Phylogenetic reconstructions of the haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data

Phycologia

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 19-35

  Edvardsen, Bente ^a   Eikrem, Wenche ^a   Green, J C ^b   Andersen, Robert A ^c   Moon Van Der Staay, Seung Yeo ^d   Medlin, Linda K ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^c BIGELOW LABORATORY FOR OCEAN SCIENCES   (United States)

^d STATION BIOLOGIQUE   (France)

^e ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGA TAXONOMY; GENE SEQUENCING; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; HAPLOTYPE; HAPTOPHYTA; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; RIBOSOMAL DNA; RIBOSOMAL RNA; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT;

ALGAE; CHRYSOCHROMULINA; COCCOIDEA; COCCOLITHOPHORACEAE; EUKARYOTA; HAPTOPHYCEAE; IMANTONIA; ISOCHRYSIDALES; ISOCHRYSIS; MASTIGOPHORA (FLAGELLATES); PAVLOVA; PAVLOVA HELICATA; PAVLOVA SALINA; PHAEOCYSTIS; PRYMNESIALES; PRYMNESIUM; SALINA;

EID: 0034104529     PISSN: 00318884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-39-1-19.1     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. BAUMANN M.E.M., LANCELOT, C., BRANDINI F.P., SAKSHAUG E. & JOHN D.M. 1994. The taxonomic identity of the cosmopolitan prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis: a morphological and ecophysiological approach. Journal of Marine Systems 5: 5-22.
2. BEECH P.L. & WETHERBEE R. 1984. Serial reconstruction of the mitochondrial reticulum in the coccolithophorid, Pleurochrysis carterae (Prymnesiophyceae). Protoplasma 123: 226-229.
3. BEECH P.L. & WETHERBEE R. 1988. Observations on the flagellar apparatus and peripheral endoplasmic reticulum of the coccolithophorid, Pleurochrysis carterae (Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 27: 142-158.
4. BERGE G. 1962. Discoloration of the sea due to Coccolithus huxleyi "bloom." Sarsia 6: 27-40.
5. BLACKBURN S.I. & CRESSWELL G. 1993. A coccolithophorid bloom in Jervis Bay, Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44: 253-260.
6. BILLARD C. 1994. Life cycles. In: The Haptophyte Algae. (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 167-186. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
7. BIRKENES E. & BRAARUD T. 1952. Phytoplankton in the Oslofjord during a "Coccolithus huxleyi-summer". Avhandling fra del Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisk-naturvitenskaplig Klasse 2: 1-23.
8. BIRKHEAD M. & PIENAAR R.N. 1994. The flagellar apparatus of Prymnesium nemamethecum (Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 33: 311-323.
9. BIRKHEAD M. & PIENAAR R.N. 1995. The flagellar apparatus of Chrysochromulina sp. (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Phycology 31: 96-108.
10. BRAARUD T., DEFLANDRE G., HALLDAL P & KAMPTNER E. 1955. Terminology, nomenclature, and systematics of the Coccolithophoridae. Micropaleontology 1: 157-159.
11. BROWN C.W. & YODER J.A. 1994. Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean. Journal of Geological Research 99: 7467-7482.
12. CARTER N. 1937. New or interesting algae from brackish water. Archiv für Protistenkunde 90: 1-68.
13. CASPER VON S.J. 1972. Observations on the fine structure of the flagellar apparatus in Chrysomonads I. Uroglena americana Calkins. Archiv für Protistenkunde 114: 65-82.
14. CAVALIER-SMITH T. 1986. The kingdom Chromista: origin and systematics. Progress in Phycological Research 4: 309-347.
15. CAVALIER-SMITH T. 1989. The kingdom Chromista. In: The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. (Ed. by J.C. Green, B.S.C. Leadbeater & W.L. Diver), pp. 381-408. The Systematics Association Special Volume 38. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
16. CAVALIER-SMITH T. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57: 953-994.
17. CAVALIER-SMITH T. 1994. Origin and relationships of Haptophyta. In: The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 413-435. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
18. CAVALIER-SMITH T., ALLSOPP M.T.E.P., HÄUBER M.M., GOTHE G., CHAO E.E., COUCH J.A. & MAIER U.-G. 1996. Chromobiote phylogeny: the enigmatic alga Reticulosphaera japonensis is an aberrant haptophyte, not a heterokont. European Journal of Phycology 31: 255-263.
19. CHANG F.H. & RYAN K.G. 1985. Prymnesium calathiferum sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new species isolated from Northland, New Zealand. Phycologia 24: 191-198.
20. CHESNICK J.M., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., WELLBROCK U & MEDLIN L.K. 1997. Ribosomal RNA analysis indicates a benthic pennate diatom ancestry for the endosymbionts of the dinoflagellates Peridinium foliaceum and Peridinium balticum (Pyrrhophyta). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44: 314-20.
21. CHRÉTIENNOT-DINET M.-J., SOURNIA A., RICHARD M. & BILLARD C. 1993. A classification of the marine phytoplankton of the world from class to genus. Phycologia 32: 159-179.
22. CHRÉTIENNOT-DINET M.-J., GIRAUD-GUILLE M.-M., VAULOT D., PUTAUX J-L., SAITO Y. & CHANZY H. 1997. The chitinous nature of filaments ejected by Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Phycology 33: 666-672.
23. CHRISTENSEN T.A. 1962. II. Systematisk Botanik, 2. Alger. In: Botanik (Ed. by T.W. Böcher, M. Lange & T. Sørensen), pp. 1-178. Munksgaard, København.
24. CHRISTENSEN T.A. 1980. Algae. A Taxonomic Survey. AiO Tryk as, Odense. 216 pp.
25. CLOCCHIATTI M. 1971, Sur l'existence de coccosphères portant des coccolithes de Gephyrocapsa oceanica et de Emiliania huxleyi (Coccolithophoridés). Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, Serie D 273: 318-321.
26. CROS L., KLEIJNE A., ZELTNER A., BILLARD C., & YOUNG R.J. New examples of holococcolith-heterococcolith combination coccospheres and their implications for coccolithophorid biology. Marine Micropaleontology. In press.
27. DAHL E., LINDAHL O., PAASCHE E. & THRONDSEN J. 1989. The Chrysochromulina polylepis bloom in Scandinavian waters during the spring 1988. In: Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms (Ed. by E.M. Cosper, M. Bricelj & E.J. Carpenter), pp. 383-405. Springer, Berlin.
28. DEFLANDRE G. 1952. Classe des Coccolithophoridés (Coccolithophoridae Lohmann 1902) In: Traité de Zoologie (Ed. by P.P. Grassé), pp. 439-70. Vol. 1., Masson et Cie., Paris.
29. DOYLE J.J. & DOYLE J.L. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemistry Bulletin, Botanical Society of America 19: 11-15.
30. DROOP M.R. 1955. Some new supra-littoral Protista. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 34: 233-245.
31. EDVARDSEN B. & PAASCHE E. 1992. Two motile stages of Chrysochromulina polylepis (Prymnesiophyceae): morphology, growth and toxicity. Journal of Phycology 28: 104-114.
32. EDVARDSEN B. & PAASCHE E. 1998. Bloom dynamics and physiology of Prymnesium and Chrysochromulina. In: Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms(EA. by D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff), pp. 193-208. NATO ASI Series Vol. G 41. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
33. EDVARDSEN B., EIKREM W., VAULOT D. & PAASCHE E. 1996. Comparison between authentic and alternate Chrysochromulina polylepis: morphology, growth, toxicity and ploidy level. In: Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms (Ed. by T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima & Y. Fukuyo), pp. 231-234. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commision of UNESCO, Tokyo.
34. EIKREM W. 1996. Chrysochromulina throndsenii sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae). Description of a new haptophyte flagellate from Norwegian waters. Phycologia 35: 377-380.
35. EIKREM W., EDVARDSRN B., GREEN J.C. & MEDLIN L.K. Phylogeny of the genera Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium (Haptophyta) inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological and ultrastructural data. In preparation.
36. EIKREM W., JENSEN M.Ø., MOESTRUP Ø. & THRONDSEN J. 1998. An illustrated key to the unmineralized prymnesiophycean flagellates of Scandinavian waters with special reference to the genus Chrysochromulina. In: The Genus Chrysochromulina (Prymnesiophyceae) in Scandinavian Coastal Waters -Diversity, Abundance and Ecology, pp. 1-36. PhD Thesis by M.Ø. Jensen, Part V. University of Copenhagen.
37. EIKREM W. & MOESTRUP Ø. 1998. Structural analysis of the flagellar apparatus and the scaly periplast in Chrysochromulina scutellum sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta) from the Skagerrak and the Baltic. Phycologia 37: 132-153.
38. EPPLEY R.W., HOLMES R.W. & STRICKLAND J.D.H. 1967. Sinking rates of marine phytoplankton measured with a fluorometer. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1: 191-208
39. FELSENSTEIN J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
40. FELSENSTEIN J. 1993. PHYLIP Manual, Version 3.5. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle.
41. FITCH W.M. & MARGOLIASH E. 1967. Construction of phylogenetic trees: a method based on mutation distances as estimated from cytochrome c sequences is of general applicability. Science 155: 279-284.
42. FRESNEL J. 1986. Nouvelles observations sur une Coccolithacée rare: Cruciplacolithus neohelis (McIntyre et Bé) Reinhardt (Prymnesiophyceae). Protistologica 22: 193-204.
43. FRESNEL J. 1989. Les Coccolithophorides (Prymnesiophyceae) du Littoral: Genres: Cricosphaera, Pleurochrysis, Cruciplacolithus, Hymenomonas et Ochrosphaera. Ultrastructure, Cycle Biologique, Systematique. PhD Thesis. University of Caen. pp. 281.
44. FRIEDL T. 1996. Evolution of the polyphyletic genus Pleurastrum (Chlorophyta): inferences from nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA sequences and motile cell ultrastructure. Phycologia 35: 456-469.
45. FUJIWARA S., SAWADA M., SOMEYA, J., MINAKA N., KAWACHI M. & INOUYE I. 1994. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of rbcL in the Prymnesiophyta. Journal of Phycology 30: 863-871.
46. GAYRAL P. & FRESNEL J. 1983. Description, sexualité, et cycle de développement d'une nouvelle coccolithophoracée (Prymnesiophyceae): Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis sp. nov. Protistologica 19: 245-261.
47. GREEN J.C. 1976. Notes on the flagellar apparatus and taxonomy of Pavlova mesolychnon van der Veer, and on the status of Pavlova Butcher and related genera within the Haptophyceae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56: 595-602.
48. GREEN J.C. 1980. The fine structure of Pavlova pinguis Green and a preliminary survey of the order Pavlovales (Pymnesiophyceae). British Phycotogical Journal 15: 151-191.
49. GREEN J.C., COURSE P.A. & TARRAN G.A. 1996. The life-cycle of Emiliania huxleyi: a brief review and a study of relative ploidy levels analysed by flow cytometry. Journal of Marine Systems 9: 33-44.
50. GREEN J.C. & HIBBERD D. 1977. The ultrastructure and taxonomy of Diacronema vlkianum (Prymnesiophyceae) with special reference to the haptonema and flagellar apparatus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57: 1125-1136.
51. GREEN J.C., HIBBERD D.J. & PIENAAR R.N. 1982. The taxonomy of Prymnesium (Prymnesiophyceae) including a description of a new cosmopolitan species, P. patellifera sp. nov., and further observations on P. parvum N. Carter. British Phycological Journal 17: 363-382.
52. GREEN J.C. & HORI T. 1986. The ultrastructure of the flagellar root system of Imantonia rotunda (Prymnesiophyceae). British Phycological Journal 21: 5-18.
53. GREEN J.C. & HORI T. 1988. The fine structure of mitosis in Pavlova (Prymnesiophyceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 1497-14509.
54. GREEN J.C. & HORI T. 1990. The architecture of the flagellar apparatus of Prymnesium patellifera (Prymnesiophyta). Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 103: 191-207.
55. GREEN J.C. & HORI T. 1994. Flagella and flagellar roots. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 47-71. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
56. GREEN J.C. & JORDAN R.W. 1994. Systematic history and taxonomy. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 1-21. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
57. GREEN J.C. & JORDAN R.W. in press. Prymnesiida. In: Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa (New Edition). (Ed. by J.J. Lee & G.F. Leedale). Publications of the Society of Protozoologists.
58. GREEN J.C., PERCH-NIELSEN K., & WESTBROEK P. 1990. Phylum Prymnesiophyta. In: Handbook of the Protoctista. (Ed. by L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian & D.J. Chapman), pp. 293-317. Jones and Bartlett, Boston.
59. GREEN J.C. & PIENAAR R.N. 1977. The taxonomy of the order Isochrysidales (Prymnesiophyceae) with special reference to the genera Isochrysis Parke, Dicrateria Parke and Imantonia Reynolds. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57: 7-17.
60. GREGSON A.J., GREEN J.C. & LEADBEATER B.S.C. 1993. Structure and physiology of the haptonema in Chrysochromulina (Prymnesiophyceae). I. Fine structure of the flagellar/haptonematal root system in C. acantha and C. simplex. Journal of Phycology 29: 674-686.
61. GRELL K.G. 1990. Reticulosphaera japonensis n. sp. (Heterokontophyta) from tide pools of the Japanese coast. Archiv für Protistenkunde 138: 257-269.
62. GRELL K.G., HEINI A. & SCHÜLLER S. 1990. The ultrastructure of Reticulosphaera socialis Grell (Heterokontophyta). European Journal of Protistology 26: 37-54.
63. GREUTER W. et al. 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Regnum Vegetabile 118. Koeltz: Königstein.
64. GREUTER W. et al. 1994. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code). Regnum Vegetabile 131. Koeltz: Königstein.
65. GUILLARD R.R.L. & RYTHER J.H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea Cleve. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 8: 229-239.
66. HEIMDAL B.R. 1993. Modern coccolithophorids. In: Marine Phytoplankton. A Guide to Naked Flagellates and Coccolithophorids (Ed. by C.R. Tomas), pp. 147-249. Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
67. HIBBERD D.J. 1972. Chrysophyta: definition and interpretation. British Phycological Journal 7: 281.
68. HIBBERD D.J. 1976. The ultrastructure and taxonomy of the Chrysophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae): a survey with some new observations on the infrastructure of the Chrysophyceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 72: 55-80.
69. HIBBERD D.J. 1980. Prymnesiophytes ( = Haptophytes). In: Phytoflagellates (Ed. by E.R. Cox), pp. 273-317. Developments in Marine Biology Volume 2. Elsevier North Holland, New York.
70. HORI T. & GREEN J.C. 1991.The ultrastructure of the flagellar root system of Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyta). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71: 137-152.
71. HORI T. & GREEN J.C. 1994. Mitosis and cell division. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 91-109. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
72. INOUYE I. 1997. Systematics of haptophyte algae in Asia-Pacific Waters. Algae (The Korean Journal of Phycology) 12: 247-261.
73. INOUYE I. & KAWACHI M. 1994. The haptonema. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater). pp. 73-89. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
74. INOUYE I. & PIENAAR R.N. 1988. Light and electron microscope observations of the type species of Syracosphaera, S. pulchra (Prymnesiophyceae). British Phycological Journal 23: 205-217.
75. JORDAN R.W. & CHAMBERLAIN, A.H.L. 1997. Biodiversity among haptophyte algae. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 131-152.
76. JORDAN R.W. & GREEN J.C. 1994. A check-list of the extant Haptophyta of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74: 149-174.
77. JORDAN R.W. & KLEIJNE A. 1994. A classification system for living coccolithophores. In: Coccolithophores (Ed. by A. Winter & W.G. Siesser), pp. 83-105. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
78. JORDAN R.W., KLEIJNE A. & HEIMDAL B.R. 1993. Proposed changes to the classification system of livirg coccolithophorids III. INA Newsletter 15/1-1993: 18-22.
79. JORDAN R.W., KLEIJNE A., HEIMDAL B.R. & GREEN J.C. 1995. A glossary of the extant Haptophyta of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75: 769-814.
80. KAMPTNER E. 1943. Zur Revision der Coccolithineen Pontosphaera huxleyi Lohm. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 80: 43-49.
81. KAWACHI M. & INOUYE I. 1994. Observation on the Hagellar apparatus of a coccolithophorid, Cruciplacolithus neohelis (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Plant Research 107: 23-62.
82. KAWAI H. & INOUYE I. 1989. Flagellar autofluoresccncc in forty-four chlorophyll c-containing algae. Phycologia 28: 222-227.
83. KIMURA M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 111-120.
84. KLAVENESS D. 1972a. Coccolithus huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner I. -Morphological investigations on the vegetative cell and the process of coccolith formation. Protistologica 8: 335-346.
85. KLAVENESS D. 1972b. Coccolithus huxleyi (Lohm.) Kamptn. II. The flagellate cell, aberrant cell types, vegetative propagation and life cycles. British Phycological Journal 7: 309-318.
86. KLAVENESS D. 1973. The microanatomy of Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea, with some supplementary observations on the motile stage of Coccolithus pelagicus. Norwegian Journal of Botany 20: 151-162.
87. KOOISTRA W.H.C.F. & MEDLIN L.K. 1996. Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta): IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6: 391-407.
88. LANCELOT C., KELLER M.D., ROUSSEAU V., SMITH Jr. W.O. & MATHOT S. 1998. Autecology of the marine haptophyte Phaeocystis sp. In: Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (Ed. by D.M Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G. M. Hallegraeff), pp. 209-224. NATO ASI Series Vol. G 41, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
89. LARSEN N., OLSEN G.J., MAIKAK B.L., MCCAUGHEY M.J., OVERBEEK R.. MACKE R., MARSCH T.L. & WOESE C.R. 1993. The ribosomal database project. Nucleic Acids Research 21(supplement): 3021-3023.
90. LEADBEATER B.S.C. 1970. Preliminary observations on differences of scale morphology at various stages in the life cycle of 'Apistonema-Syracosphaera' sensu von Stosch. British Phycological Journal 5: 57-69.
91. LEADBEATER B.S.C. 1994. Cell coverings. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 23-46. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
92. LEADBEATER B.S.C. & MANTON I. 1969. Chrysochromulina camella sp. nov. and C. cymbium sp. nov., two new relatives of C. strobilus Parke & Manton. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 68: 116-132.
93. LEADBEATER B.S.C. & MANTON I. 1971. Fine structure and light microscopy of a new species of Chrysochromulina (C. acantha). Archiv für Mikrobiologie 78: 58-69.
94. LOEBLICH A.R. III & LOEBLICH L.A. 1979. Division Haptophyta. In: CRC Handbook of Microbiology, 2nd Edition (Ed. by A.I. Laskin & H.A. Lechevalier). 2: 451-467. CRC Press, Florida.
95. MANTON I. 1964. Observation with the electron microscope on the division cycle in the flagellate Prymnesium parvum Carter. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 83: 317-325.
96. MANTON I. 1967. Further observations on the fine structure of Chrysochromulina chiton, with special reference to the haptonema, "peculiar" Golgi structure and scale production. Journal of Cell Science 2: 265-272.
97. MANTON I. 1978. Chrysochromulina hirta sp. nov., a widely distributed species with unusual spines. British Phycological Journal 13: 3-14.
98. MANTON I. 1986. Functional parallels between calcified and uncalcified periplasts. In: Biomineralisation in Lower Plants and Animals(Ed. by B.S.C. Leadbeater and R. Riding), pp. 157-172. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 30. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
99. MANTON I. & LEADBEATER B.S.C. 1974. Fine-structural observations on six species of Chrysochromulina from wild Danish marine nanoplankton, including a description of C. campanulifera sp. nov. and a preliminary summary of the nanoplankton as a whole. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter 20(5): 1-26.
100. MANTON I. & LEEDALE G.F. 1961. Further observations on the fine structure of Chrysochromulina minor and C. kappa with special reference to the pyrenoids. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 41: 519-526.
101. MANTON I. & LEEDALE G.F. 1963a. Observations on the fine structure of Prymnesium parvum Carter. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 45: 285-303.
102. MANTON I. & LEEDALE G.E 1963b. Observations on the micro-anatomy of Crystallolithus hyalinus Gaarder and Markali. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 47: 115-136.
103. MANTON I. & LEEDALE G.F. 1969. Observations on the micro-anatomy of Coccolithus pelagicus and Cricosphaera carterae, with special reference to the origin and nature of coccoliths and scales. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 49: 1-16.
104. MANTON I. & PARKE M. 1962. Preliminary observations on scales and their mode of origin in Chrysochromulina polylepis sp. nov. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 42: 565-578.
105. MANTON I. & PETERFI L.S. 1969. Observations on the tine structure of coccoliths, scales and the protoplast of a freshwater coccolithophorid, Hymenomonas roseola Stein, with supplementary observations on the protoplast of Cricosphaera carterae. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 172: 1-15.
106. MEDLIN L.K., ELWOOD H.J., STICKEL S. & SOGIN M.L. 1988. The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene 71: 491-499.
107. MEDLIN L.K., LANGE M. & BAUMANN M.E.M. 1994. Genetic differentiation among three colony-forming species of Phaeocystis: further evidence for the phylogeny of the Prymnesiophyta. Phycologia 33: 199-212.
108. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F, POTTER D., SAUNDERS G.W., & ANDERSEN R.A. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of the "golden algae" (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids. Plant Systematics and Evolution 11(supplement): 187-219.
109. MOON-VAN DER STAAY S.Y., VAN DER STAAY G.W.M., GUILLOU L., CLAUSTRE H., MEDLIN L.K. & VAULOT D. Abundance and diversity of Prymnesiophyceae in the picoplankton community from the equatorial Pacific Ocean inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Limnology and Oceanography. In press.
110. MOESTRUP Ø. 1994. Economic aspects: 'blooms', nuisance species, and toxins. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 265-285. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
111. PAASCHE E., EDVARDSEN B. & EIKREM W. 1990. A possible alternate stage in the life cycle of Chrysochromulina polylepis Manton et Parke (Prymnesiophyceae). Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 100: 91-99.
112. PARKE M. 1949. Studies on marine flagellates. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 28: 255-286.
113. PARKE M. & ADAMS I. 1960. The motile (Crystallolithus hyalinus Gaarder & Markali) and non-motile phases in the life history of Coceolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Schiller. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39: 263-274.
114. PARKE M. & DIXON P.S. 1976. Check-list of British marine algae -third revision. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56: 527-594.
115. PARKE M., GREEN J.C. & MANTON I. 1971. Observations on the fine structure of the zoids of genus Phaeocystis (Haptophyceae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 51: 927-941.
116. PARKE M., MANTON I. & CLARKE B. 1955. Studies on marine flagellates. II. Three new species of Chrysochromulina. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 34: 579-609.
117. PASCHER A. 1910. Chrysomonaden aus dem Hirschberger Grossteiche. Monographien und Abhandlungen zur Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 1: 1-66.
118. PIENAAR R.N. 1969. The fine structure of Cricosphaera carterae. I. External morphology. Journal of Cell Science 4: 561-567.
119. PIENAAR R.N. 1994. Ultrastructure and calcification of coccolithophores. In: Coccolithophores (Ed. by A. Winter & W.G. Siesser), pp. 13-37. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
120. PIENAAR R.N. & BIRKHEAD M. 1994. Ultrastructure of Prymnesium nemamethecum sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Phycology 30: 291-300.
121. POTTER D., LAJEUNESSE T.C. SAUNDERS G.W. & ANDERSEN R.A. 1996. Convergent evolution masks extensive biodiversity among marine coccoid picoplankton. Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 1-9.
122. REYNOLDS N. 1974. Imantonia rotunda gen. et sp. nov., a new member of the Haptophyceae. British Phycological Journal 9: 429-434.
123. SAUNDERS G. W., HILL D.R.A., SEXTON J.P. & ANDERSEN R.A. 1997. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences from selected dinoflagellates: testing classical evolutionary hypotheses with molecular systematic methods. Plant Systematics and Evolution 11(supplement): 237-260.
124. SIMON N., BRENNER J., EDVARDSEN B. & MEDLIN L.K. 1997. The identification of Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium species (Haptophyta, Prymnesiophyceae) using fluorescent or chemiluminescent oligonucleotide probes: a means for improving studies on toxic algae. European Journal of Phycology 32: 393-401.
125. SOURNIA A. 1988. Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophyceae): how many species? Nova Hedwigia 47: 211-217.
126. SWOFFORD D.L. 1993. PAUP-Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, version 3.1.1. Computer program distributed by the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Ill.
127. THOMSEN H.A. 1986. A survey of the smallest eukaryotic organisms of the marine phytoplankton. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 214: 121-158.
128. THOMSEN H.A., BJØRN P. DE P., HØJLUND L., OLESEN J. & PEDERSEN J.B. 1995. Ericiolus gen. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new coccolithophorid genus from polar and temperate regions. European Journal of Phycology 30: 29-34.
129. THOMSEN H.A., BUCK K.R. & CHAVEZ F.P. 1994. Haptophytes as components of marine phytoplankton. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C Leadbeater), pp. 187-208. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
130. THOMSEN H.A., ØSTERGAARD J.B. & HANSEN L.E. 1991. Heteromorphic life histories in arctic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Phycology 27: 634-642.
131. VAN DE PEER Y. & DE WACHTER R. 1997. Evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotic crown taxa taking into account site-to-site rate variation in the 18S rRNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 45: 619-630.
132. VAULOT D., BIRRIEN J-L., MARIE D., CASOTTI R., VELDHUIS M.J.W., KRAAY G.W. & CRÉTIENNOT-DINET M-J. 1994. Morphology, ploidy, pigment composition, and genome size of cultured strains of Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Phycology 30: 1022-1035.
133. WAL P. VAN DER, DE JONG E.W., WESTBROEK P., DE BRUIJN W.C. & MULDER-STAPEL A.A. 1983. Ultrastructural polysaccharide localization in calcifying and naked cells of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Protoplasma 118: 157-168.
134. WAL P. VAN DER, KEMPERS R.S., VELDHUIS M.J.W. 1995. Production and downwards flux of matter and calcite in a North Sea bloom of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 126: 247-265.
135. YOUNG J.R. 1994. Functions of coccoliths. In: Coccolithophores (Ed. by A. Winter & W.G. Siesser), pp. 63-82. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
136. ZINGONE A., CHRÉTIENNOT-DINET M.J., LANGE M. & MEDLIN L.K. 1999. Morphological and genetic characterization of Phaeocystis cordata and P. Jhanii (Prymnesiophyceae), two new species from the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Phycology.