Influence of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions on tourism experiences within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area

Environmental Management

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 73-87

  Shafer, C Scott ^a,b   Inglis, Graeme J ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coral reef; Limits of acceptable change; Marine park management; Recreation opportunity spectrum; Snorkeling; Visitor experiences

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; MARINE BIOLOGY; REEFS;

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; MARINE PROTECTED AREAS;

ECOSYSTEMS;

CORAL REEF; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; TOURISM MANAGEMENT;

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; RECREATION; TOURISM;

AUSTRALIA;

EID: 0034110657     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002670010072     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Adelman, B. J., T. A. Heberlein, and T. M. Bonnickson. 1982. Social psychological explanations for the persistence of conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Leisure Sciences 5:45-61.
2. Alder, J. 1996. Costs and effectiveness of education and enforcement, Cairns Section and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Management 4:541-551.
3. Becker, R. H., A. Jubenville, and G. W. Burnett. 1984. Fact and judgement in the search for a social carrying capacity. Leisure Sciences 6:475-485.
4. Blamey, R. K. 1995. The Nature of Ecotourism. Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, Australia.
5. Clark, R. N., and G. H. Stankey. 1979. The recreation opportunity spectrum: A framework for planning, management and research. USDA Forest Service Res. Paper PNW-98.
6. Cole, R. G. 1994. Abundance, size structure, and diver-oriented behaviour of three large benthic carnivorous fishes in a marine reserve in northeastern New Zealand. Biological Conservation 70:93-99.
7. Cortina, J. M. 1993. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology 78:98-104.
8. Davis, D., and C. Tisdell. 1995. Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management 1:19-40.
9. Driver, B. L. 1977. Item pool for scales designed to quantify the psychological outcomes desired and expected from recreation participation. Unpublished research paper, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 31 pp.
10. Driver, B. L., and P. J. Brown. 1978. The opportunity spectrum concept in outdoor recreation supply inventories: A rationale. Pages 24-31 in Proceedings of the integrated renewable resources inventories workshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-55.
11. Driver, B. L., P. J. Brown, G. H. Stankey, and T. G. Gregoire. 1987a. The ROS planning system: Evolution, basic concepts and research needed. Leisure Sciences 9:201-212.
12. Driver, B. L., R. Nash, and G. Haas. 1987b. Wilderness benefits: State-of-knowledge review. Pages 294-319 in Proceedings of the national wilderness research conference: Issues, state of the knowledge, future directions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-220.
13. Farrell, B. H., and D. Runyun. 1991. Ecology and tourism. Annals of Tourism 18:26-40.
14. Fenton, D. M., M. Young, and V. Y. Johnson. 1998. Representing the Great Barrier Reef to tourists: Implications for tourism experience and evaluation of coral reef environments. Leisure Sciences 20:177-192.
15. Flather, C. H., and H. K. Cordell. 1995. Outdoor recreation: historical and anticipated trends. Pages 3-16 in R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller (eds.), Wildlife and recreationists: Coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, DC.
16. GBRMPA 1981. Annual Report 1980-81. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
17. GBRMPA 1997a. Cairns area plan of management: For public-review. December 1997, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
18. GBRMPA 1997b. Whitsundays plan of management: For public review. August 1997, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
19. Graefe, A. R., J. J. Vaske, and F. R. Kuss. 1984. Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research. Leisure Sciences 6:395-431.
20. Graefe, A. R., F. R. Kuss, and J. J. Vaske. 1990. Visitor impact management: The planning framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC.
21. Hawkins, J. P., and C. M. Roberts. 1993. Can Egypt's coral reefs support ambitious plans for diving tourism? Pages 1019-1025 in Proceedings of the seventh international coral reef symposium. University of Guam, 1992.
22. Hawkins, J. P., and C. M. Roberts. 1997. Estimating the carrying capacity of coral reefs for SCUBA diving. Pages 1923-1926 in Proceedings of the 8th international coral reef symposium, Panama City, Panama, June 1996.
23. Heywood, J. L., J. E. Christensen, and G. H. Stankey. 1991. The relationship between biophysical and social setting factors in the recreation opportunity spectrum. Leisure Sciences 13:239-246.
24. Inglis, G. J. 1997. Science and tourism infrastructure on the Great Barrier Reef: Learning from experience or just "muddling through"? Pages 319-334 in Proceedings of the Great Barrier Reef science, use and management conference, Townsville, November 1996.
25. Kaltenborn, B. P., and L. Emmelin. 1993. Tourism in the high north: management challenges and recreation opportunity spectrum planning in Svalbard, Norway. Environmental Management 17:41-50.
26. Kaplan, R., and S. Kaplan. 1989. The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
27. Kenchington, R. A. 1991. Tourism and marine environments: a recreational perspective. Pages 23-30 in M. L. Miller and J. Aulyong (eds.), Congress on coastal and marine tourism, 1990. Honolulu, Hawaii. National Coastal Resources Research and Development Institute, Newport Oregon.
28. Knight, R. L., and S. A. Temple. 1995. Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management. Pages 81-91 in R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller (eds.) Wildlife and recreationists: Coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, DC.
29. Kuss, F. R. 1986. A review of major factors influencing plant responses to recreation impacts. Environmental Management 10:637-650.
30. Liddle, M. J., and A. M. Kay. 1987. Resistance, survival and recovery of trampled corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Biological Conservation 42:1-18.
31. Manfredo, M. J., B. L. Driver, and P. J. Brown. 1983. A test of concepts inherent in experience based setting management for outdoor recreation areas. Journal of Leisure Research 15:263-283.
32. Manning, R. 1986. Studies in outdoor recreation: A review and synthesis of the social science literature in outdoor recreation. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
33. Manning, R., D. Johnson, and M. Vande Kamp. 1996. Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay National Park. Leisure Sciences 18:125-141.
34. Marion, J. L., and C. S. Rogers. 1994. The applicability of terrestrial visitor impact management strategies to the protection of coral reefs. Ocean and Coastal Management 22:153-163.
35. McCool, S. F. 1995. Linking tourism, the environment, and concepts of sustainability: Setting the stage. Pages 3-7 in S. F. McCool and A. E. Watson (eds.), Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-323.
36. Medio, D., R. F. G. Ormond, and M. Pearson. 1996. Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers. Biological Conservation 79:91-95.
37. Merigliano, L. L. 1990. Indicators to monitor wilderness conditions. Pages 205-209 in D. W. Lime (ed.), Managing America's enduring wilderness resource. University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
38. Office of Coordinator General. 1994. Cairns regional tourism strategy. Far North Queensland Promotion Bureau, Cairns, Australia, 93 pp.
39. Oliver, J. 1995. Is the "limits of acceptable change" concept useful for environmental managers? A case study from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 131-139 in G. C. Grigg, P. T. Hale and D. Lunney (eds.), Conservation through sustainable use of wildlife. Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
40. Pearce, P. L., G. Moscardo, and B. Woods. 1997. Understanding the tourist market. Pages 343-352 in Proceedings of the Great Barrier Reef Science, Use and Management Conference, November 1996. Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
41. Rogers, C. S., L. N. McLain, and C. R. Tobias. 1991. Damage to marine resources in the Virgin Islands National Park: Often out of sight, but no longer out of mind. Pages 12-17 in M. L. Miller and J. Aulyong (eds.), Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism, 1990. Honolulu, Hawaii. National Coastal Resources Research and Development Institute, Newport Oregon.
42. Roggenbuck, J. W., D. R. Williams, and A. E. Watson. 1993. Defining acceptable conditions in wilderness. Environmental Management 17:87-197.
43. Rouphael, A. B. 1998. The temporal and spatial patterns of impact caused by SCUBA diving in coral reefs, and the human and site-specific characteristics that influence these patterns. PhD thesis. James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
44. Rouphael, A., and G. Inglis. 1997. Impacts of recreational SCUBA divering at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation 82:329-336.
45. Salm, R. V. 1986. Coral reefs and tourist carrying capacity: The Indian Ocean experience. Industry and Environment 9:11-13.
46. Scherl, L. M., P. S. Valentine, and M. Millard. 1993. Great Barrier Reef recreation/tourism experience: visitor's perception of their experience, and of management issues at Lady Musgrave Island and Reef with implications for management planning. Unpublished report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 102 pp.
47. Schreyer, R., and B. Driver. 1989. The benefits of leisure. Pages 385-419 in E. L. Jackson and T. L. Burton (eds.), Understanding leisure and recreation: Mapping the past, charting the future. Venture, State College, Pennsylvania.
48. Scura, L. F., and T. Van't Hof. 1993. The ecology and economics of Bonaire Marine Park. Divisional Paper No. 1993-44. The World Bank Environment Department, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division, 48 pp.
49. Shafer, C. S., and W. E. Hammitt. 1995. Congruency among experience dimensions, condition indicators, and coping behaviours in wilderness. Leisure Sciences 17:263-279.
50. Shelby, B., and T. A. Heberlein. 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences 6:433-451.
51. Shelby, B., and T. A. Heberlein. 1986. Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
52. Silverberg, K. E., S. J. Backman, and K. F. Backman. 1995. Understanding nature-based tourists: using psychographics. Pages 34-39 in S. F. McCool and A. E. Watson (eds.), Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-323.
53. Stankey, G. H. 1973. Visitor perception of wilderness recreation carrying capacity. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-142.
54. Stankey, G. H. 1991. Conservation, recreation and tourism in marine settings: The good, the bad and the ugly? Pages 12-17 in M. L. Miller, and J. Aulyong (eds.), Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism, 1990, Honolulu, Hawaii. National Coastal Resources Research and Development Institute, Newport Oregon.
55. Stankey, G. H., and S. F. McCool. 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal and application. Leisure Sciences 6:453-473.
56. Stankey, G. H., and R. Schreyer. 1986. Attitudes toward wilderness and factors affecting visitor behavior: state of the knowledge review. Pages 246-293 in Proceedings of the national wilderness research conference: Issues, state-of-the-knowledge, future directions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-220.
57. Stankey, G. H., D. N. Cole, R. C. Lucas, M. E. Petersen, and S. S. Frissell. 1985. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-176.
58. Sweatman, H. P. 1996. Impact of tourist pontoons on fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Reef Research Centre, Technical Report No. 5. CRC Reef Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 54 pp.
59. Tabachnic, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 1989. Using multivariate statistics. Harper and Row, New York.
60. Tarrant, M. A., and C. S. Shafer. 1997. Condition indicators for distinct wilderness: Is there uniformity? International Journal of Wilderness 3(4):29-33.
61. Vaske, J. J., D. J. Decker, and M. J. Manfredo. 1995. Human dimensions of wildlife management: an integrated framework for coexistence. Pages 33-49 in R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller (eds.), Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, DC.
62. Valentine, P. S., D. Newling, and D. Wachenfeld. 1997. The estimation of visitor use from GBRMPA data returns. CRC Reef Research Centre, Technical Report No. 16. CRC Reef Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 54 pp.
63. Virden, R. J., and R. C. Knopf. 1989. Activities, experiences, and environmental settings: A case study of recreation opportunity spectrum relationships. Leisure Sciences 11:159-176.
64. Wagar, J. A. 1964. The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation. Forest Service Monograph 7, Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC.
65. Whittaker, D. 1992. Selecting indicators: which impacts matter more? Pages 13-22 in Proceedings of the workshop on defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-305.
66. Yuan, M. S., and D. McEwen. 1989. Test for camper's experience preference differences among three ROS setting classes. Leisure Sciences 11:177-185.