Risk factors associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use among adolescents

Sports Medicine

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 397-405

  Bahrke, Michael S ^a   Yesalis, Charles E ^b   Kopstein, Andrea N ^c   Stephens, Jason A ^b  

^a Human Kinetics   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Substance Abuse Mental Hlth S   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANABOLIC AGENT; ANDROGEN;

ADOLESCENT; ATHLETE; BEHAVIOR; BODY IMAGE; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG USE; HUMAN; PERCEPTION; PERSONALITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SPORTS MEDICINE; STUDENT;

EID: 0034121295     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200029060-00003     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. 1. Yesalis CE, Bahrke MS. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: current issues. Sports Med 1995; 19: 326-40
2. 2. Frazier S. Androgens and athletes. Am J Dis Child 1973; 125: 479-80
3. 3. Gilbert B. Drugs in sport, part 1: problems in a turned-on world. Sports Illustrated 1969 Jun 23: 64-72
4. 4. Gilbert B. Drugs in sport, part 2: something extra on the hall. Sports Illustrated 1969 Jun 30: 30-42
5. 5. Gilbert B. Drugs in sport, part 3: high time to make some rules. Sports Illustrated 1969 Jul 7: 30-5
6. 6. Buckley WE, Yesalis CE, Friedl KE, et al. Estimated prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use among male high school seniors. JAMA 1988; 260 (23): 3441-5
7. 7. Yesalis CE, Barsukiewicz CK, Kopstein AN, et al. Trends in anabolic-androgenic steroid use among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151: 1197-206
8. 8. Johnston L, O'Malley P, Bachman J. National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study. Vol. I (Secondary Students) 1989-1995. National Institutes of Health publication no. 96-4139. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1996
9. 9. Kann L, Warren CW, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 1993. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1995; 44: 1-56
10. 10. Hewitt SM, Smith-Akin CK, Higgins MM, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 1997. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1998; 47: 61
11. 11. Yesalis CE. Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics. In press
12. 12. Newman S. Despite warnings, lure of steroids too strong for some young Canadians. Can Med Assoc J 1994; 151: 844-6
13. 13. Yesalis CE, Ortner CK, Bahrke MS. Steroidi anabolizzanti mascolinizzanti: dal si dice al quanto: uno sguardo alla situazione internationale. Sport Medicina 1996; 5: 27-35
14. 14. Adalf EM, Smart RG. Characteristics of steroid users in an adolescent school population. J Alcohol Drug Educ 1992; 38 (1): 43-9
15. 15. Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport. National School Survey on Drugs and Sport: final report. Gloucester (ON): Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport, 1993
16. 16. Killip SM, Stennett RG. Use of performance enhancing substances by London secondary school students. London (ON): Board of Education for the City of London, 1990
17. 17. Nilsson S. Androgenic anabolic steroid use among male adolescents in Falkenberg. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 48 (1): 9-11
18. 18. Kindlundh AMS, Isacson DGL, Berglund L, et al. Factors associated with adolescent use of doping agents: anabolic-androgenic steroids. Addiction 1999; 94 (4): 543-53
19. 19. Schwellnus M, Lambert M, Todd M. Androgenic anabolic steroid use in matric pupils. S Afr Med J 1992; 82: 154-8
20. 20. Lambert MI, Titlestad SD, Schwellnus MP. Prevalence of androgenic-anabolic steroid use in adolescents in two regions of South Africa. S Afr Med J 1998; 88 (7): 876-80
21. 21. Williamson DJ. Anabolic steroid use among students at a British college of technology. Br J Sports Med 1993; 27 (3): 200-1
22. 22. Handelsman DJ, Gupta L. Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse in Australian high school students. Int J Androl 1997; 20: 159-64
23. 23. Collins MA. Prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male and female high school students [abstract]. J Strength Cond Res 1993; 7 (4): 251
24. 24. Corbin CB, Feyrer-Melk SA, Phelps C, et al. Anabolic steroids: a study of high school athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1994; 6: 149-58
25. 25. DuRant RH, Ashworth CS, Newman C, et al. Stability of the relationship between anabolic steroid use and multiple substance use among adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1994; 15 (2): 111-6
26. 26. DuRant RH, Escobedo LG, Heath GW. Anabolic-steroid use, strength training, and multiple drug use among adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics 1995; 96 (1): 23-8
27. 27. DuRant RH, Middleman AB, Faulkner AH, et al. Adolescent anabolic-androgenic steroid use, multiple drug use, and high school sports participation. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1997; 9: 150-8
28. 28. DuRant RH, Rickert VI, Ashworth CS, et al. Use of multiple drugs among adolescents who use anabolic steroids. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (13): 922-6
29. 29. Gaa GL, Griffith EH, Cahill BR, et al. Prevalence of anabolic steroids use among Illinois high school students. J Athlet Training 1994; 29 (3): 216-22
30. 30. Komoroski EM, Rickert VI. Adolescent body image and attitudes to anabolic steroid use. Am J Dis Child 1992; 146: 823-8
31. 31. Luetkemeier MJ, Bainbridge CN, Walker J, et al. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes in junior and senior high school students. J Am Health Educ 1995; 26 (1): 4-9
32. 32. Melia P, Pipe A, Greenberg L. The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids by Canadian students. Clin J Sport Med 1996; 6 (1): 9-14
33. 33. Nutter J. Middle school students' attitudes and use of anabolic steroids. J Strength Cond Res 1997; 11 (1): 35-9
34. 34. Radakovich J, Broderick P, Pickell G. Rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid use among students in junior high school. J Am Board Fam Pract 1993; 6 (4): 341-5
35. 35. Scott DM, Wagner JC, Barlow TW. Anabolic steroid use among adolescents in Nebraska schools. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996; 53: 2068-72
36. 36. Tanner SM, Miller DW, Alongi C. Anabolic steroid use by adolescents: prevalence, motives, and knowledge of risks. Clin J Sport Med 1995; 5 (2): 108-15
37. 37. Terney R, McLain LG. The use of anabolic steroids in high school students. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144: 99-103
38. 38. Yesalis CE, Kennedy N, Kopstein A, et al. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in the United States. JAMA 1993; 270: 1217-21
39. 39. Whitehead R, Chillag S, Elliot D. Anabolic steroid use among adolescents in a rural state. J Fam Pract 1992; 35 (4): 401-5
40. 40. Windsor R, Dumitru D. Prevalence of anabolic steroid use by male and female adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21 (5): 494-7
41. 41. Faigenbaum AD, Zaichowsky LD, Gardner DE, et al. Anabolic steroid use by male and female middle school students. Pediatrics 1998; 101 (5): E6
42. 42. Ross J, Winters F, Hartmann K, et al. 1988-89 survey of substance abuse among Maryland adolescents. Baltimore (MD): Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Administration, 1989
43. 43. Vaughan RD, Walter HJ, Gladis MM. Steroid use among adolescents: another look. AIDS 1991; 5: 112-3
44. 44. Middleman AB, DuRant RH. Anabolic steroid use and associated health risk behaviors. Sports Med 1996; 21 (4): 251-5
45. 45. Mikow VA. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use by 9th-12th grade students: results from the 1993 North Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 1994
46. 46. Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. 1994 Texas School Survey of Substance Abuse Among Students: Grades 7-12. Austin (TX): Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 1995
47. 47. Salva PS, Bacon GE. Anabolic steroids: interest among parents and nonathletes. South Med J 1991; 84 (5): 552-6
48. 48. South Carolina Department of Education and South Carolina Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (1989-1990 and 1992-1993 School Years). The youth survey results regarding alcohol and other drug use in South Carolina. Columbia (SC): South Carolina Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 1994
49. 49. Johnson MD, Jay MS, Shoup B, et al. Anabolic steroid use by male adolescents. Pediatrics 1989; 83 (6): 921-4
50. 50. Yesalis CE, Streit AL, Vicary JR, et al. Anabolic steroid use: indications of habituation among adolescents. J Drug Educ 1989; 19 (2): 103-16
51. 51. Hubbell N. The use of steroids by Michigan high school students and athletes: an opinion research study of 10th and 12th grade high school students and varsity athletes. Lansing (MI): Michigan Department of Public Health, Chronic Disease Advisory Committee, 1990
52. 52. Wang M, Yesalis CE, Fitzhugh EC, et al. Desire for weight gain and potential risks of adolescent males using anabolic steroids. Percept Mot Skills 1994; 78 (1): 267-74
53. 53. Burnett KF, Kleiman ME. Psychological characteristics of adolescent steroid users. Adolescence 1994; 29 (113): 81-9
54. 54. Chng CL, Moore A. A sludy of steroid use among athletes: knowledge, attitude and use. Health Educ 1990; 21 (6): 11-7
55. 55. Krowchuk DP, Anglin TM, Goodfellow DB, et al. High school athletes and the use of ergogenic aids. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 486-9
56. 56. Goldberg L, Bents R, Bosworth E, et al. Anabolic steroid education and adolescents: do scare tactics work? Pediatrics 1991; 87: 283-6
57. 57. Goldberg L, Elliot D, Clarke G, et al. Effects of a multi-dimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention: the adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids (ATLAS) program. JAMA 1996; 276: 1555-62
58. 58. Middleman AB, Faulkner AH, Woods ER. et al. High-risk behaviors among high school students in Massachusetts who use anabolic steroids. Pediatrics 1995; 96 (2): 268-72
59. 59. McGraw JM. The psychology of anabolic steroid use [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (6): 260
60. 60. Lin GL, Erinott L, editors. Anabolic steroid abuse. Research monograph 102. Rockville (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1990
61. 61. Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE, Brower KJ. Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse and performance-enhancing drugs among adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1998; 7 (4): 821-38
62. 62. Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE. Weight training: a potential confounding factor in examining the psychological and behavioral effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sports Med 1994; 18 (5): 309-18
63. 63. Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE, Wright JE. Psychological and behavioral effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids: an update. Sports Med 1996; 22: 367-90
64. 64. Ventura tells on himself in book. USA Today 1999 May 14; Section A: 3A
65. 65. Yesalis CE, Cowart VS. The steroids game. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998