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2
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0342715069
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Quoting Payne, British Entrepreneurship, p.43; M. Kirby and M.B. Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise in Modern Britain: From the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century (London, 1994), p.6.
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British Entrepreneurship
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Payne1
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85028498087
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The family firm in British business
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Kirby and Rose (eds.)
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M.B. Rose, 'The Family Firm in British Business', in Kirby and Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise, pp.82-3; see also O. Westall, 'The Competitive Environment of British Business, 1850-1914', in Kirby and Rose (eds.), ibid., p.211; Wilson, British Business History, p.22.
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Business Enterprise
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Rose, M.B.1
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85028494748
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The competitive environment of British business, 1850-1914
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Kirby and Rose (eds.)
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M.B. Rose, 'The Family Firm in British Business', in Kirby and Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise, pp.82-3; see also O. Westall, 'The Competitive Environment of British Business, 1850-1914', in Kirby and Rose (eds.), ibid., p.211; Wilson, British Business History, p.22.
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Business Enterprise
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Westall, O.1
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7
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0004095773
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M.B. Rose, 'The Family Firm in British Business', in Kirby and Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise, pp.82-3; see also O. Westall, 'The Competitive Environment of British Business, 1850-1914', in Kirby and Rose (eds.), ibid., p.211; Wilson, British Business History, p.22.
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Wilson1
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85028497980
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See note 4
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See note 4.
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11
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0342715068
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The history of markets and marketing: Perspectives and possibilities
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J. Fink (ed.), Aarhus
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For a more extended review of this literature, see R. Church, 'The History of Markets and Marketing: Perspectives and Possibilities', in J. Fink (ed.), Business Records and Business History (Aarhus, 1998), pp.75-92.
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Church, R.1
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London
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See G.A. Lancaster and I. Massingham, Essentials of Marketing (London, 1971, 1992), pp.9-11, 20-21, 100; M. Baker, Marketing, Strategy and Management (Basingstoke, 1992), pp.20-21, 45-7; T. Cannon, Basic Marketing Principles and Practice (London, 1992), pp.10-11; D. Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing (London, 1995), pp.5-7, 45-7.
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Lancaster, G.A.1
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13
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Basingstoke
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See G.A. Lancaster and I. Massingham, Essentials of Marketing (London, 1971, 1992), pp.9-11, 20-21, 100; M. Baker, Marketing, Strategy and Management (Basingstoke, 1992), pp.20-21, 45-7; T. Cannon, Basic Marketing Principles and Practice (London, 1992), pp.10-11; D. Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing (London, 1995), pp.5-7, 45-7.
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Baker, M.1
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See G.A. Lancaster and I. Massingham, Essentials of Marketing (London, 1971, 1992), pp.9-11, 20-21, 100; M. Baker, Marketing, Strategy and Management (Basingstoke, 1992), pp.20-21, 45-7; T. Cannon, Basic Marketing Principles and Practice (London, 1992), pp.10-11; D. Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing (London, 1995), pp.5-7, 45-7.
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Cannon, T.1
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G. Turnbull, 'Canals, Coal and Regional Growth in the Industrial Revolution', Economic History Review, 2nd series Vol.XL (1987), pp.537-60.
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(1994)
The Finance of Manufacturing Industry in the Sheffield Region, 1850-1885
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-
Newton, L.1
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89
-
-
85028488115
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-
Gatrell, 'Lancashire Cotton', pp.106-7, who also quotes Lloyd's evidence to PP, Select Committee Manufactures, 1833, p.117.
-
Lancashire Cotton
, pp. 106-107
-
-
Gatrell1
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90
-
-
85028492089
-
-
Gatrell, 'Lancashire Cotton', pp.106-7, who also quotes Lloyd's evidence to PP, Select Committee Manufactures, 1833, p.117.
-
Select Committee Manufactures
, vol.1833
, pp. 117
-
-
-
91
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-
0040699479
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-
Cambridge
-
R.C.O. Matthews, A Study in Trade Cycle History: Economic Fluctuations in Great Britain, 1833-1842 (Cambridge, 1954), pp.129, 214, 134-44; H.M. Boot, The Commercial Crisis of 1847 (Hull, 1988), p.85.
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(1954)
A Study in Trade Cycle History: Economic Fluctuations in Great Britain, 1833-1842
, pp. 129
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-
Matthews, R.C.O.1
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92
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-
0003545230
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-
Hull
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R.C.O. Matthews, A Study in Trade Cycle History: Economic Fluctuations in Great Britain, 1833-1842 (Cambridge, 1954), pp.129, 214, 134-44; H.M. Boot, The Commercial Crisis of 1847 (Hull, 1988), p.85.
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(1988)
The Commercial Crisis of 1847
, pp. 85
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-
Boot, H.M.1
-
96
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85028492014
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-
note
-
Perhaps Ure used the term 'capital' in the first instance, to refer to financial capital and in the second, to physical assets.
-
-
-
-
97
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-
85028497332
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-
Ibid., pp.438-9
-
Ibid., pp.438-9.
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-
-
-
98
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-
85028495943
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-
Ibid.
-
Ibid.
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-
-
-
100
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0018919207
-
The size of firm in the cotton industry: Manchester, 1815-1841
-
R. Lloyd-Jones and A.A. Le Roux, 'The Size of Firm in the Cotton Industry: Manchester, 1815-1841', Economic History Review, 2nd Series Vol.XXXIII (1980), pp.74-5.
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(1980)
Economic History Review, 2nd Series
, vol.33
, pp. 74-75
-
-
Lloyd-Jones, R.1
Le Roux, A.A.2
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102
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84940981546
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-
See sources referred to in note 86, especially Ville, 'Expansion', pp.34-5. While the 'quasi-integration' undertaken by the Sunderland-based firm of White's (whose history Ville analysed in detail) failed, the relative ease with which this was achieved without resorting to legislation and limited liability underlines the contribution of networks in supplementing narrowly defined family resources, both financial and managerial, without conceding entrepreneurial control.
-
Expansion
, pp. 34-35
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-
Ville1
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107
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0021885532
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-
Cambridge
-
The most comprehensive survey of the literature is the study by F. Crouzet, The First Industrialists (Cambridge, 1985).
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(1985)
The First Industrialists
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Crouzet, F.1
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110
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0342715014
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London
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S. Pollard, The Genesis of Industrial Management (London, 1959), p.245. Note that Pollard describes the cotton industry and parts of the iron industry as having been 'truly competitive' and 'had to keep to market prices and merely tried to survive within them'.
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(1959)
The Genesis of Industrial Management
, pp. 245
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-
Pollard, S.1
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111
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0004664489
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London
-
See Payne's discussion in which the longevity of English and Scottish limited liability companies are compared. They revealed the former to have survived less well than the latter. Of the English companies existing in 1865, nearly one third failed within three years and more than one half within nine years. Average longevity between 1856 and 1895 was 16.4 years for Scottish companies. P.L. Payne, The Early Scottish Limited Liability Companies (London, 1980), pp.34-9.
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(1980)
The Early Scottish Limited Liability Companies
, pp. 34-39
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-
Payne, P.L.1
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112
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84925980240
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Marshall and the birth and death of firms: The growth and size of firms in the early nineteenth century cotton industry
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R. Lloyd Jones and A.A. le Roux, 'Marshall and the Birth and Death of Firms: The Growth and Size of Firms in the Early Nineteenth Century Cotton Industry', Business History, Vol.24 (1982), pp.141-55.
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(1982)
Business History
, vol.24
, pp. 141-155
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-
Lloyd Jones, R.1
Le Roux, A.A.2
-
114
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0004665682
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Business failure in Scotland, 1835-1913: A research note
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M.S. Moss and J.R. Hume, 'Business Failure in Scotland, 1835-1913: A Research Note', Business History, Vol.XXI (1983), pp.3-10.
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(1983)
Business History
, vol.21
, pp. 3-10
-
-
Moss, M.S.1
Hume, J.R.2
-
115
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85028496970
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note
-
James Reckitt, founder of an enterprise which was among the world's largest companies by 1912, made three false starts, each in a different area of activity, before the Reckitt firm was put on a permanent footing when it was formed in 1840. Five unprofitable years followed before breaking even. Reckitt family papers.
-
-
-
-
117
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-
0041572786
-
Technological change and development in Western Europe, 1750-1914
-
H.J. Habbakuk and M.M. Postan (eds.), Cambridge
-
D.S. Landes, 'Technological Change and Development in Western Europe, 1750-1914', in H.J. Habbakuk and M.M. Postan (eds.), Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Vol. VI, The Industrial Revolution and After (Cambridge, 1966), pp.460-61.
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(1966)
Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Vol. VI, The Industrial Revolution and After
, vol.6
, pp. 460-461
-
-
Landes, D.S.1
-
119
-
-
0003828206
-
-
Cambridge, Table 6.13
-
R.C.O. Matthews, C.H. Feinstein and J.C. Odling-Smee, British Economic Growth, 1856-1973 (Cambridge, 1982), Table 6.13.
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(1982)
British Economic Growth, 1856-1973
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-
Matthews, R.C.O.1
Feinstein, C.H.2
Odling-Smee, J.C.3
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120
-
-
0343149442
-
Prosperous interlude
-
J. Mokyr, 'Prosperous Interlude', Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol.30 (1982), pp.863-9. Mokyr's review article directed criticism at a similar argument presented in Church, Dynamics, but the hypothesis which he questioned was based on a misrepresentation. Contrary to his interpretation of the argument that declining profits was the issue, the argument presented in Dynamics was that price margins declined, that profits did not depend on the implied profit inflation but through expanding sales and/or innovation. The (literally) gratuitous evidence which he presented showing a declining rate of profit growth is consistent with, and strengthens, that argument.
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(1982)
Economic Development and Cultural Change
, vol.30
, pp. 863-869
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-
Mokyr, J.1
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121
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85028490459
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note
-
While it is true that the threat of foreign competition was relatively weak during this period internal trade was highly competitive. In part this was a consequence of industrial structure but it was also the result of competition between innovators and those which lagged behind. This was true, for example, of steel production, iron steam-powered shipbuilding, factory-produced woollens, worsteds, hosiery and footwear.
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-
-
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122
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84980207926
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-
The pessimistic view is presented by Chapman, Merchant Enterprise. For the optimistic verdict see S.J. Nicholas, 'The Overseas Marketing Performance of British Industry, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd Series Vol.XXXVII (1984), pp.489-506.
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Merchant Enterprise
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Chapman1
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123
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84980207926
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The overseas marketing performance of British industry, 1870-1914
-
The pessimistic view is presented by Chapman, Merchant Enterprise. For the optimistic verdict see S.J. Nicholas, 'The Overseas Marketing Performance of British Industry, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd Series Vol.XXXVII (1984), pp.489-506.
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(1984)
Economic History Review, 2nd Series
, vol.37
, pp. 489-506
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Nicholas, S.J.1
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124
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0013006851
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The scale of production in western economic development: A comparison of official industry statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913
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J.R. Kinghorn and J.V. Nye, 'The Scale of Production in Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, Vol.56 (1996), pp.90-111; Y. Cassis, Big Business: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), pp.10-11.
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(1996)
Journal of Economic History
, vol.56
, pp. 90-111
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Kinghorn, J.R.1
Nye, J.V.2
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125
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0013006851
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Oxford
-
J.R. Kinghorn and J.V. Nye, 'The Scale of Production in Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, Vol.56 (1996), pp.90-111; Y. Cassis, Big Business: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), pp.10-11.
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(1997)
Big Business: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century
, pp. 10-11
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-
Cassis, Y.1
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126
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0040906028
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The family firm in industrial capitalism: International perspectives on hypotheses and history
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R. Church, 'The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History', Business History, Vol.35 (1993), pp.17-42; Cassis, European Experience, pp.129-33.
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(1993)
Business History
, vol.35
, pp. 17-42
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Church, R.1
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127
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0040906028
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-
R. Church, 'The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History', Business History, Vol.35 (1993), pp.17-42; Cassis, European Experience, pp.129-33.
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European Experience
, pp. 129-133
-
-
Cassis1
|