Posttraumatic stress disorder following political imprisonment: The role of mental defeat, alienation, and perceived permanent change

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 109, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 45-55

  Ehlers, Anke ^a   Maercker, Andreas ^b   Boos, Anne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALIENATION; ARTICLE; ASSAULT; FEMALE; GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PERSONALITY DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRISONER; THREAT; TORTURE;

EID: 0034098102     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.1.45     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Améry, J. (1966). Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten [Beyond guilt and atonement: Coping attempts of the overpowered]. Munich, Germany: Szczesny Verlag.
3. Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unravelling the mystery of health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
4. Basoglu, M. (Ed.). (1992). Torture and its consequences. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5. Basoglu, M., & Mineka, S. (1992). The role of uncontrollable and unpredictable stress in posttraumatic responses in torture survivors. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences (pp. 182-228). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6. Basoglu, M., Mineka, S., Paker, M., Aker, T., Livanou, M., & Gök, S. (1997). Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1421-1433.
7. Basoglu, M., & Paker, M. (1995). Severity of trauma as predictor of long-term psychological status in survivors of torture. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 339-350.
8. Basoglu, M., Paker, M., Özmen, E., Tasdemir, Ö., Sahin, D., Ceyhanli, A., Incesu, C., & Sarimurat, N. (1996). Appraisal of self, social environment, and state authority as a possible mediator of posttraumatic stress disorder in tortured political activists. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 232-236.
9. Basoglu, M., Paker, M., Paker, Ö., Özmen, E., Marks, I., Incesu, C., Sahin, D., & Sarimurat, N. (1994). Psychological effects of torture: A comparison of tortured with matched nontortured political activists in Turkey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 76-81.
10. Bauer, M., Priebe, S., Häring, B., & Adamczak, K. (1993). Long-term sequelae of political imprisonment in East Germany. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 257-263.
11. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
12. Burgess, A. W., & Holstrom, L. L. (1976). Coping responses of the rape victim. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 413-418.
13. Davis, R. C., & Brickman, E., & Baker, T. (1991). Supportive and unsupportive responses of others to rape victims: Effects on concurrent victim adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 443-451.
14. DiNardo, P., & Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule - Revised (ADIS-R). Albany, NY: State University of New York at Albany.
15. Duncan, F. (1996). A glimpse of hell: Reports on torture worldwide. London: Biddies.
16. Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (1997). Cognitive factors in persistent vs. recovered post traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25, 147-159.
17. Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (1999a). Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 809-829.
18. Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (1999b). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder after physical or sexual assault. Manuscript submitted for publication.
19. Ehlers, A., & Boos, A. (1996). Rating Manual zu den Konstrukten SichAufgeben, generelles Gefühl der Entfremdung gegenüber anderen Menschen, Planen, irreversible Veränderung und Politische Überzeugung bei politisch Inhaftierten [Rating manual for the constructs mental defeat, overall feeling of alienation, control strategies, permanent change, and political commitment]. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oxford, Oxford. UK.
20. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (in press). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy.
21. Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Dunmore, E. B., Jaycox, L., Meadows, E., & Foa, E. B. (1998). Predicting the response to exposure treatment in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 457-471.
22. Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic PTSD after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 508-519.
23. Ehlers, A., & Steil, R. (1995). Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A cognitive approach. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 217-249.
24. Eitinger, L. (1980). Jewish concentration camp survivors in the post-war world. Danish Medical Bulletin, 27, 232-235.
25. Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303-314.
26. Foa, E. B., & Riggs, D. S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. In J. Oldham, M. B. Riba, & A. Tasman (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry (Vol. 12, pp. 273-303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
27. Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218-238.
28. Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man's search for meaning. New York: Washington Square Press.
29. Fricke, K. W. (1979). Politik und Justiz in der DDR. Zur Geschichte der politischen Verfolgung 1945-1968. [Politics and justice in the GDR. On the history of political persecution 1945-1968]. Cologne, Germany: Wissenschaft und Politik.
30. Hautzinger, M., Bailer, M., Worall, H., & Keller, F. (1992). Das Beck Depressionsinventar: BDI [The Beck Depression Inventory: BDI]. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.
31. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
32. Jones, J. C., & Barlow, D. H. (1990). The etiology of post traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 299-328.
33. Lebowitz, L., & Roth, S. (1994). "I feel like a slut": The cultural context and women's response to being raped. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 363-390.
34. Maercker, A. (1998). Extrembelastungen ohne psychische Folgeschäden: Salutogenetische Konzepte und Befunde [Extreme stress without psychological damage: Salutogenetic concepts and findings]. In W. Schüffel (Ed.), Handbuch der Salutogenese: Konzept und Praxis [Handbook of salutogenesis: Concept and practice] (pp. 341-351). Wiesbaden, Germany: Ullstein Medical.
35. Maercker, A., & Park, C. (1998). Posttraumatic personal growth and its relation to coping and symptomatology. Unpublished manuscript, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
36. Maercker, A., & Schützwohl, A. (1996). Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung bei ehemaligen politischen Inhaftierten der DDR: Symptomatik, verursachende und aufrechterhaltende Faktoren [Posttraumatic stress disorder in former East German political prisoners: Symptoms, causal and maintaining factors]. In S. Priebe, D. Denis, & M. Bauer (Eds.), Eingesperrt und nie mehr frei: psychisches Leiden nach politischer Haft in der DDR [Locked up and never free again: Psychological distress after political imprisonment in East Germany] (pp. 45-56). Darmstadt, Germany: Steinkopff.
37. Maercker, A., & Schützwohl, M. (1997). Longterm effects of political imprisonment: A group comparison study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 435-442.
38. Maercker, A., & Schützwohl, M. (1998). Erfassung von psychischen Belastungsfolgen: Die Impact of Event Skala - revidierte Fassung (IES-R) [Assessment of psychological consequences of stress: The revised Impact of Event Scale]. Diagnostica, 44, 130-141.
39. March, J. S. (1993). What constitutes a stressor? The "A" criterion issue. In R. T. Davidson, & E. B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond (pp. 37-56). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
40. Margraf, J., Schneider, S., Ehlers, A., DiNardo, P., & Barlow, D. (1991). DIPS: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen - Interviewleitfaden. [DIPS: Diagnostic interview for psychological disorders - Interview schedule]. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
41. McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
42. Michaels, A. (1998). Fugitive pieces. London: Bloomsbury.
43. Niederland, W. G. (1968). Clinical observations on the "survivor syndrome." International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 49, 313-315.
44. Norris, F. H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 409-418.
45. Paker, M., Paker, Ö., & Yüksel, S. (1992). Psychological effects of torture: An empirical study of tortured and non-tortured non-political prisoners. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences (pp. 72-81). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
46. Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 211-244.
47. Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Newbury Park: Sage.
48. Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984-991.
49. Saporta, J. A., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1992). Psychobiological consequences of severe trauma. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences (pp. 151-181). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
50. Shengold, L. (1989). Soul murder: The effects of childhood abuse and deprivation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
51. Somnier, F. E., & Genefke, I. K. (1986). Psychotherapy for victims of torture. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 323-329.
52. Statistisches Amt der DDR (Ed.). (1989). Statistisches Jahrbuch 1989 der DDR [Statistical year-book 1989 for the German Democratic Republic]. Berlin, Germany: Author.
53. Statistisches Bundesamt (Ed.). (1996). Statistisches Jahrbuch 1996 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Statistical year-book 1996 for the Federal Republic of Germany]. Stuttgart, Germany: Metzler-Poeschel.
54. Turner, S. W., & Gorst-Unworth, C. (1993). Psychological sequelae of torture. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress (pp. 703-713). New York: Plenum.
55. Ulman, S. E. (1996). Correlates and consequences of adult sexual disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 554-571.
56. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1996). The Impact of Event Scale -Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A handbook for practitioners (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.