'That spells trouble': Jews and the communist party of South Africa

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 145-162

  Israel, Mark ^a   Adams, Simon ^b  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNISM; ETHNICITY; POLITICAL HISTORY; RELIGION;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0034098117     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570700108423     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Weekly Mail and Guardian, 16 May 1997.
2. C. Albertyn and D. Davis, 'The Censure of "Communism" and the Political Trial in South Africa', in C. Sumner (ed), Censure, Politics and Criminal Justice (Milton Keynes, 1990), pp. 93-120. C. Albertyn, 'A Critical Analysis of Political Trials in South Africa 1948-1988' (PhD thesis, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, 1991).
3. C. Albertyn and D. Davis, 'The Censure of "Communism" and the Political Trial in South Africa', in C. Sumner (ed), Censure, Politics and Criminal Justice (Milton Keynes, 1990), pp. 93-120. C. Albertyn, 'A Critical Analysis of Political Trials in South Africa 1948-1988' (PhD thesis, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, 1991).
4. Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report, 4, ch. 3, para 61 (London, 1999).
5. Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1935); G. Saron and L. Hotz (eds), The Jews in South Africa (Cape Town, 1955), p. 374. On the other hand, later independent academic researchers have investigated the subject: G. Shimoni, Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967 (Cape Town, 1980); M. Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville, 1994). See also, R. Krut, 'The Making of a South African Jewish Community in Johannesburg, 1886-1914' and E.A. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community: The Yiddish-speaking Branch of the International Socialist League, 1918-1920', in B. Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives (Johannesburg, 1987).
6. Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1935); G. Saron and L. Hotz (eds), The Jews in South Africa (Cape Town, 1955), p. 374. On the other hand, later independent academic researchers have investigated the subject: G. Shimoni, Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967 (Cape Town, 1980); M. Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville, 1994). See also, R. Krut, 'The Making of a South African Jewish Community in Johannesburg, 1886-1914' and E.A. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community: The Yiddish-speaking Branch of the International Socialist League, 1918-1920', in B. Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives (Johannesburg, 1987).
7. Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1935); G. Saron and L. Hotz (eds), The Jews in South Africa (Cape Town, 1955), p. 374. On the other hand, later independent academic researchers have investigated the subject: G. Shimoni, Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967 (Cape Town, 1980); M. Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville, 1994). See also, R. Krut, 'The Making of a South African Jewish Community in Johannesburg, 1886-1914' and E.A. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community: The Yiddish-speaking Branch of the International Socialist League, 1918-1920', in B. Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives (Johannesburg, 1987).
8. Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1935); G. Saron and L. Hotz (eds), The Jews in South Africa (Cape Town, 1955), p. 374. On the other hand, later independent academic researchers have investigated the subject: G. Shimoni, Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967 (Cape Town, 1980); M. Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville, 1994). See also, R. Krut, 'The Making of a South African Jewish Community in Johannesburg, 1886-1914' and E.A. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community: The Yiddish-speaking Branch of the International Socialist League, 1918-1920', in B. Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives (Johannesburg, 1987).
9. Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1935); G. Saron and L. Hotz (eds), The Jews in South Africa (Cape Town, 1955), p. 374. On the other hand, later independent academic researchers have investigated the subject: G. Shimoni, Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967 (Cape Town, 1980); M. Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville, 1994). See also, R. Krut, 'The Making of a South African Jewish Community in Johannesburg, 1886-1914' and E.A. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community: The Yiddish-speaking Branch of the International Socialist League, 1918-1920', in B. Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives (Johannesburg, 1987).
10. Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1935); G. Saron and L. Hotz (eds), The Jews in South Africa (Cape Town, 1955), p. 374. On the other hand, later independent academic researchers have investigated the subject: G. Shimoni, Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967 (Cape Town, 1980); M. Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville, 1994). See also, R. Krut, 'The Making of a South African Jewish Community in Johannesburg, 1886-1914' and E.A. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community: The Yiddish-speaking Branch of the International Socialist League, 1918-1920', in B. Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives (Johannesburg, 1987).
11. Interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman, in I. Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain: Interviews with South African Jewish Activists (London, 1997), p. 343.
12. Interview with Ronnie Kasrils by H. Gavshon and I. Suttner, in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 280.
13. Speech reproduced in J. Slovo, Slovo: The Unfinished Autobiography (Randburg, 1995), pp. 201-202. Harris' speech made quite an impression on Slovo's family. See the interview with S. Slovo in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, pp. 448, 452.
14. Speech reproduced in J. Slovo, Slovo: The Unfinished Autobiography (Randburg, 1995), pp. 201-202. Harris' speech made quite an impression on Slovo's family. See the interview with S. Slovo in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, pp. 448, 452.
15. This paper draws on oral accounts contained in an unpublished Masters thesis, M. Israel, 'Stand Up Jew: A Sociological Study of the Place of Jews in Dissenting South Africa 1955-66' (MPhil thesis, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, 1988); Immanuel Suttner's collection; and the archives of the Mayibuye Centre at the University of the Western Cape.
16. P.S. Cohen, Jewish Radicals and Radical Jews (London, 1980), p. 2.
17. See E. Mendelsohn, Class Struggle in the Pale (Cambridge, 1970); V.I. Lenin, 'Does the Jewish Proletariat need an Independent Political Party', Selected Works, 2 (London, 1936); Interviews with T. Adler and Ray Alexander Simons, in Suttner (ed) Cutting through the Mountain; T. Adler, 'Lithuania's Diaspora: The Johannesburg Workers' Club, 1928-48', Journal of Southern African Studies, 6, 1 (1980).
18. See E. Mendelsohn, Class Struggle in the Pale (Cambridge, 1970); V.I. Lenin, 'Does the Jewish Proletariat need an Independent Political Party', Selected Works, 2 (London, 1936); Interviews with T. Adler and Ray Alexander Simons, in Suttner (ed) Cutting through the Mountain; T. Adler, 'Lithuania's Diaspora: The Johannesburg Workers' Club, 1928-48', Journal of Southern African Studies, 6, 1 (1980).
19. See E. Mendelsohn, Class Struggle in the Pale (Cambridge, 1970); V.I. Lenin, 'Does the Jewish Proletariat need an Independent Political Party', Selected Works, 2 (London, 1936); Interviews with T. Adler and Ray Alexander Simons, in Suttner (ed) Cutting through the Mountain; T. Adler, 'Lithuania's Diaspora: The Johannesburg Workers' Club, 1928-48', Journal of Southern African Studies, 6, 1 (1980).
20. See E. Mendelsohn, Class Struggle in the Pale (Cambridge, 1970); V.I. Lenin, 'Does the Jewish Proletariat need an Independent Political Party', Selected Works, 2 (London, 1936); Interviews with T. Adler and Ray Alexander Simons, in Suttner (ed) Cutting through the Mountain; T. Adler, 'Lithuania's Diaspora: The Johannesburg Workers' Club, 1928-48', Journal of Southern African Studies, 6, 1 (1980).
21. L. Hotz, 'Jews Who Arrived 60 Years Ago', Jewish Affairs, 13 (1963).
22. Unpublished transcript of interview with Barry Feinberg by Wolfie Kodesh, 27 January 1993, transcript held in Mayibuye Archive, University of the Western Cape.
23. E. A. Mantzaris, 'Jewish Trade Unions in Cape Town, South Africa, 1903-1907: A Socio-Historical Study', Jewish Social Studies, 49, 3-4 (1987), p. 254; M. Shain, 'From Pariah to Parvenu: the Anti-Jewish Stereotype in South Africa, 1880-1910', Jewish Journal of Sociology, 26, 2 (1984).
24. E. A. Mantzaris, 'Jewish Trade Unions in Cape Town, South Africa, 1903-1907: A Socio-Historical Study', Jewish Social Studies, 49, 3-4 (1987), p. 254; M. Shain, 'From Pariah to Parvenu: the Anti-Jewish Stereotype in South Africa, 1880-1910', Jewish Journal of Sociology, 26, 2 (1984).
25. C. van Onselen, 'Randlords and Rotgut, 1886-1903', in C. van Onselen, Studies in the Social and Economic Transformation of the Witwatersrand, 1886-1914, Vol 1: New Babylon (London, 1982), p. 74. Quoted in Krut, 'Making of a South African', p. 136.
26. C. van Onselen, 'Randlords and Rotgut, 1886-1903', in C. van Onselen, Studies in the Social and Economic Transformation of the Witwatersrand, 1886-1914, Vol 1: New Babylon (London, 1982), p. 74. Quoted in Krut, 'Making of a South African', p. 136.
27. R. Krut, 'The History Seminar: Lumpens and Luftmenschen in the South African Jewish Community', Paper presented to Centre for African Studies, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, 1982, p. 2.
28. See Krut, 'Making of a South African', p. 136; Krut, 'The History Seminar: Lumpens and Luftmenschen', p. 2; H. Sonnabend, Statistical Survey of Johannesburg Jewish Population (unpublished, 1935).
29. See Krut, 'Making of a South African', p. 136; Krut, 'The History Seminar: Lumpens and Luftmenschen', p. 2; H. Sonnabend, Statistical Survey of Johannesburg Jewish Population (unpublished, 1935).
30. See Krut, 'Making of a South African', p. 136; Krut, 'The History Seminar: Lumpens and Luftmenschen', p. 2; H. Sonnabend, Statistical Survey of Johannesburg Jewish Population (unpublished, 1935).
31. Mantzaris, 'Radical Community', p. 161.
32. See 'The Bolsheviks are Coming' (ISL leaflet), in B. Bunting (ed), South African Communists Speak: Documents from the History of the South African Communist Party 1915-1980 (London, 1981), pp. 38-40. The Comintern, or Communist International, was the Bolshevik's attempt to form a world grouping of revolutionary Marxist parties. For more on early links, see S. Johns, 'The Birth of the Communist Party of South Africa', Journal of African Historical Studies, 9, 3 (1976), pp. 374, 380-382.
33. See 'The Bolsheviks are Coming' (ISL leaflet), in B. Bunting (ed), South African Communists Speak: Documents from the History of the South African Communist Party 1915-1980 (London, 1981), pp. 38-40. The Comintern, or Communist International, was the Bolshevik's attempt to form a world grouping of revolutionary Marxist parties. For more on early links, see S. Johns, 'The Birth of the Communist Party of South Africa', Journal of African Historical Studies, 9, 3 (1976), pp. 374, 380-382.
34. E. Roux, Rebel Pity: The Life of Eddie Roux (London, 1970), p. 32. See also, J. Simons and R. Simons, Class and Colour in South Africa 1850-1950 (London, 1983), pp. 261-264, 268, 325. For more on the South African left in the period leading up to the formation of the CPSA, the seminal study is S. Johns, Raising the Red Flag: The international Socialist League and the Communist Party of South Africa. 1914-1932 (Bellville, 1995), pp. 93, 96-104.
35. E. Roux, Rebel Pity: The Life of Eddie Roux (London, 1970), p. 32. See also, J. Simons and R. Simons, Class and Colour in South Africa 1850-1950 (London, 1983), pp. 261-264, 268, 325. For more on the South African left in the period leading up to the formation of the CPSA, the seminal study is S. Johns, Raising the Red Flag: The international Socialist League and the Communist Party of South Africa. 1914-1932 (Bellville, 1995), pp. 93, 96-104.
36. E. Roux, Rebel Pity: The Life of Eddie Roux (London, 1970), p. 32. See also, J. Simons and R. Simons, Class and Colour in South Africa 1850-1950 (London, 1983), pp. 261-264, 268, 325. For more on the South African left in the period leading up to the formation of the CPSA, the seminal study is S. Johns, Raising the Red Flag: The international Socialist League and the Communist Party of South Africa. 1914-1932 (Bellville, 1995), pp. 93, 96-104.
37. 'TW Thibedi: The First African Communist', Umsebenzi, 7, 2 (May 1991). Johns, Raising the Red Flag, pp. 24-127. See also, E. Roux, S. P. Bunting: A Political Biography (Bellville, 1993), p. 81.
38. 'TW Thibedi: The First African Communist', Umsebenzi, 7, 2 (May 1991). Johns, Raising the Red Flag, pp. 24-127. See also, E. Roux, S. P. Bunting: A Political Biography (Bellville, 1993), p. 81.
39. 'TW Thibedi: The First African Communist', Umsebenzi, 7, 2 (May 1991). Johns, Raising the Red Flag, pp. 24-127. See also, E. Roux, S. P. Bunting: A Political Biography (Bellville, 1993), p. 81.
40. Roux, Rebel Pity; Johns, Raising the Red Flag, pp. 268-269.
41. Roux, Rebel Pity; Johns, Raising the Red Flag, pp. 268-269
42. See Roux, S. P. Bunting, pp. 161-162, 191-192.
43. J. Lewis, 'The New Unionism in South Africa 1925-1930', South African Labour Bulletin, 3,5 (1977), pp. 25-38.
44. K. Luckhardt and B. Wall, Organize ... or Starve! The History of the South African Congress of Trade Unions (London, 1980), pp. 316-318.
45. On electoral details, see S. Johns, 'Chasing Votes: the Communist Party and Elections, 1929-1950', Centre for African Studies Seminar Paper, University of Cape Town, August 1994, pp. 9-10; L. Callinicos, 'Communist Party During the War Years', South African Labour Bulletin, 15, 3 (September 1990), pp. 104-105. For more on the 1950 CPSA conference see the documents in Bunting (ed), South African Communists Speak, pp. 200-213.
46. On electoral details, see S. Johns, 'Chasing Votes: the Communist Party and Elections, 1929-1950', Centre for African Studies Seminar Paper, University of Cape Town, August 1994, pp. 9-10; L. Callinicos, 'Communist Party During the War Years', South African Labour Bulletin, 15, 3 (September 1990), pp. 104-105. For more on the 1950 CPSA conference see the documents in Bunting (ed), South African Communists Speak, pp. 200-213.
47. On electoral details, see S. Johns, 'Chasing Votes: the Communist Party and Elections, 1929-1950', Centre for African Studies Seminar Paper, University of Cape Town, August 1994, pp. 9-10; L. Callinicos, 'Communist Party During the War Years', South African Labour Bulletin, 15, 3 (September 1990), pp. 104-105. For more on the 1950 CPSA conference see the documents in Bunting (ed), South African Communists Speak, pp. 200-213.
48. There is some argument regarding the overall proportion of white recruits. For some differing views, see J. Frederikse, The Unbreakable Thread: Non-Racialism in South Africa (London, 1990), p. 46; P. Delius, 'Sebatakgomo and the Zoutpansberg Balemi Association: the ANC, the Communist Party and rural organisation, 1939-55', Journal of African History, 34 (1993), p. 307; V. Padayachee, S. Vawda and P. Tichmann, 'Trade Unions and the Communist Party in Durban in the 1940s: A Reply to lain Edwards', South African Labour Bulletin, 11, 7 (August 1986), pp. 50-65; B. Hirson, Yours for the Union: Class and Community Struggles in South Africa, 1930-1947 (London, 1989), pp. 85, 198.
49. There is some argument regarding the overall proportion of white recruits. For some differing views, see J. Frederikse, The Unbreakable Thread: Non-Racialism in South Africa (London, 1990), p. 46; P. Delius, 'Sebatakgomo and the Zoutpansberg Balemi Association: the ANC, the Communist Party and rural organisation, 1939-55', Journal of African History, 34 (1993), p. 307; V. Padayachee, S. Vawda and P. Tichmann, 'Trade Unions and the Communist Party in Durban in the 1940s: A Reply to lain Edwards', South African Labour Bulletin, 11, 7 (August 1986), pp. 50-65; B. Hirson, Yours for the Union: Class and Community Struggles in South Africa, 1930-1947 (London, 1989), pp. 85, 198.
50. There is some argument regarding the overall proportion of white recruits. For some differing views, see J. Frederikse, The Unbreakable Thread: Non-Racialism in South Africa (London, 1990), p. 46; P. Delius, 'Sebatakgomo and the Zoutpansberg Balemi Association: the ANC, the Communist Party and rural organisation, 1939-55', Journal of African History, 34 (1993), p. 307; V. Padayachee, S. Vawda and P. Tichmann, 'Trade Unions and the Communist Party in Durban in the 1940s: A Reply to lain Edwards', South African Labour Bulletin, 11, 7 (August 1986), pp. 50-65; B. Hirson, Yours for the Union: Class and Community Struggles in South Africa, 1930-1947 (London, 1989), pp. 85, 198.
51. There is some argument regarding the overall proportion of white recruits. For some differing views, see J. Frederikse, The Unbreakable Thread: Non-Racialism in South Africa (London, 1990), p. 46; P. Delius, 'Sebatakgomo and the Zoutpansberg Balemi Association: the ANC, the Communist Party and rural organisation, 1939-55', Journal of African History, 34 (1993), p. 307; V. Padayachee, S. Vawda and P. Tichmann, 'Trade Unions and the Communist Party in Durban in the 1940s: A Reply to lain Edwards', South African Labour Bulletin, 11, 7 (August 1986), pp. 50-65; B. Hirson, Yours for the Union: Class and Community Struggles in South Africa, 1930-1947 (London, 1989), pp. 85, 198.
52. G. Shimoni, interview with M. Israel, Jerusalem, April 1988. See also interview with Jack Flior by Geoff Sifrin, in Suttner (ed) Cutting through the Mountain, p. 294.
53. Analysis based on information in CPSA, Democracy in Action!: Proceedings of the Johannesburg District Annual Conference, March 1945 (Johannesburg, 1945), pp. 14, 16-17, 31. See also, A. Brooks, 'The Communist Party of South Africa Between 1940-1950', Societies of Southern Africa Seminar Paper, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, 12 November 1970, p. 3.
54. Analysis based on information in CPSA, Democracy in Action!: Proceedings of the Johannesburg District Annual Conference, March 1945 (Johannesburg, 1945), pp. 14, 16-17, 31. See also, A. Brooks, 'The Communist Party of South Africa Between 1940-1950', Societies of Southern Africa Seminar Paper, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, 12 November 1970, p. 3.
55. J.C. Smuts Papers CLXVIII, document relating to a special meeting of the Communist Party's Johannesburg District Committee, 14 February 1946. Quoted in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism.
56. J.C. Smuts Papers CLXVIII, document relating to a special meeting of the Communist Party's Johannesburg District Committee, 14 February 1946. Quoted in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism.
57. On exiles, see M. Israel, South African Political Exile in the United Kingdom (London, 1999).
58. P. Altman, interview with M. Israel, London, 14 February 1988.
59. Interview with Arthur Goldreich, quoted in Suttner (ed) Cutting through the Mountain.
60. At the 1903 Congress of the Russian Social Democrats all five delegates from the Jewish Bund walked out after losing a vote to maintain their organizational autonomy. Lenin would write that those who capitulated to the Bundist tactics of 'division and dismemberment' reduced 'to nil the great call for the rallying and unity of the proletarians of all nations, all races, and all languages'. Lenin from V.I. Lenin, 'The Latest Word in Bundist Nationalism', quoted in S. Smith, 'Mistaken Identity - or Can Identity Politics Liberate the Oppressed', International Socialism Journal, 62 (Spring 1994), pp. 44-45. T. Cliff, Lenin: Building the Party (London, 1986), p. 111. L. Trotsky, 'Thermidor and Anti-Semitism', in I. Howe (ed), The Basic Writings of Trotsky (London, 1964), pp. 206-215.
61. At the 1903 Congress of the Russian Social Democrats all five delegates from the Jewish Bund walked out after losing a vote to maintain their organizational autonomy. Lenin would write that those who capitulated to the Bundist tactics of 'division and dismemberment' reduced 'to nil the great call for the rallying and unity of the proletarians of all nations, all races, and all languages'. Lenin from V.I. Lenin, 'The Latest Word in Bundist Nationalism', quoted in S. Smith, 'Mistaken Identity - or Can Identity Politics Liberate the Oppressed', International Socialism Journal, 62 (Spring 1994), pp. 44-45. T. Cliff, Lenin: Building the Party (London, 1986), p. 111. L. Trotsky, 'Thermidor and Anti-Semitism', in I. Howe (ed), The Basic Writings of Trotsky (London, 1964), pp. 206-215.
62. At the 1903 Congress of the Russian Social Democrats all five delegates from the Jewish Bund walked out after losing a vote to maintain their organizational autonomy. Lenin would write that those who capitulated to the Bundist tactics of 'division and dismemberment' reduced 'to nil the great call for the rallying and unity of the proletarians of all nations, all races, and all languages'. Lenin from V.I. Lenin, 'The Latest Word in Bundist Nationalism', quoted in S. Smith, 'Mistaken Identity - or Can Identity Politics Liberate the Oppressed', International Socialism Journal, 62 (Spring 1994), pp. 44-45. T. Cliff, Lenin: Building the Party (London, 1986), p. 111. L. Trotsky, 'Thermidor and Anti-Semitism', in I. Howe (ed), The Basic Writings of Trotsky (London, 1964), pp. 206-215.
63. At the 1903 Congress of the Russian Social Democrats all five delegates from the Jewish Bund walked out after losing a vote to maintain their organizational autonomy. Lenin would write that those who capitulated to the Bundist tactics of 'division and dismemberment' reduced 'to nil the great call for the rallying and unity of the proletarians of all nations, all races, and all languages'. Lenin from V.I. Lenin, 'The Latest Word in Bundist Nationalism', quoted in S. Smith, 'Mistaken Identity - or Can Identity Politics Liberate the Oppressed', International Socialism Journal, 62 (Spring 1994), pp. 44-45. T. Cliff, Lenin: Building the Party (London, 1986), p. 111. L. Trotsky, 'Thermidor and Anti-Semitism', in I. Howe (ed), The Basic Writings of Trotsky (London, 1964), pp. 206-215.
64. See interview with Ray Alexander Simons by Steven Robins and Immanuel Suttner in Suttner (ed.) Cutting through the Mountain, p. 44.
65. T. Baker, interview with M. Israel, London, 1991.
66. Interview with Pauline Podbrey by Steven Robins in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 52.
67. S. Bunting, interview with M. Israel, London, 16 March 1988.
68. B. Turok, interview with M. Israel, London, 14 March 1988; see also D. Goldberg, 'The Struggle in South Africa', New Outlook (1985), pp. 32-34.
69. A. Israel, interview with M. Israel, London, 23 May 1988. See also H. Barsel, interview with J. Frederikse, transcript held in South Africa History Archive, Johannesburg, quoted in J.N. Lazerson, Against the Tide: Whites in the Struggle against Apartheid (Bellville, 1994), pp. 92-93.
70. A. Israel, interview with M. Israel, London, 23 May 1988. See also H. Barsel, interview with J. Frederikse, transcript held in South Africa History Archive, Johannesburg, quoted in J.N. Lazerson, Against the Tide: Whites in the Struggle against Apartheid (Bellville, 1994), pp. 92-93.
71. I. D. MacCrone, Race Attitudes in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1965), p. 208. Herman, A History of the Jews in South Africa.
72. I. D. MacCrone, Race Attitudes in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1965), p. 208. Herman, A History of the Jews in South Africa.
73. P. Medding, 'Towards a General Theory of Jewish Political Interests and Behaviour', Jewish Journal of Sociology, 19, 2 (1977), p. 118.
74. Medding, 'Towards a General Theory', p. 121.
75. This is suggested by Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1947-May 1949, p. 15; April 1958-August 1960, p. 9; September 1962-June 1965, p. 9; Jewish Affairs (January 1958). Cited in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 272-304.
76. This is suggested by Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1947-May 1949, p. 15; April 1958-August 1960, p. 9; September 1962-June 1965, p. 9; Jewish Affairs (January 1958). Cited in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 272-304.
77. Board of Deputies, Biographical Files. Mimeographed text of Rabbi Rabinowitz's Yom Kippur Sermon, October 1959. Quoted in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 283-284. See also, R. Segal, 'Apartheid and South African Jewry - an Exchange', Commentary (November 1957); A. Ungar, 'The Abdication of a Community', Africa South (1959).
78. Board of Deputies, Biographical Files. Mimeographed text of Rabbi Rabinowitz's Yom Kippur Sermon, October 1959. Quoted in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 283-284. See also, R. Segal, 'Apartheid and South African Jewry - an Exchange', Commentary (November 1957); A. Ungar, 'The Abdication of a Community', Africa South (1959).
79. Board of Deputies, Biographical Files. Mimeographed text of Rabbi Rabinowitz's Yom Kippur Sermon, October 1959. Quoted in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 283-284. See also, R. Segal, 'Apartheid and South African Jewry - an Exchange', Commentary (November 1957); A. Ungar, 'The Abdication of a Community', Africa South (1959).
80. See the Board's response to Joseph Nossel's contacts with the National Party, Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1947-May 1949.
81. Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 599.
82. Reproduced in H.R. Pike, A History of Communism in South Africa (Pretoria, 1988), p. 211.
83. Slovo, The Unfinished Autobiography, p. 41.
84. R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modem African Studies, 5 (1907), pp. 233-241. See also, J. Lewin, reported in Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, 8 April 1964; P. Podbrcy, White Girl in Search of the Party (Pietermaritzburg, 1993), p. 127; B. Pogrund, 'Why SA's Jews feared the Nats', Weekly Mail and Guardian, 4 April 1997.
85. R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modem African Studies, 5 (1907), pp. 233-241. See also, J. Lewin, reported in Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, 8 April 1964; P. Podbrcy, White Girl in Search of the Party (Pietermaritzburg, 1993), p. 127; B. Pogrund, 'Why SA's Jews feared the Nats', Weekly Mail and Guardian, 4 April 1997.
86. R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modem African Studies, 5 (1907), pp. 233-241. See also, J. Lewin, reported in Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, 8 April 1964; P. Podbrcy, White Girl in Search of the Party (Pietermaritzburg, 1993), p. 127; B. Pogrund, 'Why SA's Jews feared the Nats', Weekly Mail and Guardian, 4 April 1997.
87. R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modem African Studies, 5 (1907), pp. 233-241. See also, J. Lewin, reported in Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, 8 April 1964; P. Podbrcy, White Girl in Search of the Party (Pietermaritzburg, 1993), p. 127; B. Pogrund, 'Why SA's Jews feared the Nats', Weekly Mail and Guardian, 4 April 1997.
88. Munger, Jews and the National Party; Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 209, 303.
89. Munger, Jews and the National Party; Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 209, 303.
90. C. Braude, 'Yutar and "Holy Disbelief", Weekly Mail and Guardian, 27 March 1997. See also, J. Joffe, The Rivonia Story (Cape Town, 1995).
91. C. Braude, 'Yutar and "Holy Disbelief", Weekly Mail and Guardian, 27 March 1997. See also, J. Joffe, The Rivonia Story (Cape Town, 1995).
92. Slovo, The Unfinished Autobiography, p. 26.
93. Podbrey, White Girl in Search, pp. 92-93; W. Dadoo, interview with M. Israel, London, 1991.
94. September 1963. Translated in the Jewish Board of Deputies' Items of Jewish Interest, 5 September 1963.
95. Quoted in the Jerusalem Post, 10 January 1964.
96. Pike, Communism in South Africa, p. 211.
97. Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1921-May 1923. See also, Star, 16 March 1922; Natal Advertiser, 16 March 1922; Cape Times, 18 March 1922, cited by Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 90; Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism.
98. Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1921-May 1923. See also, Star, 16 March 1922; Natal Advertiser, 16 March 1922; Cape Times, 18 March 1922, cited by Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 90; Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism.
99. Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1921-May 1923. See also, Star, 16 March 1922; Natal Advertiser, 16 March 1922; Cape Times, 18 March 1922, cited by Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 90; Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism.
100. Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1921-May 1923. See also, Star, 16 March 1922; Natal Advertiser, 16 March 1922; Cape Times, 18 March 1922, cited by Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 90; Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism.
101. Board of Deputies, Report of Executive, August 1921-May 1923. See also, Star, 16 March 1922; Natal Advertiser, 16 March 1922; Cape Times, 18 March 1922, cited by Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 90; Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism.
102. G. Saron, 'Epilogue, 1910-1955', in Saron and Hotz, The Jews in South Africa, pp. 376-381; S.G. Millin, The People of South Africa (New York, 1954).
103. G. Saron, 'Epilogue, 1910-1955', in Saron and Hotz, The Jews in South Africa, pp. 376-381; S.G. Millin, The People of South Africa (New York, 1954).
104. P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika (London, 1991); R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modern African Studies, 5(1961), pp. 233-241; B. Bunting, The Rise of the South African Reich (Harmondsworth, 1964), p. 61; E. S. Munger, Jews and the National Party (New York, 1956).
105. P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika (London, 1991); R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modern African Studies, 5(1961), pp. 233-241; B. Bunting, The Rise of the South African Reich (Harmondsworth, 1964), p. 61; E. S. Munger, Jews and the National Party (New York, 1956).
106. P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika (London, 1991); R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modern African Studies, 5(1961), pp. 233-241; B. Bunting, The Rise of the South African Reich (Harmondsworth, 1964), p. 61; E. S. Munger, Jews and the National Party (New York, 1956).
107. P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika (London, 1991); R. G. Weisbord, 'The Dilemma of South African Jewry', Journal of Modern African Studies, 5(1961), pp. 233-241; B. Bunting, The Rise of the South African Reich (Harmondsworth, 1964), p. 61; E. S. Munger, Jews and the National Party (New York, 1956).
108. Bunting, Rise of the South African Reich, pp. 62-63; Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 107.
109. Bunting, Rise of the South African Reich, pp. 62-63; Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, p. 107.
110. Burger, 28 July 1958. Translated and quoted in Shimoni, Jews and Zionism, pp. 229-230.
111. Translated by Jewish Board of Deputies.
112. W. Girvin, 'Letter to the Editor', Natal Mercury, 22 January 1962.
113. G. Winter, Inside BOSS (Harmondsworth, 1981), p. 88. Winter's book needs to be evaluated with care. His publishers, Penguin Books, lost one case of libel in the High Court, and had to make a number of retractions and public apologies to exiles. Brutus suggested that while Winter may have been revealing the activities of some spies, he was covering the tracks of others. See D. Brutus, 'Shall I be Deported from the USA?', Index on Censorship, 3 (1983), pp. 13-16. Also, M. Israel, 'Crimes of the State: Victimisation of South African Political Exiles in the United Kingdom', Crime, Law and Social Change, 29 (1998), pp. 1-29.
114. G. Winter, Inside BOSS (Harmondsworth, 1981), p. 88. Winter's book needs to be evaluated with care. His publishers, Penguin Books, lost one case of libel in the High Court, and had to make a number of retractions and public apologies to exiles. Brutus suggested that while Winter may have been revealing the activities of some spies, he was covering the tracks of others. See D. Brutus, 'Shall I be Deported from the USA?', Index on Censorship, 3 (1983), pp. 13-16. Also, M. Israel, 'Crimes of the State: Victimisation of South African Political Exiles in the United Kingdom', Crime, Law and Social Change, 29 (1998), pp. 1-29.
115. G. Winter, Inside BOSS (Harmondsworth, 1981), p. 88. Winter's book needs to be evaluated with care. His publishers, Penguin Books, lost one case of libel in the High Court, and had to make a number of retractions and public apologies to exiles. Brutus suggested that while Winter may have been revealing the activities of some spies, he was covering the tracks of others. See D. Brutus, 'Shall I be Deported from the USA?', Index on Censorship, 3 (1983), pp. 13-16. Also, M. Israel, 'Crimes of the State: Victimisation of South African Political Exiles in the United Kingdom', Crime, Law and Social Change, 29 (1998), pp. 1-29.
116. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
117. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
118. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
119. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
120. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
121. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
122. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
123. See Cronin in Frederikse, Unbreakable Thread, p. 127; H. Lewin, Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison (Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 36; B. Hirson, Revolutions in my Life (Johannesburg, 1995), p. 329; interview with Albie Sachs by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 360; interview with Raymond Suttner by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 507; interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 475; S. Clingman, Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (Cape Town, 1998), pp. 419, 425; R. First, 117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law (London, 1965), p. 111.
124. Winter, Inside BOSS, p. 89.
125. Interview with Gill Marcus by Robert Berold and Immanuel Suttner in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 257.
126. Inkundlaya Bantu, 27 February 1947. Translated and quoted in L. Switzer and I. Ukpanah, 'Under Siege: Inkundla ya Bantu and the African Nationalist Movement, 1938-1951', in L. Switzer (ed), South Africa 's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880-1960 (Cambridge, 1997), p. 237.
127. Inkundlaya Bantu, 27 February 1947. Translated and quoted in L. Switzer and I. Ukpanah, 'Under Siege: Inkundla ya Bantu and the African Nationalist Movement, 1938-1951', in L. Switzer (ed), South Africa 's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880-1960 (Cambridge, 1997), p. 237.
128. E. Weinberg, 'Why I am a member of the Communist Party', African Communist, 87 (Fourth Quarter 1981), pp. 51-55. 'Sam Kahn - South Africa's first Communist M.P.', African Communist, 112 (First Quarter 1988), pp. 78-83. 'A veteran revolutionary passes. Rebecca Bunting: 1882-1970', African Communist, 44 (First Quarter 1971), pp. 19-20. Sechaba (September 1981).
129. E. Weinberg, 'Why I am a member of the Communist Party', African Communist, 87 (Fourth Quarter 1981), pp. 51-55. 'Sam Kahn - South Africa's first Communist M.P.', African Communist, 112 (First Quarter 1988), pp. 78-83. 'A veteran revolutionary passes. Rebecca Bunting: 1882-1970', African Communist, 44 (First Quarter 1971), pp. 19-20. Sechaba (September 1981).
130. E. Weinberg, 'Why I am a member of the Communist Party', African Communist, 87 (Fourth Quarter 1981), pp. 51-55. 'Sam Kahn - South Africa's first Communist M.P.', African Communist, 112 (First Quarter 1988), pp. 78-83. 'A veteran revolutionary passes. Rebecca Bunting: 1882-1970', African Communist, 44 (First Quarter 1971), pp. 19-20. Sechaba (September 1981).
131. E. Weinberg, 'Why I am a member of the Communist Party', African Communist, 87 (Fourth Quarter 1981), pp. 51-55. 'Sam Kahn - South Africa's first Communist M.P.', African Communist, 112 (First Quarter 1988), pp. 78-83. 'A veteran revolutionary passes. Rebecca Bunting: 1882-1970', African Communist, 44 (First Quarter 1971), pp. 19-20. Sechaba (September 1981).
132. 'Why I joined the Communist Party', African Communist, 85 (Second Quarter 1981), p. 62.
133. J. Cronin, 'Slovo: Death of a Real Mensch', Weekly Mail and Guardian, 13 December 1995. Also, Slovo biography, < www.sacp.org.za/biographies/slovo.html >. Mensch is Yiddish for an upright, honourable, decent person, someone to admire and emulate.
134. First, 117 Days, p. 116.
135. Interview with Denis Goldberg by Fran Buntman in Suttner (ed), Cutting through the Mountain, p. 469.