Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders: A review

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-13

  Sunderland, Keith ^a   Samu, Ferenc ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Abundance; Agriculture; Araneae; Dispersal; Distribution; Diversification; Ecotone; Field margin; Habitat; Int ercropping; Landscape; Microhabitat; Mulch; Natural enemy; Non crop strips; Pest control; Reduced tillage; Risk; Scale; Spider; Undersowing

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION; PEST CONTROL; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPIDER;

ARANEAE;

EID: 0034114363     PISSN: 00138703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (136)

1. A'Hara, S., R. Harling, R. McKinlay & C. Topping, 1998. RAPD profiling of spider (Araneae) DNA. Journal of Arachnology 26: 397-400.
2. Alderweireldt, M., 1989. An ecological analysis of the spider fauna (Araneae) occurring in maize fields, Italian ryegrass fields and their edge zones, by means of different multivariate techniques. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 27: 293-306.
3. Alderweireldt, M., 1993. A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 2. General characteristics of the spider taxocoenosis. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Belge d'Entomologie 129: 63-68.
4. Alderweireldt, M., 1994. Habitat manipulation increasing spider densities in agroecosystems: possibilities for biological control. Journal of Applied Entomology 118: 10-16.
5. Altieri, M. A., 1994. Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems. Food Products Press, New York.
6. Altieri, M. A. & L. L. Schmidt, 1986a. The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned, organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 16: 29-43.
7. Altieri, M. A. & L. L. Schmidt, 1986b. Cover crops affect insect and spider populations in apple orchards. Californian Agriculture 40 (January/February): 15-17.
8. Altieri, M. A. & W. H. Whitcomb, 1979. Manipulation of insect populations through seasonal disturbance of weed communities. Protection Ecology 1: 185-202.
9. Altieri, M. A., R. C. Wilson & L. L. Schmidt, 1985. The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage-and soil-arthropod communities in three crop systems. Crop Protection 4: 201-213.
10. Andow, D. A., 1991. Yield loss to arthropods in vegetationally diverse agroecosystems. Environmental Entomology 20: 1228-1235.
11. Balfour, R. A. & A. L. Rypstra, 1998. The influence of habitat structure on spider density in a no-till soybean agroecosystem. Journal of Arachnology 26: 221-226.
12. Bayram, A. & M. L. Luff, 1993.Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae, Araneae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin. Pedobiologia 37: 357-364.
13. Bedford, S. E. & M. B. Usher, 1994. Distribution of arthropod species across the margins of farm woodlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 48: 295-305.
14. Bishop, L., 1990. Meteorological aspects of spider ballooning. Environmental Entomology 19: 1381-1387.
15. Bishop, L. & S. E. Riechert, 1990. Spider colonization of agroecosystems: mode and source. Environmental Entomology 19: 1738-1745.
16. Blandenier, G. & P. A. Fürst, 1998. Ballooning spiders caught by a suction trap in an agricultural landscape in Switzerland. In: P. A. Selden (ed), Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997. British Arachnological Society, Buckinghamshire, UK, pp. 177-186.
17. Blumberg, A. Y. & D. A. Crossley, 1983. Comparison of soil surface arthropod populations in conventional tillage, no-tillage and old field systems.Agro-Ecosystems 8: 247-253.
18. Bradley, R. A., 1993. The influence of prey availability and habitat on activity patterns and abundance of Argiope keyserlingi (Araneae: Araneidae). Journal of Arachnology 21: 91-106.
19. Bugg, R. L., L. E. Ehler & L. T. Wilson, 1987. Effect of common knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) on abundance and efficiency of insect predators of crop pests. Hilgardia 55: 1-52.
20. Burel, F. & J. Baudry, 1995. Farming landscapes and insects. In: D. M. Glen, M. P. Greaves & H. M. Anderson (eds), Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 203-220.
21. Chen, B. R. & D. H. Wise, 1999. Bottom-up limitation of predaceous arthropods in a detritus-based terrestrial food web. Ecology 80: 761-772.
22. Chiverton, P. A., 1986. Predator density manipulation and its effects on populations of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom.: Aphididae) in spring barley. Annals of Applied Biology 109: 49-60.
23. Coderre, D., L. Provencher & C. Champagne, 1989. Effect of intercropping maize-beans on aphids and aphidophagous insects in corn fields in Southern Quebec, Canada. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 24: 59-63.
24. Coll, M. & D. G. Bottrell, 1995. Predator-prey associations in mono- and dicultures: effect of maize and bean vegetation. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 54: 115-125.
25. Costello, M. J. & K. M. Daane, 1998. Influence of ground cover on spider populations in a table grape vineyard. Ecological Entomology 23: 33-40.
26. Crawford, R. L. & J. S. Edwards, 1986. Ballooning spiders as a component of arthropod fallout on snowfields of Mount Rainier, Washington, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 18: 429-437.
27. Crawford, R. L., P. M. Sugg & J. S. Edwards, 1995. Spider arrival and preliminary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Midland Naturalist 133: 60-75.
28. Cromartie, W. J., 1981. The environmental control of insects using crop diversity. In: D. Pimentel (ed),CRC Handbook of Pest Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 223-251.
29. De Barro, P. J., 1992. The impact of spiders and high temperatures on cereal aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) numbers in an irrigated perennial grass pasture in South Australia. Annals of Applied Biology 121: 19-26.
30. Dempster, J. P. & T. H. Coaker, 1974. Diversification of crop ecosystems as a means of controlling pests. In: D. Price-Jones & M. E. Solomon (eds), Biology in Pest and Disease Control. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 106-114.
31. Dennis, P. & G. L. A. Fry, 1992. Field margins: can they enhance natural enemy population densities and general arthropod diversity on farmland? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40: 95-115.
32. Downie, I. S., J. C. Coulson & J. E. L. Butterfield, 1996. Distribution and dynamics of surface-dwelling spiders across a pasture-plantation ecotone. Ecography 1: 29-40.
33. Duelli, P., M. Studer, I. Marchand & S. Jakob, 1990. Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biological Conservation 54: 193-207.
34. Edgar, W. D., 1969. Prey and predators of the wolf spider, Lycosa lugubris. Journal of Zoology 159: 405-411.
35. Edwards, C. A. & J. R. Lofty, 1979. The effects of straw residues and their disposal on the soil fauna In: E. Grossbard (ed), Straw Decay and its Effect on Disposal and Utilisation. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 37-44.
36. Enders, F., 1975. Change in web site in Argiope spiders (Araneidae). American Midland Naturalist 94: 484-490.
37. Enders, F., 1976. Effects of prey capture, web destruction and habitat physiognomy on web-site tenacity of Argiope spiders (Araneidae). Journal of Arachnology 3: 75-82.
38. Enders, F., 1977. Web-site selection by orb-web spiders particularly Argiope aurantia Lucas. Animal Behaviour 25: 694-712.
39. Pagan, W. F., A. L. Hakim, H. Ariawan & S. Yuliyantiningsih, 1998. Interactions between biological control efforts and insecticide applications in tropical rice agroecosystems: the potential role of intraguild predation. Biological Control 13: 121-126.
40. Feber, R. E., J. Bell, P. J. Johnson, H. Smith, M. Baines & D. W. Macdonald, 1995. The effects of arable field margin management on the abundance of beneficial arthropods. BCPC Symposium Proceedings 63: 163-170.
41. Feber, R. E., J. Bell, P. J. Johnson, J. G. Firbank & D. W. Macdonald, 1998. The effects of organic farming on surface active spider (Araneae) assemblages in wheat in southern England. Journal of Arachnology 26: 190-202.
42. Finch, S. & M. Kienegger, 1997. A behavioural study to help clarify how undersowing with clover affects host-plant selection by pest insects of brassica crops. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 84: 165-172.
43. Finch, S. & R. H. Collier, 2000. Host-plant selection by insects -a theory based on 'appropriate/inappropriate landings' by pest insects of cruciferous plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, in press.
44. Fraser, A. M., 1982. The Role of Spiders in Determining Cereal Aphid Numbers. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia, UK.
45. Gliessman, S. R., E. R. Garcia & A. M. Amador, 1981. The ecological basis for the application of traditional agricultural technology in the management of tropical agro-eco-systems. Agro-Ecosystems 7: 173-185.
46. Glück, E. & S. Ingrisch, 1990. The effect of biodynamic and conventional agriculture management on Erigoninae and Lycosidae spiders. Journal of Applied Entomology 110: 136-148.
47. Greenstone, M. H., 1999. Spider predation: how and why we study it. Journal of Arachnology 27: 333-342.
48. Greenstone, M. H., C. E. Morgan, A. L. Hultsch, R. A. Farrow & J. E. Dowse, 1987. Ballooning spiders in Missouri, USA, and New South Wales, Australia: family and mass distributions. Journal of Arachnology 15: 163-170.
49. Grosse Wichtrup, L., H. Steiner & T. Wipperfürth, 1985. Der Einfluss von Klee als Untersaat auf die Populationsdynamik von Blattläusen (Homoptera Aphididae) und epigäischen Arthropoden bei Winterweizen im Lautenbach-Projekt. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 4: 430-432.
50. Gunnarsson, B., 1996. Bird predation and vegetation structure affecting spruce living arthropods in a temperate forest. Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 389-397.
51. Halley, J. M., C. F. G. Thomas & P. C. Jepson, 1996. A model for the spatial dynamics of linyphiid spiders in farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 471-492.
52. Harwood, R. W. J., S. D. Wratten, M. Nowakowski & E. P. J. Marshall, 1994. Wild flower strips and winter/summer populations of beneficial invertebrates in farmland. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 17(4): 211-219.
53. Heidger, C. & W. Nentwig, 1989. Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip-management. 3. Artificial introduction of a spider species which preys on wheat pest insects. Entomophaga 34: 511-522.
54. Heimbach, U. & V. Garbe, 1996. Effects of reduced tillage systems in sugar beet on predatory and pest arthropods. Acta Jutlandica 71: 195-208.
55. Holland, J. M. & S. R. Thomas, 1997. Quantifying the impact of polyphagous invertebrate predators in controlling cereal aphids and in preventing wheat yield and quality reductions. Annals of Applied Biology 131: 375-397.
56. House, G. J. & R. W. Parmalee, 1985. Comparison of soil arthropods and earthworms from conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems.Soil Tillage Research 5: 351-360.
57. Huusela-Veistola, E., 1998. Effects of perennial grass strips on spiders (Araneae) in cereal fields and impact on pesticide side-effects. Journal of Applied Entomology 122: 575-583.
58. Jmhasly, P. & W. Nentwig, 1995. Habitat management in winter wheat and evaluation of subsequent spider predation on insect pests.Acta Oecologica 16: 389-403.
59. Kajak, A. & J. Lukasiewicz, 1994. Do semi-natural patches enrich crop fields with predatory epigean arthropods. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 49: 149-161.
60. Kemp, J. C. & G. W. Barrett, 1989. Spatial patterning: impact of uncultivated corridors on arthropod populations within soybean agroecosystems. Ecology 70: 114-128.
61. Kendall, D. A., N. E. Chinn, B. D. Smith, C. Tidboald, L. Winstone & N. M. Western, 1991. Effects of straw disposal and tillage on spread of barley yellow dwarf virus in winter barley. Annals of Applied Biology 119: 359-364.
62. Klimes, L. S. E. & E. Sechterova, 1989. Epigaeic arthropods across an arable land and grassland interface. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovica 86: 459-475.
63. Kromp, B. & K. H. Steinberger, 1992. Grassy field margins and arthropod diversity: a case study on ground beetles and spiders in eastern Austria (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Arachnida: Aranei, Opiliones). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40: 71-93.
64. Larink, O., 1997. Springtails and mites: important knots in the food web of soils. In: G. Benckiser (ed), Fauna in Soil Ecosystems. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 225-264.
65. Letourneau, D. K., 1990. Abundance patterns of leafhopper enemies in pure and mixed stands. Environmental Entomology 19: 505-509.
66. Losey, J. E., R. F. Denno, D. K. Letourneau & D. A. Andow, 1999. Factors facilitating synergistic predation: the central role of synchrony. Ecological Applications 9: 378-386.
67. Luczak, J., 1979. Spiders in agrocenoses. Polish Ecological Studies 5: 151-200.
68. Luczak, J., 1995. Plant-dwelling spiders of the ecotone between forest islands and surrounding crop fields in agricultural landscape of the Masurian Lakeland. Ekologia Polska 43: 79-102.
69. Maelfait, J. P. & R. De Keer, 1990. The border zone of an intensively grazed pasture as a corridor for spiders (Araneae). Biological Conservation 54: 223-238.
70. Marc, P. & A. Canard, 1997. Maintaining spider biodiversity in agroecosystems as a tool in pest control. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 62: 229-235.
71. Mensah, R. K., 1999. Habitat diversity: implications for the conservation and use of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. in cotton systems in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management 45: 91-100.
72. Nentwig, W., 1987. The prey of spiders. In: W. Nentwig (ed), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 249-263.
73. Niemelä, J., Y. Haila & P. Punttila, 1996. The importance of small-scale heterogeneity in boreal forests: variation in diversity in forest-floor invertebrates across the succession gradient. Ecography 19: 352-368.
74. Nyffeler, M. & R. G. Breene, 1992. Dominant insectivorous polyphagous predators in winter wheat: high colonization power, spatial dispersion patterns and probable importance of the soil surface spiders. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 39: 177-188.
75. Nyffeler, M. & W. L. Sterling, 1994. Comparison of the feeding niche of polyphagous insectivores (Araneae) in a Texas cotton plantation: Estimates of niche breadth and overlap. Environmental Entomology 23: 1294-1303.
76. Nyffeler, M., W. L. Sterling & D. A. Dean, 1994. Insectivorous activities of spiders in United States field crops. Journal of Applied Entomology 118: 113-128.
77. Parajulee, M. N., R. Montandon & J. E. Slosser, 1997. Relay intercropping to enhance abundance of insect predators of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) in Texas cotton. International Journal of Pest Management 43: 227-232.
78. Prasifka, J. R., P. C. Krauter, K. M. Heinz, C. G. Sansone & R. R. Minzenmayer, 1999. Predator conservation in cotton: Using grain sorghum as a source for insect predators. Biological Control 16: 223-229.
79. Pryor, F., 1998. Farmers in Prehistoric Britain. Tempus, Stroud, UK.
80. Purvis, G. & J. P. Curry, 1984. The influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the activity of Carabidae and other ground-dwelling arthropods in a sugar beet crop. Journal of Applied Ecology 21: 271-283.
81. Rämert, B., 1996. The influence of intercropping and mulches on the occurrence of polyphagous predators in carrot fields in relation to carrot fly (Psila rosae (F.)) (Dipt., Psilidae) damage. Journal of Applied Entomology 120: 39-46.
82. Riechert, S. E., 1999. The hows and whys of successful pest suppression by spiders: insights from case studies. Journal of Arachnology 27: 387-396.
83. Riechert, S. E. & L. Bishop, 1990. Pest control by an assemblage of generalist predators: Spiders in garden test systems. Ecology 71: 1441-1450.
84. Riechert, S. E. & R. G. Gillespie, 1986. Habitat choice and utilization in web-building spiders. In: W. A. Shear (ed), Spiders; Webs Behaviour and Evolution. Stanford University Press, California, pp. 23-48.
85. Riecken, U., 1998. The importance of semi-natural landscape structures in an agricultural landscape as habitats for stenotopic spiders. In: P. A. Selden (ed), Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997. British Arachnological Society, Buckinghamshire, UK, pp. 301-310.
86. Risch, S. J., D. Andow & M. A. Altieri, 1983. Agroecosystem diversity and pest control: data, tentative conclusions and new research directions. Environmental Entomology 12: 625-629.
87. Robertson, L. N., B. A. Kettle & G. B. Simpson, 1994. The influence of tillage practices on soil macrofauna in a semi-arid agroecosystem in northeastern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 48: 149-156.
88. Root, R. B., 1973. Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: The fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs 43: 95-124.
89. Russell, E. P., 1989. Enemies hypothesis: A review of the effect of vegetational diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids. Environmental Entomology 18: 590-599.
90. Rypstra, A. L. & P. E Carter, 1995. The web-spider community of soybean agroecosystems in southwestern Ohio. Journal of Arachnology 23: 135-144.
91. Samu, F. & Z. Bíró, 1993. Functional response, multiple feeding and wasteful killing in a wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae). European Journal of Entomology 90: 471-476.
92. Samu, F., K. D. Sunderland, C. J. Topping & J. S. Fenlon, 1996. A spider population in flux: selection and abandonment of artificial web-sites and the importance of intraspecific interactions in Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in wheat. Oecologia 106: 228-239.
93. Samu, F., V. Rácz, Cs. Erdélyi & K. Balázs, 1997. Spiders of the foliage and herbaceous layer of an IPM apple orchard in Kecskemét-Szarkás, Hungary. Biological and Agricultural Horticulture 15: 131-140.
94. Samu, F., K. D. Sunderland & Cs. Szinetar, 1999. Scale-orientated examination of factors affecting the distribution and abundance of spiders in agricultural systems: a review. Journal of Arachnology 27: 325-332.
95. Samu, F., F. Tóth, C. Szinetár, G. Vörös & E. Botos, 2000. Results of a nation-wide survey of spider assemblages in Hungarian cereal fields. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, in press.
96. Stinner, B. R., D. A. McCartney & W. L. Rubink, 1984. Some observations on ecology of stalk borer (Papaipema nebris (Gn.): Noctuidae) in no-tillage corn agroecosystems. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 19: 228-234.
97. Sunderland, K. D., 1987. Spiders and cereal aphids in Europe. Bulletin SROP/WPRS 1987/X/1: 82-102.
98. Sunderland, K. D., 1991. The ecology of spiders in cereals. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Pests and Diseases of Small Grain Cereals. Board of Plant Protection Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany. 1: 269-280.
99. Sunderland, K. D., 1999. Mechanisms underlying the effects of spiders on pest populations. Journal of Arachnology 27: 308-316.
100. Sunderland, K. D., A. M. Fraser & A. F. G. Dixon, 1986. Field and laboratory studies on money spiders (Linyphiidae) as predators of cereal aphids. Journal of Applied Ecology 23: 433-447.
101. Sunderland, K. D., C. J. Topping, S. Ellis, S. Long, S. van der Laak & M. Else, 1996. Reproduction and survival of linyphiid spiders with special reference to Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall). Acta Jutlandica 71: 81-95.
102. Sunderland, K. D., J. A. Axelsen, K. Dromph, B. Freier, J-L. Hemptinne, N. H. Holst, P. J. M. Mols, M. K. Petersen, W. Powell, P. Ruggle, H. Triltsch & L. Winder, 1997. Pest control by a community of natural enemies. Acta Jutlandica 72: 271-326.
103. Theunissen, J. & H. den Ouden, 1980. Effects of intercropping with Spergula arvensis on pests of Brussels sprouts. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 27: 260-268.
104. Thomas, C. F. G., 1996. Modelling aerial dispersal of linyphiid spiders. Aspects of Applied Biology 46: 217-222.
105. Thomas, C. F. G. & P. C. Jepson, 1997. Field-scale effects of farming practices on linyphiid spider populations in grass and cereals. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 84: 59-69.
106. Thomas, C. F. G. & E. J. P. Marshall, 1999. Arthropod abundance and diversity in differently vegetated margins of arable fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 72: 131-144.
107. Thornhill, W. A., 1983. The distribution and probable importance of linyphiid spiders living on the soil surface of sugar-beet fields. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 6: 127-136.
108. Toft, S., 1989. Aspects of the ground-living spider fauna of two barley fields in Denmark: species richness and phenological synchronization. Entomologiske Meddelelser 57: 157-168.
109. Toft, S., 1995a. Value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as a food for cereal spiders. Journal of Applied Ecology 32: 552-560.
110. Toft, S., 1995b. Two functions of gossamer dispersal in spiders ? Acta Jutlandica 70: 257-268.
111. Toft, S., 1996. Indicators of prey quality for arthropod predators. Acta Jutlandica 71: 107-116.
112. Tolbert, W. W., 1977. Aerial dispersal behavior of two orb weaving spiders. Psyche 84: 13-27.
113. Tonhasca, A & B. R. Stinner, 1991. Effects of strip intercropping and no-tillage on some pests and beneficial invertebrates of corn in Ohio. Environmental Entomology 20: 1251-1258.
114. Topping, C. J., 1997. Predicting the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the distribution of spiders in agroecosystems using a population dynamics driven landscape-scale simulation model. Biological and Agricultural Horticulture 15: 325-336.
115. Topping, C. J., 1999. An individual-based model for dispersive spiders in agroecosystems: simulations of the effects of landscape structure. Journal of Arachnology, 378-386.
116. Topping, C. J. & G. L. Lövei, 1997. Spider density and diversity in relation to disturbance in agroecosystems in New Zealand, with comparison to England. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21: 121-128.
117. Topping, C. J. & K. D. Sunderland, 1994a. The potential influence of set-aside on populations of Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in the agroecosystem. Aspects of Applied Biology 40: 225-228.
118. Topping, C. J. & K. D. Sunderland, 1994b. A spatial population dynamics model for Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) with some simulations of the spatial and temporal effects of farming operations and land-use. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 48: 203-217.
119. Topping, C. J. & K. D. Sunderland, 1994c. Methods for quantifying spider density and migration in cereal crops. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 9: 209-213.
120. Tukahirwa, E. M. & T. H. Coaker, 1982. Effect of mixed cropping on some insect pests of brassicas; reduced Brevicoryne brassicae infestations and influences of epigeal predators and the disturbance of oviposition behaviour in Delia brassicae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 32: 129-140.
121. Uetz, G. W., 1991. Habitat structure and spider foraging. In: E. D. McCoy, S. A. Bell & H. R. Mushinsky (eds), Habitat Structure: the Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 325-348.
122. Uetz, G. W., J. Halaj & A. B. Cady, 1999. Guild structure of spiders in major crops. Journal of Arachnology 27: 270-280.
123. Vickerman, G. P., 1978. The arthropod fauna of undersown grass and cereal fields. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (A) 6: 273-283.
124. Vollrath, F., 1985. Web spider's dilemma: a risky move or site dependent growth. Oecologia 68: 69-72.
125. Wardle, D. A., 1995. Impacts of disturbance on detritus food webs in agro-ecosystems of contrasting tillage and weed management practices. Advances in Ecological Research 26: 105-185.
126. Weyman, G. S., 1993. A review of the possible causative factors and significance of ballooning in spiders. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 5: 279-291.
127. Whitcomb, W. H. & K. Bell, 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders, and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. Arkansas Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 690: 1-83.
128. Wise, D. H., 1993. Spiders in Ecological Webs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
129. Wise, D. H., W. E. Snyder & P. Tuntibunpakul, 1999. Spiders in decomposition food webs of agroecosystems. Journal of Arachnology 27: 363-370.
130. Wissinger, S., 1997. Cyclic colonization in predictably ephemeral habitats: a template for biological control in annual crop systems. Biological Control 10: 4-15.
131. Wratten, S. D. & H. F. van Emden, 1995. Habitat management for enhanced activity of natural enemies of insect pests. In: D. M. Glen & M. P. Greaves (eds), Ecology of Integrated Farming Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 117-145.
132. Wyss, E., 1995. The effects of weed strips on aphids and aphidophagous predators in an apple orchard. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 75: 43-49.
133. Wyss, E., 1996. The effects of artificial weed strips on diversity and abundance of the arthropod fauna in a Swiss experimental apple orchard. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 60: 47-59.
134. Wyss, E., Niggli, U. & W. Nentwig, 1995. The impact of spiders on aphid populations in a strip-managed orchard. Journal of Applied Entomology 119: 473-478.
135. Young, O. P. & G. B. Edwards, 1990. Spiders in United States field crops and their potential effect on crop pests. Journal of Arachnology 18: 1-27.
136. Yu-hua, Y., Y. Yi, D. Xiang-ge & Z. Bai-ge, 1997. Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies in pest management of Chinese apple orchards. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 62: 253-260.