Wave packets and life cycles of troughs in the upper troposphere: Examples from the Southern Hemisphere summer season of 1984/85

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 128, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 25-50

  Chang, Edmund K M ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LIFE CYCLE; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE; SUMMER; TROPOSPHERE; WAVE;

EID: 0034109164     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0025:WPALCO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Berberry, E. H., and C. S. Vera, 1996: Characteristics of the Southern Hemisphere winter storm track with filtered and unfiltered data. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 468-481.
2. Bloomfield, P., 1976: Fourier Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction. Wiley-Interscience, 258 pp.
3. Briggs, R. J., 1964: Electron-Stream Interaction with Plasmas. The MIT Press, 187 pp.
4. Chang, E. K. M., 1993: Downstream development of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2038-2053.
5. _, 1999: Characteristics of wave packets in storm tracks. Part II: Seasonal and hemispheric variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1729-1747.
6. _, and I. Orlanski 1993: On the dynamics of a storm track. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 999-1015.
7. _, and _, 1994: On energy flux and group velocity of waves in baroclinic flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3823-3828.
8. _, and D. B. Yu, 1999: Characteristics of wave packets in the upper troposphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere w inter. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1708-1728.
9. Charney, J. G., 1947: The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current. J. Meteor., 4, 135-162.
10. Cressman, G. P., 1948: On the forecasting of long waves in the upper westerlies. J. Meteor., 5, 44-57.
11. Daley, R., 1991: Atmospheric Data Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 457 pp.
12. Davis, C. A., and K. A. Emanuel, 1991: Potential vorticity diagnostics of cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2309-2330.
13. Eady, E. T. 1949: Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus, 1, 33-52.
14. Farrell, B. E. 1982: The initial growth of disturbances in baroclinic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1663-1686.
15. _, 1984: Modal and nonmodal baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 668-673.
16. _, 1989: Optimal excitation of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1193-1206.
17. _, 1994: Evolution and revolution in cyclogenesis theory. The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, Proc. Int. Symp., Vol. 1, Bergen, Norway, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 101-110.
18. Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877-946.
19. Hovmöller, E., 1949: The trough-and-ridge diagram. Tellus, 1, 62-66.
20. Joung, C. H., and M. H. Hitchman, 1982: On the role of successive downstream development in East Asian polar air outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1224-1237.
21. Kung, E. C., 1977: Energy source in middle-latitude synoptic-scale disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1352-1365.
22. Lee, S., and I. M. Held, 1993: Baroclinic wave packets in models and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1413-1428.
23. Lefevre, R. J., and J. W. Nielsen-Gammon, 1995: An objective climatology of mobile troughs in the Northern Hemisphere. Tellus, 47A, 638-655.
24. Lim, G. H., and J. M. Wallace, 1991: Structure and evolution of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1718-1732.
25. Mapes, B. E., and R. A. Houze, 1993: Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1398-1415.
26. Namias, J., and P. F. Clapp, 1944: Studies of the motion and development of long waves in the westerlies. J. Meteor., 1, 57-77.
27. Newell, R. E., N. E. Newell, Y. Zhu, and C. Scott, 1992: Tropospheric rivers - A pilot study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 2401-2404.
28. Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., and R. J. Lefevre, 1996: Piecewise tendency diagnosis of dynamical processes governing the development of an upper-tropospheric mobile trough. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3120-3142.
29. Oort, A. H., and J. P. Peixoto, 1983: Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 25, Academic Press, 355-490.
30. Orlanski, I., and J. Katzfey, 1991: The life cycle of a cyclone wave in the Southern Hemisphere. Part I: Eddy energy budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1972-1998.
31. _, and E. K. M. Chang, 1993: Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes in downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 212-225.
32. _, and J. Sheldon, 1993: A case of downstream baroclinic development over western North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2929-2950.
33. _, and _, 1995: Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems. Tellus, 47A, 605-628.
34. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. 2d ed. Springer-Verlag, 710 pp.
35. Petterssen, S., and S. J. Smebye, 1971: On the development of extratropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 457-182.
36. Pierrehumbert, R. T., and K. L. Swanson, 1995: Baroclinic instability. Anna. Rev. Fluid Mech., 27, 419-467.
37. Randel, W. J., and J. L. Stanford, 1985a: An observational study of medium-scale wave dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere summer. Part I: Wave structure and energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1172-1188.
38. _, and _, 1985b: The observed life cycle of a baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1364-1373.
39. Sanders, F., 1986: Explosive cyclogenesis in the west-central North Atlantic Ocean, 1981-84. Part I: Composite structure and mean behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1781-1794.
40. Simmons, A. J., and B. J. Hoskins, 1977: Baroclinic instability on the sphere: Solutions with a more realistic tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci, 34, 4581-588.
41. _, and _, 1978: The life cycles of some nonlinear baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 414-432.
42. _, and _, 1979: The downstream and upstream development of unstable baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci, 36, 1239-1254.
43. _, and _, 1980: Barotropic influences on the growth and decay of nonlinear baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1679-1684.
44. Sinclair, M. R., 1994: An objective cyclone climatology for the Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2239-2256.
45. Smith, P. J., 1969: On the contribution of a limited region to the global energy budget. Tellus, 21, 202-207.
46. _, 1980: The energetics of extratropical cyclones. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18, 378-386.
47. Swanson, K. L., and R. T. Pierrehumbert, 1994: Nonlinear wave packet evolution on a baroclinically unstable jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 384-394.
48. Thorncroft, C. D., B. J. Hoskins, and M. E. McIntyre, 1993: Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave life-cycle behavior. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 17-55.
49. Whitaker, J., and A. Barcilon, 1992: Type B cyclogenesis in a zonally varying flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1877-1892.