalf of a swift and draconian ecological restructuring. For discussions of popular fears concerning nuclear weapons, see, for example, Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985); Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton, eds., Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France (London: Groom Helm, 1984); Raymond E. Burrell, The French Communist Party, Nuclear Weapons, and National Defense: Issues of the 1978 Election Campaign (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1979); and Diana Johnstone, The Politics of Euromissiles: Europe's Role in America's World (London: Verso, 1984).
189. The danger of nuclear war is excluded here (although it certainly has immense ecological implications) since it falls more appropriately under the analytical categories of international politics and military history than environmental politics. During the postwar era, most citizens concerned about the danger of a nuclear holocaust tended to organize their efforts directly around the concepts and strategies of "peace activism" rather than around the broader cause of environmental activism," even though a significant linkage between the two domains undoubtedly existed. While large numbers of people genuinely feared a nuclear conflagration, most did not believe it warranted a drastic shift to a no-growth economy; rather, the fear of nuclear war led to more precisely focused efforts aimed at curbing the arms race or influencing the conduct of superpower diplomacy. For purposes of the present argument, the point is that the fear of nuclear war failed to exert a mass-radicalizing effect on behalf of a swift and draconian ecological restructuring. For discussions of popular fears concerning nuclear weapons, see, for example, Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985); Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton, eds., Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France (London: Groom Helm, 1984); Raymond E. Burrell, The French Communist Party, Nuclear Weapons, and National Defense: Issues of the 1978 Election Campaign (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1979); and Diana Johnstone, The Politics of Euromissiles: Europe's Role in America's World (London: Verso, 1984).
190. The danger of nuclear war is excluded here (although it certainly has immense ecological implications) since it falls more appropriately under the analytical categories of international politics and military history than environmental politics. During the postwar era, most citizens concerned about the danger of a nuclear holocaust tended to organize their efforts directly around the concepts and strategies of "peace activism" rather than around the broader cause of environmental activism," even though a significant linkage between the two domains undoubtedly existed. While large numbers of people genuinely feared a nuclear conflagration, most did not believe it warranted a drastic shift to a no-growth economy; rather, the fear of nuclear war led to more precisely focused efforts aimed at curbing the arms race or influencing the conduct of superpower diplomacy. For purposes of the present argument, the point is that the fear of nuclear war failed to exert a mass-radicalizing effect on behalf of a swift and draconian ecological restructuring. For discussions of popular fears concerning nuclear weapons, see, for example, Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985); Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton, eds., Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France (London: Groom Helm, 1984); Raymond E. Burrell, The French Communist Party, Nuclear Weapons, and National Defense: Issues of the 1978 Election Campaign (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1979); and Diana Johnstone, The Politics of Euromissiles: Europe's Role in America's World (London: Verso, 1984).
191. The danger of nuclear war is excluded here (although it certainly has immense ecological implications) since it falls more appropriately under the analytical categories of international politics and military history than environmental politics. During the postwar era, most citizens concerned about the danger of a nuclear holocaust tended to organize their efforts directly around the concepts and strategies of "peace activism" rather than around the broader cause of environmental activism," even though a significant linkage between the two domains undoubtedly existed. While large numbers of people genuinely feared a nuclear conflagration, most did not believe it warranted a drastic shift to a no-growth economy; rather, the fear of nuclear war led to more precisely focused efforts aimed at curbing the arms race or influencing the conduct of superpower diplomacy. For purposes of the present argument, the point is that the fear of nuclear war failed to exert a mass-radicalizing effect on behalf of a swift and draconian ecological restructuring. For discussions of popular fears concerning nuclear weapons, see, for example, Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985); Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton, eds., Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France (London: Groom Helm, 1984); Raymond E. Burrell, The French Communist Party, Nuclear Weapons, and National Defense: Issues of the 1978 Election Campaign (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1979); and Diana Johnstone, The Politics of Euromissiles: Europe's Role in America's World (London: Verso, 1984).
192. The danger of nuclear war is excluded here (although it certainly has immense ecological implications) since it falls more appropriately under the analytical categories of international politics and military history than environmental politics. During the postwar era, most citizens concerned about the danger of a nuclear holocaust tended to organize their efforts directly around the concepts and strategies of "peace activism" rather than around the broader cause of environmental activism," even though a significant linkage between the two domains undoubtedly existed. While large numbers of people genuinely feared a nuclear conflagration, most did not believe it warranted a drastic shift to a no-growth economy; rather, the fear of nuclear war led to more precisely focused efforts aimed at curbing the arms race or influencing the conduct of superpower diplomacy. For purposes of the present argument, the point is that the fear of nuclear war failed to exert a mass-radicalizing effect on behalf of a swift and draconian ecological restructuring. For discussions of popular fears concerning nuclear weapons, see, for example, Richard C. Eichenberg, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger, eds., The Public and Atlantic Defense (London: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985); Jolyon Howorth and Patricia Chilton, eds., Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France (London: Groom Helm, 1984); Raymond E. Burrell, The French Communist Party, Nuclear Weapons, and National Defense: Issues of the 1978 Election Campaign (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1979); and Diana Johnstone, The Politics of Euromissiles: Europe's Role in America's World (London: Verso, 1984).
193. For broad discussions of these strategic issues, see, for example, Lipietz, Green Hopes; Luke Martell, Ecology and Society (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Rudolf Bahro, Building the Green Movement, trans. Mary Tyler (London: GMP, 1986); Michel Rostagnat, Les nouvelles frontières de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Rouergue, 1993); Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London: Verso, 1988).
194. For broad discussions of these strategic issues, see, for example, Lipietz, Green Hopes; Luke Martell, Ecology and Society (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Rudolf Bahro, Building the Green Movement, trans. Mary Tyler (London: GMP, 1986); Michel Rostagnat, Les nouvelles frontières de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Rouergue, 1993); Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London: Verso, 1988).
195. For broad discussions of these strategic issues, see, for example, Lipietz, Green Hopes; Luke Martell, Ecology and Society (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Rudolf Bahro, Building the Green Movement, trans. Mary Tyler (London: GMP, 1986); Michel Rostagnat, Les nouvelles frontières de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Rouergue, 1993); Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London: Verso, 1988).
196. For broad discussions of these strategic issues, see, for example, Lipietz, Green Hopes; Luke Martell, Ecology and Society (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Rudolf Bahro, Building the Green Movement, trans. Mary Tyler (London: GMP, 1986); Michel Rostagnat, Les nouvelles frontières de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Rouergue, 1993); Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London: Verso, 1988).
197. For broad discussions of these strategic issues, see, for example, Lipietz, Green Hopes; Luke Martell, Ecology and Society (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Rudolf Bahro, Building the Green Movement, trans. Mary Tyler (London: GMP, 1986); Michel Rostagnat, Les nouvelles frontières de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Rouergue, 1993); Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London: Verso, 1988).
198. For broad discussions of these strategic issues, see, for example, Lipietz, Green Hopes; Luke Martell, Ecology and Society (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Rudolf Bahro, Building the Green Movement, trans. Mary Tyler (London: GMP, 1986); Michel Rostagnat, Les nouvelles frontières de l'environnement (Paris: Editions du Rouergue, 1993); Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London: Verso, 1988).
199. For overviews of this period of heady expansion, see Jean Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses (Paris: Fayard, 1979); Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1980); Serge Bernstein, La France de l'expansion (Paris: Seuil, 1989); Jean-Jacques Carré, Paul Dubois, and Edmond Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, trans. John P. Hatfield (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975); Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964); and Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Postwar Resurgence of the French Economy," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 118-58.
200. For overviews of this period of heady expansion, see Jean Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses (Paris: Fayard, 1979); Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1980); Serge Bernstein, La France de l'expansion (Paris: Seuil, 1989); Jean-Jacques Carré, Paul Dubois, and Edmond Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, trans. John P. Hatfield (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975); Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964); and Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Postwar Resurgence of the French Economy," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 118-58.
201. For overviews of this period of heady expansion, see Jean Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses (Paris: Fayard, 1979); Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1980); Serge Bernstein, La France de l'expansion (Paris: Seuil, 1989); Jean-Jacques Carré, Paul Dubois, and Edmond Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, trans. John P. Hatfield (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975); Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964); and Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Postwar Resurgence of the French Economy," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 118-58.
202. For overviews of this period of heady expansion, see Jean Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses (Paris: Fayard, 1979); Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1980); Serge Bernstein, La France de l'expansion (Paris: Seuil, 1989); Jean-Jacques Carré, Paul Dubois, and Edmond Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, trans. John P. Hatfield (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975); Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964); and Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Postwar Resurgence of the French Economy," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 118-58.
203. For overviews of this period of heady expansion, see Jean Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses (Paris: Fayard, 1979); Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1980); Serge Bernstein, La France de l'expansion (Paris: Seuil, 1989); Jean-Jacques Carré, Paul Dubois, and Edmond Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, trans. John P. Hatfield (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975); Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964); and Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Postwar Resurgence of the French Economy," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 118-58.
204. For overviews of this period of heady expansion, see Jean Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses (Paris: Fayard, 1979); Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1980); Serge Bernstein, La France de l'expansion (Paris: Seuil, 1989); Jean-Jacques Carré, Paul Dubois, and Edmond Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, trans. John P. Hatfield (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975); Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964); and Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Postwar Resurgence of the French Economy," in In Search of France, ed. Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 118-58.
205. French public opinion pollsters and sociologists have made a significant effort to gauge this transition into an "ecological worldview." For an excellent compilation of two decades of nationwide opinion poll results, see Atelier Vert de la Forêt de Fontainebleau, Les Français face à leur environnement (Paris: Ministère de l'Environnement [Délégation à la Qualité de la Vie], July 1991). See also Institut Français d'Opinion Publique et d'Etude de Marchés, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années, vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP, étude no. 1.291 (Paris: IFOP, May 1991).
206. French public opinion pollsters and sociologists have made a significant effort to gauge this transition into an "ecological worldview." For an excellent compilation of two decades of nationwide opinion poll results, see Atelier Vert de la Forêt de Fontainebleau, Les Français face à leur environnement (Paris: Ministère de l'Environnement [Délégation à la Qualité de la Vie], July 1991). See also Institut Français d'Opinion Publique et d'Etude de Marchés, Les mutations idéologiques en France au cours des cinquante dernières années, vues à travers les sondages de l'IFOP, étude no. 1.291 (Paris: IFOP, May 1991).
207. Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia (New York: Bantam, 1975).
208. One journalist for the daily Le Monde, bitterly disappointed by this "wide and shallow" greening of mainstream society, coined the sardonic term écologie-spectacle (ecology-show) to describe the state of environmental issues in contemporary France. Roger Cans, Tous verts! La surenchère écologique (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1992).
209. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
210. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
211. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
212. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
213. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
214. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
215. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
216. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
217. For broad discussions of this tension between modernization and tradition, see Paul Gagnon, "'La Vie Future': Some French Responses to the Technological Society," Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 172-89; and Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (New York: Praeger, 1968). For discussions of the "flight from the countryside" and its cultural consequences, see Daniel Tacet, Un monde sans paysans (Paris: Hachette, 1992); Jean-Marie Pesez and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "The Deserted Villages of France: An Overview," in Rural Society in France, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), ch. 1; Pierre Alphandéry, Pierre Bitoun, and Yves Dupont, Les champs du départ (Paris: La Découverte, 1989); Pierre Estienne, Terres d'abandon? La population des montagnes françaises: hier, aujourd'hui, demain (Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 1988); and Henri Mendras, The Vanishing Peasant, trans. Jean Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). For an example of a novel that reached a huge audience in the early 1990s by playing directly upon the theme of nostalgia for the "lost world" of peasant culture, see Frédérique Hébrard, Le château des oliviers (Paris: Flammarion, 1993). For a fascinating (but only partially convincing) recent work that calls into question the alleged tendency for modernization to destroy age-old rural traditions and to produce cultural homogenization and uniformity, see Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
218. The best scholarly discussion of this subject is given in Sainteny, Les Verts, 13-25.
219. In the France of the 1990s, it is fair to say that the word "growth" still lies at the center of public discourse about economics and a healthy social order. According to most opinion polls, French citizens continue to believe in social and (especially) technological progress. They have duly acknowledged that the quantity of the earth's material resources is finite and that many of those resources are nonrenewable, but a majority of them still hold to a qualitative vision of progress: humankind will learn how to do more with limited resources, and hence material life can continue to improve indefinitely through technological innovation. On the evolving attitudes toward such terms as "progress," "modernity," and "science and technology" among the French, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gagnon, "La Vie Future," 172-89; and Aron, Progress and Disillusion. For opinion polls, see Antoine and Popelin-Camus, La science, la technique.
220. In the France of the 1990s, it is fair to say that the word "growth" still lies at the center of public discourse about economics and a healthy social order. According to most opinion polls, French citizens continue to believe in social and (especially) technological progress. They have duly acknowledged that the quantity of the earth's material resources is finite and that many of those resources are nonrenewable, but a majority of them still hold to a qualitative vision of progress: humankind will learn how to do more with limited resources, and hence material life can continue to improve indefinitely through technological innovation. On the evolving attitudes toward such terms as "progress," "modernity," and "science and technology" among the French, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gagnon, "La Vie Future," 172-89; and Aron, Progress and Disillusion. For opinion polls, see Antoine and Popelin-Camus, La science, la technique.
221. In the France of the 1990s, it is fair to say that the word "growth" still lies at the center of public discourse about economics and a healthy social order. According to most opinion polls, French citizens continue to believe in social and (especially) technological progress. They have duly acknowledged that the quantity of the earth's material resources is finite and that many of those resources are nonrenewable, but a majority of them still hold to a qualitative vision of progress: humankind will learn how to do more with limited resources, and hence material life can continue to improve indefinitely through technological innovation. On the evolving attitudes toward such terms as "progress," "modernity," and "science and technology" among the French, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gagnon, "La Vie Future," 172-89; and Aron, Progress and Disillusion. For opinion polls, see Antoine and Popelin-Camus, La science, la technique.
222. In the France of the 1990s, it is fair to say that the word "growth" still lies at the center of public discourse about economics and a healthy social order. According to most opinion polls, French citizens continue to believe in social and (especially) technological progress. They have duly acknowledged that the quantity of the earth's material resources is finite and that many of those resources are nonrenewable, but a majority of them still hold to a qualitative vision of progress: humankind will learn how to do more with limited resources, and hence material life can continue to improve indefinitely through technological innovation. On the evolving attitudes toward such terms as "progress," "modernity," and "science and technology" among the French, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gagnon, "La Vie Future," 172-89; and Aron, Progress and Disillusion. For opinion polls, see Antoine and Popelin-Camus, La science, la technique.
223. Two contemporary French works that tackle this challenge with particular creativity and sophistication are Lipietz, Green Hopes, and Bernard Charbonneau, Sauver nos régions: Écologie et sociétés locales (Paris: Sang de la Terre, 1991).
224. For a discussion of this tension between realism and idealism, see the concluding chapter of Michael Bess, Realism, Utopia, and the Mushroom Cloud: Four Activist Intellectuals and their Strategies for Peace, 1945-1989: Louise Weiss (France), Leo Szilard (USA), E. P. Thompson (England), Danilo Dolci (Italy) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) . The philosopher A. N. Whitehead offered a lucid articulation of this kind of tension, albeit in a much more generalized form: "Order is not sufficient. What is required, is something much more complex. It is order entering upon novelty; so that the massiveness of order does not degenerate into mere repetition; and so that the novelty is always reflected upon a background of system." Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (New York: Free Press, 1929), 400.
225. For a discussion of this tension between realism and idealism, see the concluding chapter of Michael Bess, Realism, Utopia, and the Mushroom Cloud: Four Activist Intellectuals and their Strategies for Peace, 1945-1989: Louise Weiss (France), Leo Szilard (USA), E. P. Thompson (England), Danilo Dolci (Italy) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) . The philosopher A. N. Whitehead offered a lucid articulation of this kind of tension, albeit in a much more generalized form: "Order is not sufficient. What is required, is something much more complex. It is order entering upon novelty; so that the massiveness of order does not degenerate into mere repetition; and so that the novelty is always reflected upon a background of system." Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (New York: Free Press, 1929), 400.
226. William Morris, The Dream of John Ball, quoted in E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London: Monthly Review Press, 1978), 88.