Utilization of leucine and acetate as carbon sources for sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis by Old and New World Leishmania species, Endotrypanum monterogeii and Trypanosoma cruzi

European Journal of Biochemistry

Volumn 267, Issue 9, 2000, Pages 2555-2566

  Ginger, Michael L ^a   Prescott, Mark C ^c   Reynolds, David G ^c   Chance, Michael L ^c   Goad, John L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Endotrypanum monterogeii; Leishmania species; Leucine metabolism; Lipids

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; ACETYL COENZYME A; CARBON 13; CARBON 14; FATTY ACID; GLUCOSE; LEUCINE; LIPID; STEROL;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ARTICLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS; ISOTOPE LABELING; LEISHMANIA; MEMBRANE FLUIDITY; NONHUMAN; PARASITE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI;

ACETATES; ANIMALS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; CHAGAS DISEASE; CHROMATOGRAPHY, THIN LAYER; DRUG DESIGN; FATTY ACIDS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; LEISHMANIASIS; LEUCINE; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STEROLS; TRYPANOSOMATINA;

ENDOTRYPANUM MONTEROGEII; LEISHMANIA ADLERI; LEISHMANIA AMAZONENSIS; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA MEXICANA; LEISHMANIA PANAMAMENSIS; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; PROTOZOA; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI; TRYPANOSOMATIDAE;

EID: 0034111424     PISSN: 00142956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01261.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. 1. Bloch, K. (1983) Sterol, structure and membrane function. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 14, 47-92.
2. 2. Varma, R. & Mayor, S. (1998) GPI-anchored proteins are organízed in submicron domains at the cell surface. Nature 394, 798-802.
3. 3. Friedrichson, T. & Kurzchalia, T.V. (1998) Microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins in living cells revealed by crosslinking. Nature 394, 802-805.
4. 4. Pinto, W.J. & Nes, W.R. (1983) Sterochemical specificity for sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4472-4476.
5. v-src possibly involved in yeast cell cycle control: positive in vivo regulation by sterol. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 4012-4016.
6. 6. Whitaker, B.D. & Nelson, D.L. (1988) Sterol synergism in Paramecium tetraurelia. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134, 1441-1447.
7. 7. Lorenz, R.T., Casey, W.M. & Parks, L.W. (1989) Structural discrimination in the sparking function of sterols in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 171, 6169-6173.
8. 8. Haughan, P.A., Chance, M.L. & Goad, L.J. (1995) Effects of an azasterol inhibitor of sterol 24-transmethylation on sterol biosynthesis and growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Biochem. J. 308, 31-38.
9. 9. Goldstein, J.L. & Brown, M.S. (1990) Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 343, 425-430.
10. 10. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Rohmer, M. & Schwender, J. (1997) Two independent biochemical pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate and isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. Physiol Plantarum 101, 643-652.
11. 11. Jomaa, H., Wiesner, J., Sanderbrand, S., Altincicek, B., Weidemeyer, C., Hintz, M., Turbachova, I., Eberl, M., Zeidler, J., Lichtenthaler, H.K., Soldati, D. & Beck, E. (1999) Inhibitors of the non-mevalonate parhway of isoprenoid biosynthesis as antimalarial drugs. Science 285, 1573-1576.
12. 12. Sogin, M., Elwood, H.J. & Gunderson, J.H. (1986) Evolutionary diversity of the eukaryotic small-subunit ribosomal-RNA genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1383-1387.
13. 13. Haughan, P.A. & Goad, L.J. (1991) Lipid biochemsitry of the trypanosomatids. In Biochemical Protozoology (Coombs, G.H. & North, M.J., eds). pp. 312-328, Taylor & Francis, London.
14. 14. Coppens, I., Levade, T. & Courtoy, P.J. (1995) Host plasma low density lipoproteins as an essential source of lipids for the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 5736-5741.
15. 15. Soares, M.J. & De Souza, W. (1991) Endocytosis of gold-labelled proteins and LDL by Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol. Res. 77, 461-469.
16. 16. Coppens, L. Bastin, P., Levade, T. & Courtoy, P.J. (1995) Activity, pharmacological inhibition and biological regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 69, 29-40.
17. 17. Pena-Diaz, J., Montalvetti, A., Camacho, A., Gallego, C., Ruiz-Perez, L.M. & Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D. (1997) A soluble 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem. J. 324, 619-626.
18. 18. Concepcion, J.L., Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D. & Urbina, J.A. (1998) 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase in Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: subcellular localisation and kinetic properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 352, 114-120.
19. 19. Berman, J.D., Holz, G.G. Jr & Beach, D.H. (1984) Effects of ketoconazole on growth and sterol biosynthesis of Leishmania promastigotes in culture. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 12, 1-13.
20. 20. Goad, L.J., Holz, G.G. Jr & Beach, D.H. (1985) Sterols of ketoconazole-inhibited Leishmania mexicana mexicana promastigotes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 15, 257-279.
21. 21. Havely, S. (1962) Comparative studies of lipid metabolism of trypanosomatidae. I. Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania tropica and related species. Bull. Res. Council Israel 10, 65-68.
22. 22. Meyer, H. & Holz, G.G. (1966) Biosynthesis of lipids by kinetoplastid flagellates. J. Biol. Chem. 241, 5000-5007.
23. 23. Beach, D.H., Holz, G.G. & Anekwe, G.E. (1979) Lipids of Leishmania promastigotes. J. Parasitol. 65, 203-216.
24. 24. Ginger, M.L., Chance, M.L. & Goad, L.J. (1999) Elucidation of carbon sources used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols in the trypanosomatid Leishmania mexicana. Biochem. J. 342, 397-405.
25. 25. Ginger, M.L. (1998) A Newly Discovered Metabolic Route From Leucine to Sterols in Trypanosomids. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool.
26. 26. Anastasis, P., Freer, I., Overton, K.H., Picken, D., Rycroft, D.S. & Singh, T.B. (1987) On the role of leucine in terpenoid metabolism. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 2427-2436.
27. 27. Van den Bossche, H. (1993) Antiprotozoal activity of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors: focus on Trypanosomatidae and Plasmodiidae. Microbiol. Eur. Nov/Dec, 20-28.
28. 28. Chance, M.L. & Goad, L.J. (1997). Sterol metabolism of Leishmania and trypanosomes: potential for chemotherapeutic exploitation. In Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Biology and Control (Hide, G., Mottram, J.C., Coombs, G.H. & Holmes, PH., eds). pp. 163-176. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
29. 29. Urbina, J.A., Payares, G., Molina, J., Sanoja, C., Liendo, A., Lazardi, K., Piras, M.M., Piras, R., Perez, N., Wincker, P. & Ryley, J.F. (1996) Cure of short-and long-term experimental Chagas' disease using D0870. Science 273, 969-971.
30. 30. Berens, R.L., Brun, R. & Krassner, S.M. (1976) A simple monophasic medium for axenic culture of haemoflagellates. J. Parasitol. 62, 360-365.
31. 31. Miziorko, H.M., Clinkenbeard, K.D., Reed, W.D. & Lane, M.D. (1975) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase evidence for an acetyl-S-enzyme intermediate and identification of a cysteinyl sulfhydryl as the site of acetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5768-5773.
32. 32. Beach, D.H., Goad, L.J. & Holz, G.G. (1986) Effects of ketoconazole on sterol biosynthesis by Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Biochem. Res. Commun. 136, 851-856.
33. 33. Goad, L.J., Berens, R.L., Marr, J.J., Beach, D.H. & Holz, G.G. (1989) The activity of ketoconazole and other azoles against Trypanosoma cruzi: biochemistry and chemotherapeutic action in vitro. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 32, 179-190.
34. 34. Urbina, J.A., Lazardi, K., Marchan, E., Visbal, G., Aguirre, T., Piras, M.M., Piras, R., Maldonado, R.A., Payares, G. & DeSouza, W. (1991) Mevinolin (lovastatin) potentiates the antiproliferalive effects of ketoconazole and terbinafine against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: in vivo and in vitro studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 580-591.
35. 35. Florin-Christensen, M., Florin-Christensen, J., Garin, C., Isola, E., Brenner, R.R. & Rasmussen, L. (1990) Inhibition of T. cruzi growth and sterol biosynthesis by lovastatin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166, 1441-1445.
36. 36. Weinstock, S.B., Kopito, R.R., Endemann, G., Tomera, J.F., Marinier, E., Murray, D.M. & Brunengrabers, H. (1984) The shunt pathway of mevalonate metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8939-8944.
37. 37. Florin-Christensen, M., Florin-Christensen, J., de Isola, E.D., Lammel, E., Meinardi, E., Brenner, R.R. & Rasmussen, L. (1997) Temperature acclimation of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote lipids. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 88, 25-33.
38. 38. Evershed, R.P., Prescott, M.C., Spooner, N. & Goad, L.J. (1989) Negative ion chemical ionization and electron impact ionization mass spectrometric analysis of steryl fatty acyl esters. Steroids 53, 285-309.
39. 39. Greenspan, M.D., Yudkovitz, J.B., Lo, C.-Y.L., Chen, J., Alberts, A.W., Chang, M.N., Yang, S.S., Thompson, K.L., Chiang. Y.-C.P., Chabala, J.C., Monaghan, R.L. & Schwartz, R.L. (1987) Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase by L-659, 699. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7488-7492.
40. 40. Greenspan, M.D., Bull., H.G., Yudkovitz, J.B., Hanf, D.P. & Alberts, A.W. (1993) Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and cholesterol biosynthesis by β-lactonc inhibitors and binding of these inhibitors to the enzyme. Biochem. J. 289, 889-895.
41. 41. Urbina, J.A. (1994) Intermediary metabolism of Trypanosma cruzi. Parasitol. Today 10, 107-110.
42. 42. Cazzulo, J.J. (1994) Intermediate metabolism in T. cruzi. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26, 157-165.
43. 43. Blum, J.J. (1994) Energy metabolism in Leishmania. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26, 147-155.
44. 44. Cazzulo, J.J. (1992) Aerobic fermentation by trypanosomatids. FASEB J. 6, 3153-3161.
45. 45. Blum, J.J. (1993) Intermediary metabolism of Leishmania. Parasitol. Today 9, 118-122.
46. 46. Van Hellemond, J.J., Opperdoes, F.R. & Tielens, A.G.M. (1998) Trypanosomatidae produce acetate via a mitochondrial acetate: succinate CoA transferase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3036-3041.
47. 47. Hegardt, G. (1999) Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase: a control enzyme in ketogenesis. Biochem. J. 338, 569-582.
48. 48. Anderson, M.D., Che, P., Song, J., Nicolau, B.J. & Wurtele, E.V. (1998) 3-Methylcrotonyl Coenzyme A carboxylase is a component of the mitochondrial leucine catabolic pathway in plants. Plant Physiol. 118, 1127-1138.
49. 49. Montamat, E.E., Arauzo, S.S. & Blanco, A. (1987) Subcellular localisation of leucine aminotransferase and α-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 22, 185-193.
50. 50. Operdoes, F.R. (1987) Compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism in trypanosomes. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 41, 127-151.
51. 51. Bloch, K. (1944) Some aspects of the metabolism of leucine and valine. J. Biol. Chem. 155, 255-263.
52. 52. Miettinen, T.A. & Penttila, I.M. (1971) Comparison of leucine with mevalonate and acetate as a precursor of tissue and serum cholesterol in the rat. Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn. 49, 20-28.
53. 53. Rosenthal, J., Angel, A. & Farkas, J. (1974) Metabolic fate of leucine: a significant sterol precursor in adipose tissue and muscle. J. Physiol. 226, 411-418.
54. 54. Stillway, L.W., Weigland, D.A., Reifler, J.F. & Buse, M.G. (1977) Leucine and isoleucine as in vitro precursors for lipid biosynthesis by rat aorta. Lipids 12, 1012-1018.
55. 55. Hida, A., Uchijima, Y. & Seyama, Y. (1998) Sexual differences in branched chain amino acid metabolism into fatty acids and cholesterol in Harderian gland of Golden Hamster. J. Biochem. 124, 648-653.56.